Rev.

13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02. GENERAL

The following notes, cautions and warnings are applicable for all hold-over-time tables as published in this document,

WARNUNG:
Under the following conditions the lower value of a cell in the hold-over-time table should be used for anti-icing:
1. A dilution of a T2 or T4 fluid is applied
2. A T2 or T4 Fluid is applied in a one-step procedure
3. A T2 or T4 Fluid is applied in a two-step procedure, when no T1 Fluid had been used for de-icing

CAUTION:
The holdover time value to be used depends on the outside air temperature. A higher (warmer) temperature within the temperature range
cell will allow for the use of the higher Holdover time value and a lower (colder) temperature, the use of the lower time value. For
temperatures in between, the time value shall be interpolated.

Page 1 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.A1. GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF TYPE I FLUID

Two-Step Procedure
The lower of OAT or One-Step Procedure
Wing Temperature De-Icing/Anti-Icing 2)
First Step: De-Icing Second Step: Anti-Icing 3)

Heated water or a heated

0° C and above
fluid/water mixture
Heated mix of fluid and water with a Heated mix of fluid and water with
freezing point of at least 10° C below a freezing point of at least 10° C
OAT / Wing Temperature Heated fluid/water mixture with a below OAT / Wing Temperature
below 0° C
freezing point at OAT / Wing
to LOUT 1)
Temperature or below

NOTES
1) Fluids must not be used at temperatures below their Lowest Operational Use Temperature (LOUT).
2) When anti-icing using the one-step procedure, a minimum quantity of 1 liter/m2 of Type I fluid mixture heated to at least 60° C is
required after all frozen contamination is removed. This is achieved using a continuous process. This application is necessary to heat
the surfaces, as heat contributes significantly to the Type I fluid hold-over-times.
3) To be applied before first-step fluid freezes, the monitoring of the de-icing fluid condition is required. If necessary, the second step
shall be applied area by area (sectionally).

CAUTIONS
• This table is applicable for the use of Type I Hold-Over-Time Guidelines in all conditions, including active frost. If Hold-Over-Times
are not required, a temperature of 60° C at the nozzle is desirable.

Page 2 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.A1. GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF TYPE I FLUID (CONTINUED)

• If Hold-Over-Times are required, the temperature of water or fluid/water mixtures shall be at least 60° C at the nozzle. Upper
temperature limit shall not exceed fluid and aircraft manufacturers’ recommendations.
• To use Type I Hold-Over-Time Guidelines in all conditions including active frost, an additional minimum of 1 liter/m² of heated Type I
fluid mixture must be applied to the surfaces after all frozen contamination is removed. This application is necessary to heat the
surfaces, as heat contributes significantly to the Type I fluid Hold-Over-Times. The required protection can be provided using a 1-step
method by applying more fluid than is strictly needed to just remove all of the frozen contamination (the same additional amount stated
above is required).
• The lowest operational use temperature (LOUT) for a given Type I fluid is the higher (warmer) of:
a) The lowest temperature at which the fluid meets the aerodynamic acceptance test for a given aircraft type; or
b) The actual freezing point of the fluid plus a freezing point buffer of 10° C.
• Wing skin temperatures may be colder or warmer than the OAT. Causes can include: radiation cooling, cold-soaked wing, or hangar
storage.
• When conducting aircraft de-icing using a Type I fluid and not using the 10° C buffer, procedures must be developed and approved
to ensure refreezing does not occur prior to takeoff.

Page 3 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.A2. GUIDELINES FOR HOLD-OVER-TIMES FOR SAE TYPE I FLUIDS ON CRITICAL AIRCRAFT SURFACES
COMPOSED PREDOMINANTLY OF ALUMINUM (PER AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURER DEFINITION)

Freezing Fog / Snow / Snow Grains / Snow Pellets 1)

The Lower of OAT or Freezing Light Freezing Rain on Cold
Freezing Mist / Other 5)
Wing Temperature Drizzle 3) Rain Soaked Wing 4)
Ice Crystals Very Light 2) Light 2) Moderate

-3° C and above 0:11 – 0:17 0:18 – 0:22 0:11 – 0:18 0:06 – 0:11 0:09 – 0:13 0:02 – 0:05

below -3° C to -6° C 0:08 – 0:13 0:14 – 0:17 0:08 – 0:14 0:05 – 0:08 0:05 – 0:09 0:02 – 0:05
CAUTION:
below -6° C to -10° C 0:06 – 0:10 0:11 – 0:13 0:06 – 0:11 0:04 – 0:06 0:04 – 0:07 No hold-over-time guidelines
exist.
below -10° C 0:05 – 0:09 0:07 – 0:08 0:04 – 0:07 0:02 – 0:04

NOTES
1) To determine snowfall intensity, the “Snowfall Intensities as a Function of Prevailing Visibility” Table is required.
2) Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times in conditions of very light or light snow mixed with light rain.
3) Includes light, moderate and heavy freezing drizzle. Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times if positive identification of freezing drizzle
is not possible.
4) No Hold-Over-Time Guidelines exist for this condition for 0 °C and below.
5) Heavy snow, ice pellets, moderate and heavy freezing rain, small hail and hail.

