REVIEW FOR FARM STRUCTURES 2019

INTRODUCTION TO FARM STRUCTURE

Definition of Terms

1. Ashlar – consist of carefully worked and joined stone blocks laid in parallel horizontal
courses
2. Concrete – mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and other inert materials, and water to harden to
form of the shape and dimension of the desired structures.
3. Cement – is a powder that when mixed with water can be a good binder for sand or gravel
into a hard solid mass.
4. Mortar – it is a mixture of cement, sand, and water used for laying bricks or masonry; It is
too weak to be used as materials for building.
5. Mixing Water – should be clean and free from injurious amount of oil, acids, alkali, organic
materials, or other deleterious substances.
6. Aggregates – a materials held together bythe paste formed of cement and water.
7. Fine aggregates - crushed stone, sand, crushed gravel with 5 mm diameter and below.
8. Coarse aggregate – crushed stone, crushed gravel or gravel with diameter above 5 mm.
9. Concrete Beam – structural member of reinforced concrete placed horizontally over
openings to carry load.
10. Concrete Column – a vertical structural member made of reinforced or unreinforced
concrete.
11. Concrete Block – a solid or hollow blocks\ of precast concrete.
12. Concrete Slab – a flat, reinforced concrete structural member, relatively suitable in length
and width but shallow in depth used for floors, roofs, and bridged deck.
13. Refractory Cement – concrete with high silica content and used for heat insulator for
furnaces and other heat generating device.
14. Masonry – is name for walls, pillars, arches, and other structures by laying bricks, stone
blocks, and other stone like materials such as hallow blocks.
15. Steel – it is wide used reiforcing materials\ for almost all types of concrete construction. It is
an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and compression load and hundred
times stronger in tensile strength.
16. Stirrups – the structural reinforcing member that holds or binds together the main
reinforcement of a beam or girder to a designed position.
17. Wood – a fibrous substance which composed the trunk and branches of the tree that lies
between the pith and the bark.
18. Lumber – wood after it is sawed or sliced into boards, planks, timber, etc.
19. Rough Lumber – unplaned or undressed lumber
20. Surfaced or Dressed lumber – planed lumber having at least one smooth side.
21. S2S ; S4S dressed lumber - wherein the number connotes the number of smooth sides.
22. Slab - the kind of rough lumber which is cut tangent to the annual rings running the full
length of the log and containingat least one flat surface.
23. Timber –a wide piece of lumber five inches or13 cm or larger in its smallest dimension
24. Plank- is a wide piece of lumber from 4 to 13 cm thick
25. Board – a piece of lumber less than 4 cm thick with at least 10 cm wide.
26. Flitch – a thick piece of lumber
27. Fine grained – annual rings are small the grain or marking which separates the adjacent
rings
28. Coarse grain – large grain
29. Straight Grained – when the direction of the fibers are near parallel with the side and edges
of the board.
30. Crooked or Cross-Grained – when a lumber is taken from a crooked tree.
31. Exogenous trees – are most preferred in building construction which grows larger by
addition of layer on the surface each year.
32. Paint – a mixture of a pigment and vehicle such as oil or water that together form a liquid or
paste that can be applied to a surface to provide an adherent coating thatimparts color to and

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often protects the surface.

33. Paint Remover – a liquid paste formulation used to remove paint, varnish, enamel, or laquer.
34. Baluster – a post which supports a handrails and encloses the open sections of a stairway.
35. Landing – a level stage in a shaft at which cages are laoded and discharged
36. Riser – a board placed vertically beneath the tread of a step in stair case.
37. Rise - is the height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
38. Rubble Stone – generally consist of irregular stones with good face for the wall surface. The
gaps between stones are filled with smaller or broken stones and cement mortar
39. Run – the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight

Types of Cement

1. Ordinary portland cement

2. Rapid hardening portland cement – specificed when high early strength is required
3. Portland blast furnace - to resist chemical attack
4. Low heat portland cement – reduce heat of hydration
5. Portland pozzolan – slow hardening conrete
6. High alumina cement

Main Composition of Cement

1. Lime - 60 to 65% - lime putty or hydrated lime

2. Silica - 18 to 25% - refractory material
3. Alumina - 3 to 8% - good property for setting to high strength in 24 hours
4. Iron oxide - 0.5 to 5% - used to join iron or steel surfaces
5. Magnesia - 2 to 5 % - magnesium oxychloride cement
6. Sulfur trioxide - 1 to 5% - for connecting iron parts

Concrete Proportioning

Mixture Class Proportion Cement(40 kg) Sand cu. m. Gravel cu. m.

