Thermodynamic Properties and Algebraic Solution

of the N -dimensional Harmonic Oscillator with

Minimal Length Uncertainty Relations
Finagnon A. Dossa1
1
Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université Nationale des Sciences,
Technologies, Ingénierie et Mathématiques (UNSTIM) Abomey, BP: 2282 Goho
Abomey, Rep du Bénin
E-mail: finedofas@[Link]; dossafanselme@[Link]

Abstract. The algebraic solution of the deformed N -dimensional harmonic oscillator

in the presence of a minimal length is determined. To reach this goal, we identify a
hidden symmetry for the N free deformed harmonic oscillators. This allows us to
algebraically determine the spectrum of the system. After determining the deformed
partition function, we give some thermodynamics properties such as the mean energy,
the mean free energy, the entropy, and the specific heat. The effect of the minimal
length on all thermodynamic properties is very clear and considerable. In particular,
from the curve of the entropy function no abrupt change has been identified for different
values of the deformation parameter β. This means that the curvature observed in the
specific heat curve does not present or indicate the existence of a phase transition. In
the limit β = 0, the specific heat of a crystalline body is independent of the temperature
and of the body considered for large values of the temperature.

1. Introduction

In quantum mechanics, the physical observables must be described by the operators and
that the position and momentum operators do not commute. This leads to the well-
known Heisenberg uncertainty principle which states that it is impossible to measure
both the position and the momentum of a particle with absolute precision. There are
physical situations in which an electron is perfectly localized and there are physical
situations in which an electron has a perfectly defined momentum, however, one cannot
have both at the same time. The more localized the electron, the less defined its
momentum, and vice versa. In [1], it has been shown that the full content of this
principle also includes its positive role as a condition ensuring that mutually exclusive
experimental options can be reconciled if an appropriate trade-off is accepted.
The existence of a minimal length in theory explicitly limits the resolution of small
distances in space-time. This scale arises naturally in the theories of quantum gravity
in the form of an effective minimal uncertainty in non-zero positions. String theory,
for example, predicts that it is impossible to improve spatial resolution below the
 2

characteristic length of strings [2]-[4]. Consequently, these studies correct the ordinary
uncertainty relation by introducing a non-zero minimal uncertainty on the position.
The development of a generalized quantum theory that implements the appearance of
a non-zero minimal uncertainty of positions is described in detail in [5]-[7]. In fact,
a generalized uncertainty relation leading to a non-zero minimal uncertainty would be
closer to physical reality. It could constitute an effective low-energy theory of non-point
particles such as quasiparticles and various collective excitations in solids, and hadrons
such as nucleons and mesons in nuclear physics [8]. It is these different aspects that
motivate us to study, within the framework of the minimal length, the one-dimensional
harmonic oscillator and its generalization to N dimensions.
Indeed, the harmonic oscillator describes the evolution of a physical system in
the vicinity of a stable equilibrium position, which makes it a transversal tool used in
many fields of physics. It has several important applications in classical and quantum
mechanics. It is one of the few quantum mechanical systems for which an exact analytical
solution is known. Its extension to the deformed one-dimensional Heisenberg algebra
has a hidden symmetry su(1, 1) [9]. Using the algebraic method developed in [9],
we show that the deformed N -dimensional free harmonic oscillator also possesses a
hidden symmetry su(1, 1). This allows us to identify the spectrum of the deformed
N -dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator [7],[10]-[12]. The effect of the minimal
length on the energy spectrum and momentum wave functions of the Coulomb potential
in one dimension and three dimensions has been studied, respectively, in [13] and
[14],[15]. Regarding the Heisenberg uncertainty relations, for exactly soluble quantum
systems, its explicit expressions can be found analytically, e.g. in study for harmonic
oscillator, Morse potential and relevant potentials [16] and [17] as well as the recent
study for the relativistic hydrogen atom case, see [18] and [19]. The thermodynamic
properties are interesting, e.g. the recent study about the harmonic oscillator in the
presence of an inverse square interaction, [20], a modified Rosen-Morse potential and
its thermodynamic properties [21]. Moreover, these thermodynamic properties are also
studied within the framework of chiral quark models such as in [22] and [23] as well as
in molecular physics using the relativistic and non-relativistic models [24]-[26].
Several works have been devoted to the study of the effect of elementary length on
the thermodynamics of black holes [27],[28]. In particular, it has been shown that the
minimal length, which would be of the order of Planck’s length, prevents black holes
from fully evaporating, just as Heisenberg’s standard uncertainty principle prevents the
collapse of the hydrogen atom. In [29], the magnetic behavior of the system at high
temperatures has been studied where the magnetic susceptibility in terms of the minimal
length remains finite, while it is infinite in the case without the minimal length. Recently
in [30], the effect of the minimal length on the thermal properties of a Dirac oscillator is
considered and the values of minimal length for some fermionic particles are calculated.
In this work, we present the partition function, for the system describing N
free deformed harmonic oscillators, at low and high temperature in order to study
the behavior of thermodynamic functions. The effect of the minimal length on all
 3