CAUTIONS
• The time of protection will be shortened in heavy weather conditions. Heavy precipitation rates or high moisture content, high wind
velocity, or jet blast may reduce Hold-Over-Time below the lowest time stated in the range.
• This table is for departure planning only and should be used in conjunction with pre take-off check procedures.

Page 4 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.A3. GUIDELINES FOR HOLD-OVER-TIMES FOR SAE TYPE I FLUIDS ON CRITICAL AIRCRAFT SURFACES
COMPOSED PREDOMINANTLY OF COMPOSITES (PER AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURER DEFINITION)

Freezing Fog / Snow / Snow Grains / Snow Pellets 1)

The Lower of OAT or Freezing Light Freezing Rain on Cold
Freezing Mist / Other 5)
Wing Temperature Drizzle 3) Rain Soaked Wing 4)
Ice Crystals Very Light 2) Light 2) Moderate

-3° C and above 0:09 – 0:16 0:12 – 0:15 0:06 – 0:12 0:03 – 0:06 0:08 – 0:13 0:01 – 0:05

below -3° C to -6° C 0:06 – 0:08 0:11 – 0:13 0:05 – 0:11 0:05 – 0:09 0:02 – 0:05
0:02 – 0:05 CAUTION:
below -6° C to -10° C 0:04 – 0:08 0:09 – 0:12 0:05 – 0:09 0:04 – 0:07 No hold-over-time guidelines
exist.
below -10° C 0:04 – 0:07 0:07 – 0:08 0:04 – 0:07 0:02 – 0:04

NOTES
1) To determine snowfall intensity, the “Snowfall Intensities as a Function of Prevailing Visibility” Table is required.
2) Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times in conditions of very light or light snow mixed with light rain.
3) Includes light, moderate and heavy freezing drizzle. Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times if positive identification of freezing drizzle
is not possible.
4) No Hold-Over-Time Guidelines exist for this condition for 0 °C and below.
5) Heavy snow, ice pellets, moderate and heavy freezing rain, small hail and hail.

CAUTIONS
• The time of protection will be shortened in heavy weather conditions. Heavy precipitation rates or high moisture content, high wind
velocity, or jet blast may reduce Hold-Over-Time below the lowest time stated in the range.
• This table is for departure planning only and should be used in conjunction with pre take-off check procedures.

Page 5 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.B1. GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF TYPE II FLUIDS (FLUID CONCENTRATION IN % VOLUME)

The Lower of OAT or Wing One-Step Procedure Two-Step Procedure

Temperature De-Icing/Anti-Icing First Step: De-Icing Second Step: Anti-Icing 2)
Heated water or a heated Type I, II, III
0° C and above 50:50 / 75:25 / 100:0 heated or
3)
50:50 / 75:25 / 100:0 heated Type II fluid or or IV fluid/water mixture
unheated Type II fluid/water
fluid/water mixture
below 0° C to -3° C mixture

Heated Type I, II, III or IV fluid/water

75:25 / 100:0 heated 3) Type II fluid or 75:25 / 100:0 heated or unheated
below -3° C to -14° C mixture with a freezing point at OAT /
fluid/water mixture Type II fluid/water mixture
Wing Temperature or below
100:0 heated or unheated
below -14° C to –LOUT 1) 100:0 heated 3) Type II fluid
Type II fluid

NOTES
1) Fluids used for the anti-icing procedure must not be used at temperatures below their Lowest Operational Use Temperature (LOUT).
First step fluids must not be used below their freezing points. Consideration should be given to the use of Type I/III fluid when Type
II fluid cannot be used due to LOUT limitations The LOUT for a given Type II fluid is the higher (warmer) of:
a) The lowest temperature at which the fluid meets the aerodynamic acceptance test for a given aircraft type; or
b) The actual freezing point of the fluid plus its freezing point buffer of 7 °C.
Although some LOUT’s are lower than the temperatures stated in the Hold-Over-Time Table, Hold-Over-Times do not apply when
anti-icing below the lowest temperature stated in the band.
2) To be applied before first-step fluid freezes, the monitoring of the de-icing fluid condition is required.
3) Clean aircraft may be anti-iced with unheated fluid.