AA 1:1.5:3 12 0.5 1
A 1:2:4 9 0.5 1
B 1:2.5:5 7.5 0.5 1
C 1:3:6 6 0.5 1

Concrete Hallow Blocks (CHB)

 Standard sizes(T,W,L) Volume of cement per CHB
– 4 in. x 8 in. x 16 in. 0.001 cu. meter
– 6 in. x 8 in. x 16 in. 0.003 cu. meter
– 8 in. x 8 in. x 16 in. 0.004 cu. meter
 Rule of thumb: 12.5 CHB per square meter of wall area

Reinforcement Steel Bar

Spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcement bars
- 0.40 meters, 0.6 meters, 0.8 meters
- 2 layers, 3 layers, 4 layers

Required Length of Vertical and Horizontal Reinforcement Bar per Square meter of Wall
- 0.4 meter spacing - 2.93

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- 0.6 meter spacing - 2.13

- 0.8 meter spacing - 1.60
- every 2 layers - 3.30
- every 3 layers - 2.15
- every 4 layers - 1.72
Rules of Thumb
1. 20 kg of no. 16 GI tie wire per ton of reinforcement bar
2. 35 kg of no. 16 GI tie wire per roll
Corrugated Roofing
- 10 and 12 inches end lap and 2 inches edge lap
Painting
1. First coating - 1 gal per 20 square meters
2. Second coating - 1 gal per 25 square meters
3. Pain thinner – 2 gals per 20 gals of paint
4. Linseed oil – 1 gal per 20 gals of paint
Measuring Wood
 Board Foot – it means the one square foot of wood one inch thick or 144 cubic inches.
Formula:
Bd-Ft = T(in) x W(in) x L(ft) / 12
Bd-Ft = T(in) x W(ft) x L (ft)/144

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REVIEW FOR FARM STRUCTURES 2019

AGRICULTRAL STRUCTURES
Farm Structure - a major field of study that includes the design, development, construction and
maintenance of silos and its components, farm roads and bridges, farm machinery sheds, farm
houses, farm products storage/warehouse, buildings and structures

ANIMAL AND CROP PROCESSING SUPPLEMENTARY

PRODUCTION
Carabao Feedlot Milking Parlor Biogas Plant
Cattle Feedlot Primary Processing Plant for Farm to Market Roads
Fresh Fruit and Vegetable
Cattle Ranch Slaughterhouse for Swine, Farm Workshop and
Small and Large Animals Machinery Shed
Greenhouses Milking Parlor Fruit and Vegetable Storage
Housing for Broiler Primary Processing Plant for Plant Tissue Culture
Production Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Laboratory
Housing for Dairy Cattle Poultry Dressing Plant Warehouse for Bagged
Storage of Grains
Housing for Goat and Sheep Slaughterhouse for Swine, Waste Management
Small and Large Animals Structures-Agricultural
Liquid Waste
Housing for Layer Production Waste Management
Structures-Agricultural Solid
Waste
Housing for Swine
Production
Lairage for Swine, Small and
Large Animals

Farmstead- is an area where farm houses are located and considered as the center of farm
enterprise
Features of Ideal Farmstead
1. Located near the center of the farm or middle of the long side near the road or highway.
2. The site should have favorable elevation with good drainage.
3. Near to an electric power line.
4. Near the mail delivery route and water supply.
Classifications of Farm Structures
1. Movable or fixed- movable buildings are small, lightweight, and constructed with skids
so that it can be moved around the farm. Fixed buildings are anchored to piers or
foundations attached to poles set in the ground.
2. Pre-fabricated or on-the-site construction- pre-fabricated buildings are built from units
that are constructed in a factory. A number of units of sidewall panels, roofs, etc. for
example are assembled on the farm to erect the building. On-the-site construction is
where the cutting, fitting and erecting are done on the farm.
Factors Need to Consider in Designing Farm Strucutre
1. Location - it should have an access to a public highway without the expense of
maintaining an extensive private roadway
2. Site Drainage - the soil should be sufficiently well drained to provide suitable foundation
for the construction. Slopes and location of the buildings should be such that the drainage
from barn yards, feed lots or septic tank will not contaminate the water supply.
3. Distance Between Buildings - as the distance between buildings is increased, the travel
required in the performance of the chores is increased and the amount of cropland used
for the farmstead becomes greater. Distance between buildings should not be too far yet
not near enough to allow some area betweenbuildings as a means of reducing fire hazard.
A distance of 75 ft or 29 m is usually adequate.

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4. Windbreaks - natural features of the topography should be used to shelter the farmstead
from heavier winds. If such protection is not available, trees or shrubs should be planted.
Farm
Building Plan - farm buildings should be constructed from plans or drawings to ensure careful
planning before construction starts. Planning is essential for economic selection of materials and
for efficiency in construction.
Components:
1. Stress Sheet- a line diagram showing the arrangement of structural members, dimensions,
loading, design stress, cross-section required for each member of the structure.
2. Design Drawing- usually contains five (5) sheets and the arrangement are as follows:
a. page 1 - location, vicinity and perspective
b. page 2 - elevation, i.e., front, rear, right, left, longitudinal and cross-sections
c. page 3 - floor plan, foundation lay-out and details, i.e., trusses, columns and beams
d. page 4 - electrical lay-out, specification and voltage analysis
e. page 5 - plumbing lay-out and specifications
3. Shop Drawings- components fabricated off-site
4. Specifications- amplify and reinforce the information conveyed by the drawing. Contain
details concerning the type and quality of materials and equipment to be used and the method
and quality of work to be done at the site.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS (AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES)

