“Introduction to Artificial Intelligence”

Book: Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach (Russell & Norvig)

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

• Chapter One: Introduction to AI

• Chapter Two: Intelligent Agent
• Chapter Three: Solving Problems by Searching and
Constraint Satisfaction Problem
• Chapter Four: Knowledge and Reasoning
• Chapter Five: Learning

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Assessment Method

Assessment % of Final Grade (100)

Mid Exam 25
Individual Assignment 15
Group assignment 20
Final Exam 40

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 Chapter 1 : Introduction to AI
What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer
science that is dedicated on creating intelligent
machines which is capable of performing tasks that
typically require human intelligence.
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence.
❖Artificial: "man-made," or Produced by human art or effort, rather than
originating naturally.

❖ Intelligence: "thinking power", or “the ability to learn and solve problems”.

❖ Hence, Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."

❖ So, we can define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as creating of intelligent

machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to
make decisions.
 Other definitions of AI?
❖The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence
when performed by people .

❖The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people
are better. Rich & Knight, 1991
✓From the above AI definitions, we can see that AI has two major roles:
• Study the intelligent part concerned with humans.
• Represent those actions using computers.
 Approaches to AI
• Views of AI fall into four categories:

Systems that think like Systems that think

THOUGHT humans (cognitive rationally (laws of
science) thought)
Systems that act like Systems that act
humans rationally
BEHAVIOUR
(Turing test) (agents)
HUMAN RATIONAL
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Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Modeling
How do we know how humans think?
✓ Introspection(examining own internal feeling and thought) vs. psychological
experiments.
Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain
Cognitive Science
“The exciting new effort to make computers think … machines with minds
in the full and literal sense” (Haugeland)
“[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking,
activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning …” (Bellman)
 Acting Humanly: Turing Test
"Can machines think?" → "Can machines
behave intelligently?“
1950 – Alan Turing devised a operational test
for intelligence called Imitation game.
The approaches of Testing “Intelligence” with
the Turing Test:-
➢ A human questioner/Experimenter asks Answers
questions of two entities (i.e, computer and
human), receive answers from both.
➢ All participants are placed in isolated Answers

locations
➢a human questioner cannot tell if there is a
computer or a human answering his question,
Which is the person?
via teletype. Which is the computer?
Human
➢then the computer is deemed to be intelligent 9
 Thinking rationally: "laws of thought"
➢ Humans are not always ‘rational’
➢ If the system is rational, it thinks the right thing through correct reasoning.
➢ Aristotle:
❖provided the correct arguments/ thought structures that always gave correct
conclusions given correct premises.
❖Example: Aristotle is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Aristotle is mortal
❖These Laws of thought governed the operation of the mind &initiated the
field of Logic.
❖“The study of mental facilities through the use of computational models”
(Charniak and McDermott)

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 Acting Rationally: Rational Agent
Rational behavior: doing the right thing
Rational behavior: Doing that was expected to maximize one’s “utility
function” in this world.
AI is about designing and construction of rational agents.
An agent is an entity that perceives and acts. A rational agent acts rationally.
Rational action requires the ability to represent knowledge and reason
with it so as to reach good decision.
▪ Learning for better understanding of how the world works
For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of
agents) with the best performance.
Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable
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 Suggested Major Components of AI
❖ Intelligent systems may be expected to involve the following components to interact with
its environment.
1. Natural Language processing
• Enable computers to communicate in human language, ( English, Amharic, ..)
• speech recognition and understanding and synthesis
2. Knowledge representation
• Schemes to store information effectively & efficiently, both facts and inferences
3. Automated reasoning
• To retrieve and use stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions
4. Machine learning
• To adapt to new circumstances and accumulate knowledge
5. Computer vision
• To recognize objects based on patterns in the same way as the human visual system does
6. Robotics
• Enable computers to see, hear & take actions i.e., modify the environment
 Goals of AI
To replicate human intelligence− through creating machines/systems that can
understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
To solve knowledge intensive task
To build a machine which can perform a task that require human intelligence ex.,
playing chess games, Driving a car in traffic, proving a theorem, surgical
operation
To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behaviour,
learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
To make computers more useful by letting them take over dangerous or tedious
tasks from human
 Foundation of AI
What comprises to AI?
• To create AI-first we should know that how intelligence is composed , so intelligence is an intangible part of our
brain which is a combination of reasoning, learning, problem solving, perception, and language understanding.
• To achieve the above factors for a systems or machines, AI requires the following disciplines:
• Philosophy
• Understanding the connection between how peoples think and explicate that connection in reasoned and
logic way.
• Logic, methods of reasoning, language, rationality e.t.c
• Mathematics
• Formal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability
• Neuroscience (Brain science)
• Study of the nervous system, Brain.
• Understand the basic and emergent properties of neurons(information processing units) and neural circuits.
• Describes the biological basis of understanding of learning, memory, perception and consciousness.
 Foundation of AI
• Psychology
• How do humans think and act?
• The study of human reasoning and acting
• Provides reasoning models for AI.
• Computer science and Engineering
• building fast computers
• How to build an efficient computer?
• Provides the artifact that makes AI
application possible.
• Linguistics
• For understanding natural languages
• knowledge representation, grammar
 History of AI
The following are some of milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey from the
AI generation to till date development. How AI is progressed /evolved at different year?