Page 6 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.B1. GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF TYPE II FLUIDS (FLUID CONCENTRATION IN % VOLUME) (CONTINUED)

CAUTIONS
• For heated fluids, a fluid temperature not less than 60° C at the nozzle is desirable.
• Upper temperature limit shall not exceed fluid and aircraft manufacturers recommendations.
• Wing skin temperatures may be colder or warmer than the OAT. Causes can include: radiation cooling, cold-soaked wing, or hangar
storage.
• An insufficient amount of anti-icing fluid may cause a substantial loss of Hold-Over-Time. This is particularly true when using a Type
I fluid mixture for the first step in a two-step procedure.
• When conducting aircraft de-icing using a Type I fluid and not using the 10° C buffer, procedures must be developed and approved
to ensure refreezing does not occur prior to takeoff.

Page 7 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.B2. GENERIC HOLD-OVER-TIMES FOR TYPE II FLUIDS

Approximate Hold-Over-Times under Various Weather Conditions (hours : minutes)

The Lower of OAT or Fluid Concentration
Wing Temperature (Vol. : Vol. %) Freezing Fog /
Snow / Snow Grains / Light Freezing Rain on Cold
Freezing Mist / Freezing Drizzle 4) Other 6)
Snow Pellets 2)^3) Rain Soaked Wing 5)
Ice Crystals

100:0 0:42 – 1:24 0:19 – 0:38 0:23 – 0:46 0:15 – 0:27 0:05 – 0:34

-3° C and above 75:25 0:19 – 0:42 0:11 – 0:19 0:11 – 0:30 0:08 – 0:15 0:03 – 0:19

50:50 0:11 – 0:19 0:04 – 0:08 0:06 – 0:11 0:05 – 0:07

100:0 0:23 – 0:34 0:15 – 0:27 0:15 – 0:34 0:11 – 0:15

below -3° C to -08° C
75:25 0:19 – 0:38 0:08 – 0:15 0:11 – 0:19 0:06 – 0:11

100:0 0:23 – 0:34 0:11 – 0:23 0:15 – 0:34 0:11 – 0:15

below -8° C to -10° C
CAUTION:
75:25 0:19 – 0:38 0:06 – 0:15 0:11 – 0:19 0:06 – 0:11
No hold-over-time guidelines exist
100:0 0:23 – 0:34 0:11 – 0:23
below -10° c to -14° C
75:25 0:19 – 0:38 0:06 – 0:15

below -14° C to -18° C 100:0 0:01 – 0:02

0:11 – 0:1
below -18° C to LOUT 1) 100:0 0:00 – 0:01

Page 8 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.B2. GENERIC HOLD-OVER-TIMES FOR TYPE II FLUIDS (CONTINUED)

NOTES
1) The LOUT of each product must be respected, refer to Section 02-03 of this document for fluid data.
2) To determine snowfall intensity, the “Snowfall Intensities as a Function of Prevailing Visibility” Table is required.
3) Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times in conditions of very light or light snow mixed with light rain.
4) Includes light, moderate and heavy freezing drizzle. Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times if positive identification of freezing drizzle
is not possible.
5) No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition for 0° C and below.
6) Heavy snow, ice pellets, moderate and heavy freezing rain, small hail and hail.

CAUTIONS
• The time of protection will be shortened in heavy weather conditions. Heavy precipitation rates or high moisture content, high wind
velocity, or jet blast may reduce Hold-Over-Time below the lowest time stated in the range.
• This table is for departure planning only and should be used in conjunction with pre take-off check procedures.

Page 9 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.C1. GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF UNHEATED TYPE III FLUID

The Lower of OAT or Wing One-Step Procedure Two-Step Procedure

Temperature De-Icing/Anti-Icing 4) First Step: De-Icing Second Step: Anti-Icing 2)
Heated water or a heated Type I, II, III
0° C and above
or IV fluid/water mixture

below 0° C to -3° C
100:0 unheated Type III fluid Heated Type I, II, III or IV fluid/water 100:0 unheated Type III fluid
below -3° C to -10° C mixture with a freezing point at OAT /
Wing Temperature or below
below -10° C to –LOUT 1)