thermodynamics quantities is very clear and considerable. We find that the specific
heat of a crystalline body is sensitive to the deformation parameter β while in the limit
β = 0, it is independent of the temperature and of the body considered for large values
of the temperature.
The organization of the paper is as follows. In section 2, we give the generalized
Heisenberg algebra for 2N dimensions algebra. In section 3, we construct the deformed
N -dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator. Then, the spectre of the model is obtained
algebraically. In section 4, the thermodynamic properties of the N free deformed
harmonic oscillators are investigated. Thus, after determining the high temperature
partition function, we give the analytical expressions of thermodynamic properties such
as the free energy (F (α)), the average energy (U (α)), the entropy (S(α)), and the
specific heat (C(α)) with figures showing numerically the variation of these functions
as a function of temperature for different values of the deformation parameter β. The
conclusion is given in section 5.

2. Generalized Heisenberg algebra for 2N dimensions

It is well known that in the one-dimensional commutative space, the coordinate x and
momentum p satisfy the usual canonical commutation relations

[x, p] = iℏ11. (1)

In the presence of a minimal length, the above commutation relation becomes

β
[x̃, p̃] = iℏ(1 + τ p2 )11, p̃ = p, τ = 2 , ω̄ 2 = ℏmω, 0 ≤ β ≤ 1, (2)
ω̄
where τ has the dimension of an inverse squared momentum and β is dimensionless.
The corresponding uncertainty relation is
ℏ
∆x̃∆p̃ ≥ (1 + τ ∆p̃), (3)
2
where we have taken < p̃ >= 0. The limit β −→ 0 corresponds to the normal quantum
mechanics while the limit β −→ 1 corresponds to the extreme quantum gravity. From
√
(3) it follows that there also exist a minimal length given by (∆x̃)0 = ℏ τ .
A natural generalization of the commutation relation (2) that preserves the
rotational symmetry is
N
X
[Xia , Pjb ] = iℏ(1 + τ P 2 )δ ab δij 11, P= Pia Pia , a = 1, 2. (4)
i=1

This relation implies a nonzero minimal uncertainty and a maximal observable

momentum in each position coordinate. If we set
[Pia , Pjb ] = 0, (5)
the identity of Jacobi gives,
[Xia , Xjb ] = −2iℏτ (1 + τ P 2 )δ ab εijk Lk , (6)
 4

which naturally leads to a noncommutative Heisenberg algebra. The components of the

angular momentum are given by
Li = (1 + τ P 2 )−1 εijk Xja Pka . (7)
These satisfy the usual commutation relations
[Li , Xja ] = iℏεijk Xka , [Li , Pja ] = iℏεijk Pka . (8)
The operators Xja and Pia satisfying the relations (4) are realized in momentum
space as
∂
Xia = iℏ(1 + τ p2 ) a , Pia = pai . (9)
∂pi