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The history of AI can be seen from different perspectives, some of them are:
A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-
B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
1952)
✓ Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon(1955) :
✓Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943) created first artificial intelligence program (named
: proposed a model of artificial neurons. Logic Theorist). This program proved 38 of 52
mathematics theorems.
✓Donald Hebb (1949) : demonstrated an
✓ John McCarthy(1956) : The word "Artificial
updating rule for modifying the connection
Intelligence" first adopted by American computer
strength between neurons. His rule is called
Scientist John McCarthy at Dartmouth conference.
Hebbian learning. For the first time, AI was called as academic field.
✓Alan Turing (1950) : Alan Turing is English and at that time, high-level computer languages such

mathematician, and pioneered Machine as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented.

 Cont’d
C. The golden years-Early enthusiasm E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
(1956-1974)
✓After AI winter duration AI came back with
✓Joseph Weizenbaum(1966): researchers "Expert System".
are emphasized on developing algorithms
F. The Second AI winter (1987-1993)
that can solve mathematical problems.
❖Joseph Weizenbaum was created the ✓ Between the years 1987-1993 was the second
first chatbot which is called ELIZA. AI Winter duration. Again, investors and
government stopped in funding for AI research
✓In the year 172 : The first intelligent due to high cost but not efficient results.
humanoid robot was built in Japan which
was named WABOT-1. G. The Emergence of Intelligent Agents (1993-
2011)
D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)
✓In the year 1997 IBM Deep Blue beats world
✓AI winter refers to the time period where chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the
computer scientists dealt with a severe first computer to beat a world chess champion.
shortage of funding from the government for
AI researches. 18
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 Cont’d
✓In the year 2002 : AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
✓In the year 2006 : AI came into the Business world. Companies like Facebook, Twitter,
and Netflix also started using AI.
H. Deep Learning, Big data and Artificial General Intelligence (2011-present)
✓IBM's Watson won Jeopardy (2011) : to solve complex questions as well as riddles.
understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
✓In the year (2012) : Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now",
✓In the year (2014): Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous
"Turing test."
✓In the year (2018): The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with
✓two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
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 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high accuracy as it takes
decisions as per pre-experience or information.
o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that AI systems can
beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times with high
accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean
floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the
products as per customer requirement.
o Useful as a public utility: such as a self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the machine in human-
language, etc.
 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Cost: the hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it
requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
• Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with Ai, but
still they can't work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which
they are trained, or programmed.
• Increase dependence on the machines: with the increment of technology, people
are getting more dependent on the devices and hence they are losing their mental
capabilities.
• No original creativity: as humans are so creative and can imagine some ideas but
still AI machines can't beat this power of human intelligence and can’t be creative
and imaginative.
• No feeling and Emotion: AI systems doesn’t have feeling so it can’t make any
type of emotional attachment with humans.
 Application of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
• Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
• Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that understands
natural language spoken by humans.
• Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and
special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice
to the users. Ex. Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
• Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the
computer. For example,
• A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information or map of the
areas.
• Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made by
forensic artist.
 Application of AI
• Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
understanding the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a
human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
• Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the
text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the
shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.
• Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human.
They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat,
temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient
processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence.
 Applications of AI

SMART NAVIGATION ROBOTICS

INTELLIGENT PERSONAL ASSISTANT

SOCIAL MEDIA
E-COMMERCE
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 Real Life AI. Examples

✓Self Driving Cars

✓Navigation Systems
✓ ASIMO
✓ Chatbots
✓ Human vs Computer Games
✓ Google: Search Technology
✓Bank: automated fraud detection
✓Netflix: movie recommendation

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 Some of the influencers of AI

❖ Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data

❖ Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip
architectures
❖ Cloud computing and APIs
❖ The emergence of data science

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Challenges in Using Artificial Intelligence

• AI is only as good as the data it is exposed to, which is where certain

challenges may present themselves. How a business teaches and
develops its AI will be the major factor in its usefulness.
• Humans could be the weak link here, as people are unlikely to want to
input masses of data into a system.
• Another dilemma that comes along with AI is its potential to replace
human workers. As machines become more “intelligent” they could
begin to replace experts in higher-level jobs.

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 Thank You!!

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