NOTES
1) Fluids used for the anti-icing procedure must not be used at temperatures below their Lowest Operational Use Temperature (LOUT).
First step fluids must not be used below their freezing points. Consideration should be given to the use of Type I fluid when Type III
fluid cannot be used due to LOUT limitations The LOUT for a given Type III fluid is the higher (warmer) of:
a) The lowest temperature at which the fluid meets the aerodynamic acceptance test for a given aircraft type; or
b) The actual freezing point of the fluid plus its freezing point buffer of 7° C.
Although some LOUT’s are lower than the temperatures stated in the Hold-Over-Time Table, Hold-Over-Times do not apply when
anti-icing below the lowest temperature stated in the band.
2) To be applied before first-step fluid freezes, the monitoring of the de-icing fluid condition is required.
3) Clean aircraft may be anti-iced with unheated fluid.
4) Anti-icing only with unheated Type III fluid is only possible on a clean aircraft. If deicing is required, a two-step procedure must be
used.

Page 10 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.C1. GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF UNHEATED TYPE III FLUID (CONTINUED)

CAUTIONS
• Upper temperature limit shall not exceed fluid and aircraft manufacturers recommendations.
• Wing skin temperatures may be colder or warmer than the OAT. Causes can include: radiation cooling, cold-soaked wing, or hangar
storage.
• An insufficient amount of anti-icing fluid may cause a substantial loss of Hold-Over-Time. This is particularly true when using a Type
I fluid mixture for the first step in a two-step procedure.
• When conducting aircraft de-icing using a Type I fluid and not using the 10° C buffer, procedures must be developed and approved
to ensure refreezing does not occur prior to takeoff.

Page 11 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.C2. HOLD-OVER-TIMES FOR TYPE III FLUID UNHEATED ON HIGH ROTATION SPEED AEROPLANE

Fluid
Lower of OAT or Freezing Fog / Snow / Snow Grains / Snow Pellets 2) 3) Light Rain on
Concentration Freezing
Aeroplane Surface Freezing Mist / Freezing Cold Soaked Other 5) 6)
Fluid/Water by % Drizzle 4)
Temperature Ice Crystals Very Light Light Moderate Rain Wing
Volume
0° C and above 0:04 – 0:30
0:34 – 1:27 0:19 – 0:38
below -0° C to -3° C 0:11 – 0:19
1:01 – 1:20 0:30 – 1:01 0:14 – 0:30 CAUTION:
below -3° C to -10° C 100:0 0:38 – 1:16 0:19 – 0:34
No old-over-time guidelines
below -10° C to -25° C 0:15 – 0:30 exist

below -25° C to -35° C 0:19 – 0:46 0:34 – 0:46 0:15 – 0:34 0:08 – 0:16

NOTES
1) The LOUT of each product must be respected, refer to Section 02-03 of this document for fluid data.
2) To determine snowfall intensity, the “Snowfall Intensities as a Function of Prevailing Visibility” Table is required.
3) Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times in conditions of very light or light snow mixed with light rain.
4) Includes light, moderate and heavy freezing drizzle. Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times if positive identification of freezing drizzle
is not possible.
5) Heavy snow, ice pellets, moderate and heavy freezing rain, small hail and hail.

CAUTIONS
• The time of protection will be shortened in heavy weather conditions. Heavy precipitation rates or high moisture content, high wind
velocity, or jet blast may reduce Hold-Over-Time below the lowest time stated in the range.
• This table is for departure planning only and should be used in conjunction with pre take-off check procedures.

Page 12 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.C3. HOLD-OVER-TIMES FOR TYPE III FLUID UNHEATED ON LOW ROTATION SPEED AEROPLANE

Fluid
Lower of OAT or Freezing Fog ( Snow / Snow Grains / Snow Pellets 2) 3) Light Rain on
Concentration Freezing
Aeroplane Surface Freezing Mist / Freezing Cold Soaked Other 5)
Fluid/Water by % Drizzle 4)
Temperature Ice Crystals Very Light Light Moderate Rain Wing
Volume
0° C and above 0:04 – 0:30
0:34 – 1:27 0:19 – 0:38
below -0° C to -3° C 0:11 – 0:19 CAUTION:
100:0 1:01 – 1:20 0:30 – 1:01 0:14 – 0:30
below -3° C to -10° C 0:38 – 1:16 0:19 – 0:34
No old-over-time guidelines
exist
below -10° C to -16° C 0:30 – 1:20

NOTES
1) The LOUT of each product must be respected, refer to Section 02-03 of this document for fluid data.
2) To determine snowfall intensity, the “Snowfall Intensities as a Function of Prevailing Visibility” Table is required.
3) Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times in conditions of very light or light snow mixed with light rain.
4) Includes light, moderate and heavy freezing drizzle. Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times if positive identification of freezing drizzle
is not possible.
5) Heavy snow, ice pellets, moderate and heavy freezing rain, small hail and hail.

