39

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Place and Time of The Research

The location of this research was SMA N 1 Angkola Selatan. It is

located on Napa, Angkola Selatan, South Tapanuli, North Sumatra 22713.

This research is started from April 2022 until finish.

B. Research Design

To examine the data in this study, this research utilized a

quantitative research with experimental form. According to Nunan,

“experimental is designed to collect data in such a way that threats to the

reliability and validity of the research is ministered”. 1 So, it concludes

experimental research is one of research design kinds which have purpose

to know or to find causal-effect from the variables.

This research used true experimental design (pretest-posttest

control group design).2 There are two classes in this model, first is

experiment class and the second is control class. This research used

random sampling. This research used two classes, as an experiment class

and as a control class. The experiment class taught by using Fishbowl

technique, as a treatment. Meanwhile the control class taught by using

conventional technique or without treatment to know the comparison of

1
David Nunan, Research Method in Language Learning, (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1992), p. 47.
2
Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D, (Bandung: Alfabeta,
2011), p. 76.

39
 40

using treatment or not in those classes. The design can be figured out as

follow:

Table 2.
Pretest-Posttest Design
Group Pre-test Treatment Post-test
Experiment O1 X O1
Control O2 - O2

In which:
O1: Pre-test value of experiment and control class
O2: Post-test value of experiment and control class
X: Treatment3
C. Population and Sample

1. Population

The population as the data source of this research was all of the

eleventh grade students of SMA N 1 Angkola Selatan. The population

consisted 3 classes with 75 students. It consists of classes, the

population number is shown on the table below:

Table 3.
The Population of XI Grade Students of SMA N 1 Angkola
Selatan Academic Year 2022/2023
No. Class Students
1 XI IPA 1 24
2 XI IPA 2 27
3 XI IPA 3 24
Total 75
Source: The English Teacher of SMA N 1 Angkola Selatan

3
Suharsimi Arikunto, Manajemen Penelitian, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2003).
 41

From above the data, it describes the populations of the

research. The population of the research consists of 3 classes XI SMA

N 1 Angkola Selatan. Each class consists of more less 30 students.

2. Sample

A sample is a group in research study on which information is

obtained. Because the population of the study is big, the writer did not

take all the subject of the population. Sample is taking a part of

population using certain procedure. So that can be expected to

represent the population.

There are two samples in this study, experiment class and

control class. Experiment class is from XI IPA 3 that consists of 24

students. Control class is from XI IPA 1 that consists of 24 students.

Based on above explanation, researcher concluded that sample is half

of data source that refer or representative of population.

Table 4.
The Sample of XI Grade Students of SMA N 1 Angkola Selatan
Academic Year 2022/2023
No Class Students
1 Experimental 24
2 Control 24
Total 48

As explained in research design that in Pretest-Posttest Control

Group Design researcher will take the sample randomly. This research

takes two classes by using pieces of paper that written the name of all

classes at the eleventh grade of SMA N 1 Angkola Selatan, put them

 42

into glass, shakes the glass and take two of the piece of paper, one as

an experimental class and the other one as a control class.

D. Definition of Operational Variable

1. Fishbowl Technique

Fishbowl technique is a portion of the group to form a

discussion circle and have the remaining participants form a listening

circle around them. Rotate new groups into the inner circle to continue

the discussion.

2. Speaking Mastery

Speaking mastery is expressing various meaning (interpersonal,

ideational, textual) in various interactional oral texts, especially how to

respond to opinions and how to express agreement and disagreement

with the opinions with commentaries and reviews or asking and giving

opinion.

E. Instrument of Collecting Data

The research needs instrument to help in collecting the data. Test is

a way or method in measuring person’s knowledge and ability. So, the

researcher conducted the test to collect the data. Because of X variable that

measured is speaking, so the instrument of the research is oral test using

dialogue in pairs.

In the test, the researcher prepared 3 topics in pre-test and post-test

to test student’s speaking. The researcher asked students to choose one of

 43

the topic to each pair of students. Then, students gave opinion and

argument orally and recorded students’ answer.

To know students’ speaking skill increased, there are some

criterions that must be considered. There are five elements should be

measured in speaking test, namely, pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary,

fluency and comprehension. Those all indicators of speaking are correct,

based on teacher’s book in PERMENDIKBUD k13 version, the indicators

of speaking test can be seen in the table below:

Table 5.
Indicators of Speaking
No. Aspects Criterions Score
1. Pronunciation Pronounciation can be understood 4
even with a certain accent
There is a problem in pronounciation 3
that makes listeners have to be very
focused and sometimes causes
misunderstandings
Difficult to understand because there 2
are problems in pronounciation and
the frequency is frequent
Almost always wrong in 1
pronounciation so it cannot be
understood
2. Grammar Almost no grammar mistakes 4
There are some grammatical errors 3
but it doesn’t affect the meaning
Many grammatical errors occur that 2
affect the meaning and often have to
rearrange conversational sentences
Grammar is so bad that 1
conversations are very difficult to
understand
3. Vocabulary Sometimes the pronounciation is 4
incorrect and requires further
explanation due to inappropriate
vocabulary
Often uses inappropriate vocabulary 3
so that the dialogue becomes limited
due to limited vocabulary
 44