3. The Deformed N -dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator

The Hamiltonian for 2N -dimensional deformed harmonic oscillator is given by

N  
X 1 a a 1 2 a a
H= Pi Pi + mω Xi Xi
i=1
2m 2
1 a a 1
= P P + mω 2 X a X a , a = 1, 2. (10)
2m 2
The above Hamiltonian is quite interesting because the extension to higher dimensions
implies that spatial coordinates do not commute. Besides the gauge invariance SO(2)
linked to the index a = 1, 2, the Hamiltonian (10) has at least one global internal
symmetry SO(N ) associated with the rotations in the index i = 1, 2, · · · , N . From
the representation (9), the momentum space is more practical to solve any problem of
eigenvalues. Given the circular symmetry SO(2), it is easier to work with the polar
coordinates (p, θ) associated with the momentum coordinates pa . So, we have the
following changes of variables
pa=1 = p cos θ, pa=2 = p sin θ. (11)
Associated with these changes of variables, the helicity annihilation and creation
operators are thus defined by [31], ω̄ 2 = ℏmω,
(1 + τ p2 ) ∂
 
± ω̄ ∓iθ p 2 ∂
A =i e + (1 + τ p ) ∓ i , (12)
2 ω̄ 2 ∂p p ∂θ
(1 + τ p2 ) ∂
 
±† ω̄ ±iθ p 2 ∂
A =i e − 2 + (1 + τ p ) ± i . (13)
2 ω̄ ∂p p ∂θ
They operators satisfy the following commutation relations
 
± ±† 2 N ∂
[A , A ]ψ(p, θ) = (1 + τ p ) ∓ iτ ψ(p, θ), (14)
2 ∂θ
∂
[A+ , A− ]ψ(p, θ) = −iτ (1 + τ p2 ) ψ(p, θ), (15)
∂θ
† † ∂
[A+ , A− ]ψ(p, θ) = iτ (1 + τ p2 ) ψ(p, θ), (16)
∂θ
 5
† † †
[A± , A∓ ]ψ(p, θ) = 0, [A± , A± ]ψ(p, θ) = 0, [A± , A± ]ψ(p, θ) = 0. (17)
In terms of these operators, the Hamiltonian (10) takes the following form
N
ℏω X  + † + +† −† − − −†

H= Ai Ai + A+ i Ai + Ai Ai + A i A i
2 i=1
ℏω  + † + † † †

= A A + A+ A+ + A− A− + A− A− . (18)
2
√ √
− 2 − † †
By setting θ = 0, we have A+ + −
i = Ai ≡ 2 Ji and A i = A i ≡ 2 Ji . The
2 +

Hamiltonian (18) reduces to the following N free deformed harmonic oscillators

N
ℏω X + −
Ji Ji + Ji− Ji+ ,


Hf ree = (19)
2 i=1

where Ji± are the generators of the su(1, 1) algebra in N dimensions. They generators
satisfy the following algebra
r r
β β ±
[Ji− , Ji+ ] = 2 Ji0 , [Ji0 , Ji± ] = ± J , (20)
2 2 i
where
r r
β β †
Ji− = (a†i ai + 2ℓ0N )ai , Ji− = a†i (a ai + 2ℓ0N ), (21)
2 2 i
r s
β N N2 1
Ji0 = (a†i ai + ℓ0N ), ℓ0N = + + 2. (22)
2 2 4 β

The ladder operators ai and a†i satisfy the following commutation relations
[ai , a†j ] = δij 11, [ai , aj ] = 0 = [a†i , a†j ]. (23)
The Hamiltonian (19) can be expressed in terms of ladder operators as
N  
0
X
0 † N 1 † †2 2
HN ≡ Hf ree = ℏωβ ℓN (ai ai + ) + (ai ai + ai ai ) . (24)
i=1
2 2
As for one-dimensional ladder operators the commutation relations (23) results in
the eigenvalue relation
a†i ai |ni ⟩ = ni |ni ⟩. (25)
0
It is a straightforward exercise to obtain the eigenvalues of HN [9],
N  
0,β
X
0 N 1 2
EN = ℏωβ ℓN (ni + ) + ni
i=1
2 2
 