CAUTIONS
• The time of protection will be shortened in heavy weather conditions. Heavy precipitation rates or high moisture content, high wind
velocity, or jet blast may reduce Hold-Over-Time below the lowest time stated in the range.
• This table is for departure planning only and should be used in conjunction with pre take-off check procedures.

Page 13 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.D1. GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF TYPE IV FLUIDS (FLUID CONCENTRATION IN % VOLUME)

The Lower of OAT or Wing One-Step Procedure Two-Step Procedure

Temperature De-Icing/Anti-Icing First Step: De-Icing Second Step: Anti-Icing 2)
Heated water or a heated Type I, II, III
0° C and above 50:50 / 75:25 / 100:0 heated or
3)
50:50 / 75:25 / 100:0 heated Type IV fluid or or IV fluid/water mixture
unheated Type IV fluid/water
fluid/water mixture
below 0° C to -3° C mixture

Heated Type I, II, III or IV fluid/water

75:25 / 100:0 heated 3) Type IV fluid or 75:25 / 100:0 heated or unheated
below -3° C to -14° C mixture with a freezing point at OAT /
fluid/water mixture Type IV fluid/water mixture
Wing Temperature or below
100:0 heated or unheated
below -14° C to –LOUT 1) 100:0 heated 3) Type IV fluid
Type VI fluid

NOTES
1) Fluids used for the anti-icing procedure must not be used at temperatures below their Lowest Operational Use Temperature (LOUT).
First step fluids must not be used below their freezing points. Consideration should be given to the use of Type I/III fluid when Type
IV fluid cannot be used due to LOUT limitations The LOUT for a given Type IV fluid is the higher (warmer) of:
a) The lowest temperature at which the fluid meets the aerodynamic acceptance test for a given aircraft type; or
b) The actual freezing point of the fluid plus its freezing point buffer of 7 °C.
Although some LOUT’s are lower than the temperatures stated in the Hold-Over-Time Table, Hold-Over-Times do not apply when
anti-icing below the lowest temperature stated in the band.
2) To be applied before first-step fluid freezes, the monitoring of the de-icing fluid condition is required.
3) Clean aircraft may be anti-iced with unheated fluid.

Page 14 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.B1. GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF TYPE IV FLUIDS (FLUID CONCENTRATION IN % VOLUME) (CONTINUED)

CAUTIONS
• For heated fluids, a fluid temperature not less than 60° C at the nozzle is desirable.
• Upper temperature limit shall not exceed fluid and aircraft manufacturers recommendations.
• Wing skin temperatures may be colder or warmer than the OAT. Causes can include: radiation cooling, cold-soaked wing, or hangar
storage.
• An insufficient amount of anti-icing fluid may cause a substantial loss of Hold-Over-Time. This is particularly true when using a Type
I fluid mixture for the first step in a two-step procedure.
• When conducting aircraft de-icing using a Type I fluid and not using the 10° C buffer, procedures must be developed and approved
to ensure refreezing does not occur prior to takeoff.

Page 15 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.D2. GENERIC HOLD-OVER-TIMES ANTICIPATED FOR TYPE IV FLUIDS

Fluid
Lower of OAT or Snow / Snow Grains / Snow Pellets 2) Light Rain on
Concentration Freezing
Aeroplane Surface Freezing Fog Freezing Cold Soaked Other 5)
Fluid/Water by % Drizzle 4)
Temperature Very Light3) Light3) Moderate Rain Wing
Volume
100:0 0:57 – 2:02 1:27 – 1:46 0:46 – 1:27 0:23 – 0:46 0:30 – 0:53 0:15 – 0:27 0:06 – 0:49

0° C and above 75:25 1:05 – 2:02 1:35 – 1:50 0:57 – 1:35 0:30 - 0:57 0:38 – 1:01 0:23 – 0:34 0:07 – 0:57

50:50 0:23 – 0:42 0:46 – 0:53 0:19 – 0:46 0:08 – 0:19 0:11 – 0:30 0:07 – 0:15

100:0 0:57 – 2:02 1:27 – 1:46 0:46 – 1:27 0:23 – 0:46 0:30 – 0:53 0:15 – 0:27

below 0° C to -3° C 75:25 1:05 – 2:02 1:35 – 1:50 0:57 – 1:35 0:30 - 0:57 0:38 – 1:01 0:23 – 0:34