Using the wrong vocabulary so that 2

it cannot be understood
Vocabulary is so limited that it 1
doesn’t allow dialogue
4. Fluency Smooth dialogue, very few 4
difficulties
Not very fluent due to language 3
difficulties
Often hesitate and stop because of 2
language limitations
Often pauses and stays silent during 1
dialogue so that the dialog is not
created
5. Comprehension The entire content of the 4
conversation can be understood even
though there are occasional
repetitions in certain parts
Most of the content of the 3
conversation is understandable
although there is some repetition
It is hard to follow the dialogue that 2
is done except in the general
dialogue section with slow
conversation and lots of repetition
Incomprehensible even in the form 1
of a short dialogue4

The formula for calculating student scores is as follows:

The number of scores obtained by students

× 100
Maximum∨ideal score

Where:

The number of scores obtained by students is the scores obtained

from the 1st to 5th aspects. The maximum/ideal score is the result of

multiplying the highest score (4) with the number of specified criteria

(there are 5 criteria). So the maximum/ideal score = 4x5 = 20.

4
Nurhasanah, et al, Buku Guru Bahasa Inggris: Stop Bullying Now, (Balitbang: Pusat
Kurikulum dan Perbukuan, 2017), p. 42-43.
 45

F. Validity of Instrument

In this research, researcher used construct validity. Construct

validity is determined by expert judgment of item and sample validity. 5

In order to have construct validity, a measure ought to adequately

sample both the topic and the cognitive process includes in the content

universe under consideration.

Researcher validated speaking test to the teacher. In this

research, the function of conducting the test is to measure speaking

skill, so the test would be speaking itself. The validation of speaking

test checked and signed by English teacher of SMA N 1 Angkola

Selatan.

G. Procedures of the Research

In collecting the data, researcher gave the sample two test; pre-test

and post-test.

1. Pre-test

This test gave before conducting the treatment to the sample. It

is conducted to find out the normality and the homogeneity of the

sample. The researcher used some steps in giving pre-test, they were:

a. The researcher prepared an orally test for testing the students’

speaking skill.

5
L. R. Gay and Peter W. Airasian, Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and
Applicatons, (Prentice Hall Inc: New Jersey, 2003), p. 161.
 46

b. The researcher distributed the test to both classes; experiment and

control class.

c. The researcher explained what the students need to do.

d. The researcher asked the students to ask and give opinion about the

topic they chose before.

e. The researcher recorded the answer of the students.

f. The researcher checked the answer of students and counts the

students’ score.

2. Treatment

After giving the pre-test, students gave the treatment. The

experimental class taught by using Fishbowl Technique, while the

control class taught by teacher Technique. In conducting the treatment,

researcher have some steps to do, they were:

a. For the beginning, the researcher opened the learning activity with

greeting.

b. The researcher explained the learning material by using fishbowl

technique.

c. The researcher monitored the students.

d. The researcher made summary or conclusion about important

information from the lesson.

3. Post-test

After giving the treatment, the researcher gave post-test to the

students. In this test, the researcher measured whether there is an effect

 47

or not of Fishbowl Technique on students’ speaking mastery. The

researcher used some steps in giving post-test, they are:

a. The researcher prepared an orally test for testing the students’

speaking skill.

b. The researcher distributed the test to both classes; experiment and

control class.

c. The researcher explained what the students need to do.

d. The researcher asked the students to ask and give opinion about the

topic they chose before.

e. The researcher recorded the answer of the students.

f. The researcher checked the answer of students and counts the

students’ score.

H. Technique of Data Analysis

After conducting the experimental process, researcher tested the

both of the classes by using technique of data analysis as followed:

1. Requirement test

a. Normality test

Normality test is used to know whether the data of research

is normal or not, to know the normality of the test it is calculated

using SPSS v. 26 using Kolgomorov-Smirnov test because the

number of the sample in each class is the same. Significant level

5% (0,05) and degree of freedom as big as total of frequency was

 48

lessened 3 (dk=k-3). If result X 2 count >x2 . So, it could be

table

concluded that data was distributed normal.

b. Homogeneity test

Homogeneity test is used to see if two or more classes of

sample data that have been taken come from populations that have

the same variance, it is calculated by using SPSS v.26. Hypothesis

is rejected if F ≤ F1 2 a (n1-1) (1=n2-1), while if F count > Ftable

hypothesis was accepted. It determined with significant level 5%

(0.05) and dk numerator was (n1-1), while dk deminators is (n2-1).

2. Hypothesis test

Hypothesis test was the provisional result of the research. So,

the researcher needed to analyze the data which have been divided into

two groups: experimental class and control class. The data analyzed by

using t-test formula, this research used SPSS v.26. If tcount ˂ ttable, it

means there is no significant effect of fishbowl technique on speaking

mastery at the eleventh grade students of SMA N 1 Angkola Selatan. If

tcount ˃ ttable means there is a significant effect of fishbowl technique on

speaking mastery at the eleventh grade students of SMA N 1 Angkola

Selatan.
49
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