N 1
= ℏωβ ℓ0N (n + ) + n2 , (26)
2 2
associated to the eigenstates
s
N
Y 2ni Γ(2ℓ0N )
|ℓ0N , ni ⟩ = n 0
(Ji+ )ni |ℓ0N , 0⟩. (27)
i=1
(β) ni !Γ(ni + 2ℓN )
i
 6

Now, we can write the Hamiltonian (18) in the following form

1
HNk = HN k
+ ℏωβL2 , (28)
2
k
where HN may be called the N identical coupled deformed harmonic oscillators
N  
k
X
k † N 1 † †2 2
HN = ℏωβ ℓN (ai ai + ) + (ai ai + ai ai ) , (29)
i=1
2 2
s
N N2 1
L2 = k(k + N − 2), ℓkN = + + L2 + 2 . (30)
2 4 β
The eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian (28) are therefore given by [10]-[12]
N  
k,β
X
k N 1 2 1 2
EN,n = ℏωβ ℓN (ni + ) + ni + L
2 2 2
i=1 
k N 1 2 1
= ℏωβ ℓN (n + ) + n + k(k + N − 2) , (31)
2 2 2
where n = 2ν + k. Obviously if n is even (odd) then also k is even(odd). This is shown
that, the states |ν, k > with above energy are
(N + n − 1)!
g(n, N ) = (32)
(N − 1)!n!
fold degeneracy, corresponding to dynamical symmetry SU (N ).
k,β
In the case ν = 0 i.e. n = k, the states |0, k > with energy EN,k are
(N + k − 1)! (N + k − 3)!
g(k, N ) = − (33)
(N − 1)!k! (N − 1)!(k − 2)!
fold degeneracy for each value of k due to rotational symmetry SO(N ). There is
therefore a loss of degeneration. This loss can be interpreted as the rupture of the
self-supersymmetry of the harmonic oscillator [32].
From the expression (31), the one-dimensional result can be reproduced from this
expression by setting N = 1 and L2 = 0,
  r
0,β 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 1
E1,n = ℏωβ ℓ1 (n + ) + n , ℓ1 = + + 2. (34)
2 2 2 4 β
For the N = 2 and N = 3 cases, the explicit expressions are
  r
k,β k 1 2 2 k 1
E2,n = ℏωβ ℓ2 (n + 1) + (n + k ) , ℓ2 = 1 + 1 + k 2 + 2 . (35)
2 β
 
k,β k 3 1 2
E3,n = ℏωβ ℓ3 (n + ) + [n + k(k + 1)] ,
r 2 2
9 1
ℓk3 = 1 + + k(k + 1) + 2 . (36)
4 β
In the limit β −→ 0, we recover the standard N -dimensional harmonic oscillator,
k,β=0 N
EN,n = ℏω(n + ). (37)
2
Now, from the energy levels (26) of the N free deformed harmonic oscillator, we can
determine all the thermodynamic properties of the model in question.
 7

4. Thermodynamic properties

In this section, we study the thermodynamic properties of N identical and independent

deformed harmonic oscillators (one-dimensional). This system can be considered as a
one-dimensional deformed crystal of N identical and independent atoms. For this, it is
necessary to define the vibratory partition function in the form

[λ]
X 0,β
Z(α) = e−αEN,n
n=0
 N
[λ]
1 1 2
e−αℏωβ [ℓ1 (n+ 2 )+ 2 n ]  ,
0
X
=  (38)
n=0
q
1
where α = kB T
, kB is the Boltzmann constant and ℓ01 = ℓ = 12 + 1
4
+ 1
β2
. The principal
quantum number n ranges from 0, 1, 2, · · · [λ].
In the classical limit, at high temperature T for large [λ], the sum can be replaced
by the following integral, [λ] = λ − 1

Z λ N
−αℏωβ [ℓ01 (n+ 21 )+ 12 n2 ]
Z(α) = e dn
0
r h√ i N
π αc̃  √ 
= e erf αã − erf αb̃ (39)
2cα
where
r r
1 1 1
c = ℏωβ, c̃ = c ℓ(ℓ − 1), ã = c (λ + ℓ), b̃ = c ℓ, (40)
2 2 2
Z z
2 2
erf(z) = √ e−t dt. (41)
π 0
From this explicit function, all thermodynamic properties of a gas of N free independent
deformed harmonic oscillators can be obtained. We have:
- The vibrational mean energy U
∂
U (α) = − ln Z(α)
∂α
 