50:50 0:23 – 0:42 0:46 – 0:53 0:19 – 0:46 0:08 – 0:19 0:11 – 0:30 0:07 – 0:15

100:0 0:15 – 1:12 1:01 – 1:16 0:42 – 1:24 0:23 – 0:42 0:19 – 1:01 0:15 – 0:19
below -3° C to -8° C CAUTION:
75:25 0:23 – 1:01 1:24 – 1:39 0:46 – 1:24 0:23 – 0:46 0:15 – 0:49 0:11 – 0:19
No old-over-time guidelines
100:0 0:15 – 1:12 1:01 – 1:16 0:34 – 1:01 0:19 – 0:34 0:19 – 0:53 0:15 – 0:19 exist
below -8° C to -10° C
75:25 0:23 – 0:51 1:16 – 1:31 0:34 – 1:16 0:15 – 0:34 0:15 – 0:49 0:11 – 0:19

100:0 0:15 – 1:12 1:01 – 1:16 0:34 – 1:01 0:19 – 0:34

below -10° C to -14° C
75:25 0:23 – 0:51 1:16 – 1:31 0:34 – 1:16 0:15 – 0:34

below -14° C to -18° C 100:0 0:23 – 0:34 0:07 – 0:23 0:02 – 0:07
0:15 – 0:27
below -18° C to LOUT 1) 100:0 0:05 – 0:08 0:02 – 0:05 0:00 – 0:02

Page 16 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.D2. GENERIC HOLD-OVER-TIMES ANTICIPATED FOR TYPE IV FLUIDS (CONTINUED)

NOTES
1) The LOUT of each product must be respected, refer to Section 02-03 of this document for fluid data.
2) To determine snowfall intensity, the “Snowfall Intensities as a Function of Prevailing Visibility” Table is required.
3) Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times in conditions of very light or light snow mixed with light rain.
4) Includes light, moderate and heavy freezing drizzle. Use light freezing rain Hold-Over-Times if positive identification of freezing drizzle
is not possible.
5) Heavy snow, ice pellets, moderate and heavy freezing rain, small hail and hail.

CAUTIONS
• The time of protection will be shortened in heavy weather conditions. Heavy precipitation rates or high moisture content, high wind
velocity, or jet blast may reduce Hold-Over-Time below the lowest time stated in the range.
• This table is for departure planning only and should be used in conjunction with pre take-off check procedures.

Page 17 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.E. ACTIVE FROST HOLD-OVER-TIMES ANTICIPATED FOR TYPE I / II / III / IV FLUIDS

Lower of OAT or Aeroplane Concentration Fluid/Water

Type I 1) Type II Type III ) Type IV
Surface Temperature 3) (Vol. : Vol. %)

100:0 06 : 04 01 : 31 09 : 07

-1° C and above 75:25 03 : 48 00 : 45 03 : 48

50:50 01 : 31 00 : 22 02 : 16

100:0 06 : 04 01 : 31 09 : 07

below -1° C to -3° C 75:25 03 : 48 00 : 45 03 : 48

50:50 01 : 08 00 : 22 02 : 16
00 : 26
100:0 06 : 04 01 : 31 07 : 36
below -3° C to -10° C
75:25 03 : 48 00 : 45 03 : 48

100:0 04 : 33 01 : 31 04 : 33
below -10° C to -14° C
75:25 00.: 45 00 : 45 00.: 45

below -14° C to -21° C 100:0 02 : 16 01 : 31 04 : 33

below -21° C to LOUT 2) 100:0 01 : 31 01 : 31 03 : 02

Page 18 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.E. ACTIVE FROST HOLD-OVER-TIMES ANTICIPATED FOR TYPE I / II / III / IV FLUIDS (CONTINUED)

NOTES
1) Type I Fluid / Water Mixture must be selected so that the freezing point of the mixture is at least 10 °C below outside air temperature
or aircraft skin temperature.
2) Ensure that the lowest operational use temperature (LOUT) is respected.
3) Changes in outside air temperature (OAT) over the course of longer frost events can be significant; the appropriate holdover time to
use is the one provided for the coldest OAT that has occurred in the time between the de/anti-icing fluid application and take-off.
4) To use the Type III fluid frost holdover times, the fluid brand being used must be known.

CAUTIONS
• This table is for departure planning only and should be used in conjunction with pre take-off check procedures.