1 Λ
=N − c̃ − √ , (42)
2α παΩ
where
r ! r !
1 1 2 2
Ω = erf cα(λ + ℓ) − erf cαℓ , Λ = ãe−ã α − b̃e−b̃ α . (43)
2 2
- Vibrational specific heat C
∂U
C(α) = − kB α2
∂α
 8


1 1  3 −ã2 α 2

2
= − N kB α − 2 + √ ã e − b̃3 e−b̃ α
2α παΩ
 
Λ 1 Λ
+ √ 3 + √ . (44)
πΩ 2α 2 παΩ
- Vibrational mean free energy F
N
F (α) = − ln Z(α)
α
 r 
N π
= − ln + c̃α + ln Ω . (45)
α 2αc
- Vibrational entropy S
∂
S(α) = N kB ln Z(α) − N kB α ln Z(α)
∂α
 r   
π 1 Λ
= N kB ln + c̃α + ln Ω + N kB α − c̃ − √ . (46)
2αc 2α παΩ
Note that, for the harmonic oscillator system, in general the [λ] can be considered
as infinity. In the case of the deformed harmonic oscillator, the [λ] can also be considered
to be infinity. Here, we have defined the value [λ] large to obtain the exact analytical
expressions of the thermodynamic properties at high temperature. This also allowed us
to obtain the thermodynamic properties numerically. We notice that the curves already
keep the same shapes starting from λ = 100. This is verified for the case β = 0 as well
as for the case β ̸= 0.
The graphs of the thermodynamic properties with respect to the deformation
parameter β are represented as a function of the temperature. We used the partition
function (38) to plot the thermodynamic functions in Figures 1, 2 and 4. A comparison
has been made at the level of the specific heat given by the partition functions (38) and
(39) see figure 3. We use N kB = 8, 31SI. TD = ℏω D
kB
, TD being the Debye temperature.
In Figure 1, we see that the partition functions increase monotonically with
temperature for each fixed value of β. They remain insensitive already for λ = 100.
For the sake of more transparency and to work with a larger λ, we use λ = 200 to plot
all the thermodynamic functions.
In Figure 2, we see that the effect of the deformation parameter on the average
energy is more apparent for almost low temperatures while the effect is more apparent
on the specific heat, the free energy and the entropy, for high temperatures.
In Figure 3, we see that the curves of figure (a) compare well with the curves of
figure (b) for large values of the temperature. Thus at high temperature the sum at the
level of the partition function(38) may well be replaced by the integral. The analytical
expressions (42), (44), (45) and (46) of the thermodynamic properties obtained are
indeed quite valid at high temperature.
The Figure 4 shows the specific heat measured in several materials. We see that
when we plot the specific heat as a function of T , the curves are all different. These
 9

curves tend towards zero for low temperature values and presenting maxima depending
on T for fixed value β. The maximum is quickly reached for low values of the Debye
temperature. When β = 0, the maximum once reached, it is kept constant for T
large while for β ̸= 0, the maximum value is also reached but decreases slowly for
large temperature values. These maxima, obtained at the level of the curvatures of
the curve representing the specific heat, neither show nor indicate the existence of a
phase transition. Because no sudden change has been identified in the entropy curve for
different values of the deformation parameter β. Thus, in the presence of the minimal
length, the specific heat of a crystalline body depends on the temperature and on the
body considered.
(a) (b)
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 β=0 0.6 β=0

β = 0.1 β = 0.1
Z
Z

0.4 β = 0.2 0.4 β = 0.2

β = 0.5
β = 0.5
0.2 0.2 β=1
β=1

0 0

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0.5 1 1.5 2
T/TD T/TD
(c)
(d)
1
1

0.8
0.8

0.6 β=0 β=0

0.6
Ζ

β = 0.1 β = 0.1
Z

0.4
β = 0.2 0.4 β = 0.2
β = 0.5
0.2 β = 0.5
0.2 β=1
β=1
0 0

0.5 1 1.5 2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
T/TD T/TD

Figure 1. Vibrational partition function (38) as a function of ρ = T /TD for different

values of β. TD being the Debye temperature. In (a): λ = 50, in (b): λ = 100,
in (c) :λ = 150, and in (d): λ = 200. The curves remain insensitive already to the
temperature for λ = 100.