Page 19 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.F1. ALLOWANCE TIMES FOR SAE TYPE IV ETHYLENE GLYCOL (EG) FLUIDS

Lower of Outside Air Temperature or Wing Temperature

Precipitation Types or Combinations Applicable METAR Codes
-5° C and Below -5°Cc Below -10° C Below -16° C
above to -10° C to -16° C to -22° C 2)

Light Ice Pellets -PL 38 minutes 38 minutes 23 minutes 23 minutes

Light Ice Pellets Mixed with Light Snow -PLSN, -SNPL 30 minutes 23 minutes 11 minutes

Light Ice Pellets Mixed with Light Freezing

-PLFZDZ, -FZDZPL, ZDZPL 30 minutes 23 minutes
Drizzle or Moderate Freezing Drizzle
CAUTION: No allowance times
Light Ice Pellets Mixed with Light Freezing Rain -PLFZRA, -FZRAPL 30 minutes3 23 minutes
exists

Light Ice Pellets Mixed with Light Rain -PLRA, -RAPL 27 minutes

Moderate Ice Pellets (or Small Hail 4) PL, GS 15 minutes 19 minutes 8 minutes 8 minutes

Moderate Ice Pellets (or Small Hail 4) Mixed with

PLFZDZ, GSFZDZ 11 minutes5 8 minutes
Moderate Freezing Drizzle CAUTION: No allowance times
Moderate Ice Pellets (or Small Hail 4) Mixed with exists
Moderate Rain
PLRA, GSRA, RAPL, RAGS 38 minutes

Page 20 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.F1. ALLOWANCE TIMES FOR SAE TYPE IV ETHYLENE GLYCOL (EG) FLUIDS (CONTINUED)

NOTES
1) These allowance times are for use with undiluted (100:0) ethylene-glycol based fluids applied on aircraft with rotation speeds of 100
knots or greater. The following fluids are ethylene glycol based; AllClear ClearWing EG, ASGlobal 4Flite EG, AVIAFLUID AVIAFlight
EG, CHEMCO ChemR EG IV, CHEMCO ChemR Nordik IV, Clariant Max Flight AVIA, Clariant Safewing EG IV NORTH, Dow EG106,
JSC RCP Nordix Defrost EG 4, JSC RCP Nordix Defrost NORTH 4, and Newave Aerochemical FCY-EGIV. If the glycol type is
unknown, the allowance times for SAE Type IV PG fluids should be used.
2) Ensure that the lowest operational use temperature (LOUT) is respected.
3) No allowance times exist in this condition for temperatures of 0 °C and below; consider use of light ice pellets mixed with light freezing
rain.
4) In the US, small hail is included with regular hail and the remarks section is used saying “GR LESS THAN ¼”. Outside of the US the
code GS is used when the hail is less than 5 mm and GR when it is 5mm or greater. If no intensity is reported with small hail, use the
“moderate ice pellets or small hail” allowance times. If an intensity is reported with small hail, the ice pellet condition with the equivalent
intensity can be used, e.g. if light small hail is reported, the “light ice pellets” allowance times can be used. This also applies in mixed
conditions, e.g. if light small hail mixed with light snow is reported, use the “light ice pellets mixed with light snow” allowance times.
5) No allowance times exist in this condition for temperatures of 0 °C and below.

CAUTIONS
• The responsibility for the application of these data remains with the user.
• Fluids used during ground de/anti-icing do not provide in-flight icing protection.
• This table is for departure planning only and should be used in conjunction with pre take-off check procedures.
• Allowance time cannot be extended by an inspection of the aircraft critical surfaces.
• Takeoff is allowed up to 90 minutes after start of fluid application if the precipitation stops at or before the allowance time expires and
does not restart. The OAT must not decrease during the 90 minutes to use this guidance in conditions of light ice pellets mixed with
either: light freezing drizzle, moderate freezing drizzle, light freezing rain, or light rain

Page 21 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.F2. ALLOWANCE TIMES FOR SAE TYPE IV PROPYLENE GLYCOL (PG) FLUIDS

Lower of Outside Air Temperature or Wing Temperature

Precipitation Types or Combinations Applicable METAR Codes
-5° C and Below -5°Cc Below -10° C Below -16° C
above to -10° C to -16° C to -22° C 2)

Light Ice Pellets -PL 38 minutes 23 minutes 23 minutes3 23 minutes3

Light Ice Pellets Mixed with Light Snow -PLSN, -SNPL 30 minutes 11 minutes 11 minutes3

Light Ice Pellets Mixed with Light Freezing

-PLFZDZ, -FZDZPL, ZDZPL 19 minutes 8 minutes
Drizzle or Moderate Freezing Drizzle
CAUTION: No allowance times
Light Ice Pellets Mixed with Light Freezing Rain -PLFZRA, -FZRAPL 19 minutes 8 minutes
exists

Light Ice Pellets Mixed with Light Rain -PLRA, -RAPL 19 minutes4

Moderate Ice Pellets (or Small Hail 4) PL, GS 14 minutes 8 minutes 8 minutes 6)