5. Conclusion

The solutions of the deformed N -dimensional harmonic oscillator in the presence of a

minimal length have been obtained by the algebraic method. The hidden symmetry
su(1, 1) has been identified for the N free deformed harmonic oscillators. This latter is
 10
(a) (b)

14
8

12
6
10
β=0
U/TD

C
β = 0.1 4 β=0
8
β = 0.2 β = 0.1
β = 0.5 2 β = 0.2
6
β=1 β = 0.5

4 β=1
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2
T/TD T/TD
(c) (d)
7 7
β=0
β = 0.1 6
6
β = 0.2
5
5 β = 0.5
β=1 4
F/TD

4
S 3
β=0
3
2 β = 0.1
β = 0.2
2
1 β = 0.5
β=1
1 0

0.5 1 1.5 2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
T/TD T/TD

Figure 2. (a) average energy, (b) specific heat capacity, (c) free energy, (d) entropy
versus ρ = T /TD for the fixed value λ = 200.

(a) (b)

8 8

6 6
C

4 β=0 4
β=0
β = 0.1 β = 0.1
2 β = 0.2 2 β = 0.2
β = 0.5 β = 0.5
β=1 β=1
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
T/TD T/TD

Figure 3. Specific heat capacity versus ρ = T /TD for the fixed value λ = 200. (a)
is obtained from the partition function (39) i.e. the heat capacity (44) while (b) is
obtained from the partition function (38). The curves compare well for ρ very large.
 11
(a) (b)
9
8 6

7 5
6
4
5 TD = 105 K
3
C

C
4 T = 105 K
D T = 225 K
β = 0.2 D
3 2
TD = 225 K
2 TD = 428 K
β=0 TD = 428 K 1
1 TD = 2230 K
TD = 2230 K 0
0

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
T T
(c) (d)
7 7

6 6

5 TD = 105 K 5
β = 0.5 TD = 105 K
4 TD = 225 K
4 T = 225 K
TD = 428 K D
C

3 C β=1
TD = 2230 K 3 T = 428 K
D

2 TD = 2230 K
2
1
1
0
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
T T

Figure 4. Specific heat capacity of four materials, lead(P b, TD = 105K),

silver(Ag, TD = 225K), aluminum(Al, TD = 428K) and diamond( TD = 2230K) as
a function of temperature.

considered as a one-dimensional deformed crystal of N identical and independent atoms.

We have determined its partition function then we have calculated the thermodynamic
properties like the mean energy, the specific heat, the free energy and the entropy. We
found that the partition functions converge already from λ = 100. We then chose
λ = 200, which is large enough to ensure the convergence of all the thermodynamic
functions. From the plots of the various thermodynamic properties as a function of
ρ = TTD , for fixed value β, we have observed that the mean energy and the entropy
increase with the increase of ρ while the free energy decreases with the increase of ρ.
The specific heat on the other hand increases initially until a maximum after which it
decreases very slowly with the increase of ρ. We also note that the maximum for each
material is C ≈ 8.31SI when β −→ 0 and C ≈ 6.31SI when β ̸= 0. It is quickly reached
for low values of temperature TD and deformation β. So, this maximum observed for
each curve does not show or indicate the existence of a phase transition. The results
found are, to some large extent, original and are in well agreement with those obtained
in the literature for particular cases. For example, in the limit β −→ 0, the specific heat
of a crystalline body is independent of the temperature and of the body considered for
large values of the temperature: Dulong-Petit law.
 12

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! !
1 0 0 −i
σx = , σy = ,
0 1 i 0
!
1 0
σx =
0 1