Moderate Ice Pellets (or Small Hail 4) Mixed with

PLFZDZ, GSFZDZ 8 minutes 5 minutes
Moderate Freezing Drizzle CAUTION: No allowance times
Moderate Ice Pellets (or Small Hail 4) Mixed with exists
Moderate Rain
PLRA, GSRA, RAPL, RAGS 8 minutes6

Page 22 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.F2. ALLOWANCE TIMES FOR SAE TYPE IV PROPYLENE GLYCOL (PG) FLUIDS NOTES (CONTINUED)

1) These allowance times are for use with undiluted (100/0) propylene glycol based fluids applied on aircraft with rotation speeds of 100
knots or greater. All Type IV fluids are propylene glycol based with the exception of AllClear ClearWing EG, ASGlobal 4Flite EG,
AVIAFLUID AVIAFlight EG, CHEMCO ChemR EG IV, CHEMCO ChemR Nordik IV, Clariant Max Flight AVIA, Clariant Safewing EG
IV NORTH, Dow EG106, JSC RCP Nordix Defrost EG 4, JSC RCP Nordix Defrost NORTH 4, and Newave Aerochemical FCY-EGIV,
which are ethylene glycol based. If the glycol type is unknown, the allowance times for SAE Type IV PG fluids should be used.
2) Ensure that the lowest operational use temperature (LOUT) is respected.
3) No allowance times exist in this condition for temperatures of 0 °C and below; consider use of light ice pellets mixed with light freezing
rain.
4) In the US, small hail is included with regular hail and the remarks section is used saying “GR LESS THAN ¼”. Outside of the US the
code GS is used when the hail is less than 5 mm and GR when it is 5mm or greater. If no intensity is reported with small hail, use the
“moderate ice pellets or small hail” allowance times. If an intensity is reported with small hail, the ice pellet condition with the equivalent
intensity can be used, e.g. if light small hail is reported, the “light ice pellets” allowance times can be used. This also applies in mixed
conditions, e.g. if light small hail mixed with light snow is reported, use the “light ice pellets mixed with light snow” allowance times.
5) No allowance times exist in this condition for temperatures of 0 °C and below.
6) No allowance times exist for propylene glycol (PG) fluids when used on aircraft with rotation speeds less than 115 knots

CAUTIONS
• The responsibility for the application of these data remains with the user.
• Fluids used during ground de/anti-icing do not provide in-flight icing protection.
• This table is for departure planning only and should be used in conjunction with pre take-off check procedures.
• Allowance time cannot be extended by an inspection of the aircraft critical surfaces.
• Takeoff is allowed up to 90 minutes after start of fluid application if the precipitation stops at or before the allowance time expires and
does not restart. The OAT must not decrease during the 90 minutes to use this guidance in conditions of light ice pellets mixed with
either: light freezing drizzle, moderate freezing drizzle, light freezing rain, or light rain

Page 23 of 24
 Rev. 13
AIRPLANE ON GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI- ICING
OPERATIONS MANUAL 20-Dec-2021

APPENDIX 2

02.G. SNOWFALL INTENSITIES A A FUNCTION OF PREVAILING VISIBILITY TABLE

Visibility in Statute Miles (Meters)

Day Temperature
Time ≥ 2 1/2 ≥2 1 3/4 1 1/2 1 1/4 1 3/4 1/2 ≤ 1/4
°C
(≥ 4000) (≥ 3200) (2800) (2400) (2000) (1600) (1200) (800) (≤ 400)
Colder/Equal Very Very
Very Light Light Light Light Moderate Moderate Heavy
than -1 Light Light
Day
Warmer Very
Light Light Light Light Moderate Moderate Heavy Heavy
-1 Light
Colder/Equal Very
Light Light Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Heavy Heavy
than -1 Light
Night
Warmer Very
Light Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Heavy Heavy Heavy
-1 Light
CAUTION: Under heavy snow conditions no hold-over-time exists.
NOTE: This table is to be used with Type I, II, III, and IV fluid guidelines.
NOTE: The use of Runway Visual Range (RVR) is not permitted for determining visibility used with the holdover tables.
NOTE: Some METARS contain tower visibility as well as surface visibility. Whenever surface visibility is available from an official
source, such as a METAR, in either the main body of the METAR or in the Remarks (“RMK”) section, the preferred action is
to use the surface visibility value.
NOTE: If visibility from a source other than the METAR is used, round to the nearest visibility in the table, rounding down if it is right
in between two values. For example, .6 and .625 (5/8) would both be rounded to .5 (1/2).

Page 24 of 24