Lairage for Swine, Small and Large Animals
1. lairage – any premise or yard used for the confinement of animals awaiting to be
slaughtered which include unloading ramp, pens and detention pens
2. small animals – refers to sheep, goat, and deer
3. large animals – refers to cattle and carabao
4. detention pen – separate compartment in the lairage used to confine sick or suspected
animals
5. loose type – animals are free to move in a pen while awaiting to be slaughtered
6. tie-up type – pugnacious animals are tied within the pen while awaiting to be slaughtered
7. slaughterhouse – building orplace used for killing of animals where the flesh is intended
for human consumption
Slaughterhouse for Swine, Small and Large Animals
1. stunning pen – compartment which is suitable for confining only one animal at a time
while it is being stunned and which is so constructed as to confine, without discomfort, to
prevent any substantial movement of the animal forward, backward or sideway
2. stunning – renders an animal insensible before it is killed
3. pithing – insertion of a rod or coiledwire through the hole in the skull of cattle made by
the captive blot to destroy the brain and spinal cord to prevent reflex muscular action and
possible injuryto operatives
4. sticking – severance of the major blood vessels in the neck or immediately anterior to the
heart by means of a knife and “stuck” shall be constructed accordingly.
5. bleeding – remove as much blood from the carcass as possible before further handling
6. scalding – lowering of animal into steam to prepare skin for dehairing
7. dehairing – removal of the hair of the carcass
8. gambrelling – suspending the carcass for particular operation
9. singeing – cleaning the carcass by burning the hair
10. evisceration – process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic
cavities
11. dressing – preparation of carcass after evisceration, ready for storage or sale
12. splitting – dividing carcass into parts
13. carcass – all parts including viscera of slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats or swine that may
be used for human consumption
14. meat – edible part of the muscle of cattle, sheep, goats or swine
15. offal – part of internal organs of a slaughtered animal
16. green offal – digestive tract of ruminants such as the stomach, or the intestines which still
contain fecal matter
17. black offal – digestive tract of swine such as the stomach, or the intestines which still
contain fecal matter
18. detained meat – meat requiring further examination as declared by a veterinary inspector
after veterinary examination
19. condemned meat – meat which is unfit for human consumption as declared by a
veterinary inspector after veterinary examination
20. gut and tripe – black or green offal
Warehouse for Bagged Storage of Grains
1. warehouse – building used for storing paddy or rice and other grains in bags
2. bag storage – storing of paddy or corn kernels in bags usually made of jute (gunny) or
polyethylene and normally accommodates 44-45 kilos
3. palay – paddy; rough rice; unhulled grain or Oryza sativa L., that is grain with the
hull/husk enclosing the grain
4. fumigation – process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes
5. moisture content – amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample, wet basis
6. dunnage – pallet; “tarima”; wooden frames used on concrete floors for stacking bags to
prevent direct contact between the grains and the floor
7. aeration – moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates (generally between
0.07-0.28 cubic meter per minute per ton) for purposes other than drying, to maintain or
improve it quality

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Housing for Goat and Sheep

1. buck – mature male goat
2. doe – mature female goat that has kidded
3. dry doe – doe without milk
4. kid – young goat under six months old of either sex
5. ewe – mature female sheep that has already lambed
6. lamb – sheep under six months of age
7. ram – mature male sheep
Cattle Feedlot
1. feedlot – area with its physical facilities used for cattle fattening
2. bull – breeding male of any age
3. calf – young male or female under one year of age
4. cow – mature female that has already calved
5. heifer – female between two to three years of age which has not given birth
Cattle Ranch
1. corral – enclosure for confining and handling livestock
2. holding pen – pen for confining animals from the pasture
3. crowding pen – pen used to funnel cattle into the working chute
4. working chute – chute leading the cattle from the crowding pen to the holding
chute/squeeze
5. holding chute – squeeze; use to restrain animals
6. loading chute – chute used to load cattle from working chute or crowding pen to a vehicle
Housing for Dairy Cattle
1. loose housing – animals are free to move between resting, feeding and watering areas
2. yearling – one to two-year-old cattle of either six
3. parturition – act of giving birth
Carabao Feedlot
1. feedlot – area with its physical facilities used for carabao fattening
2. caracow – mature female that has already calved
3. caraheifer – female carabao below two years of age which has not yet calved
Biogas Plant
1. biogas plant – plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and
2. sludge consisting of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/ sludge tank
3. biogas – mixture of gas (composed of 50 to 70 percent methane and 30 to 40 carbon
dioxide) produced by methanogenic bacteria
4. integrated plant – biogas plant where the digester and gas chamber from one unit
5. split-type plant – digester and gas chamber form separate units
6. multi-digester plant – plant with series of digester
7. floating type – plant consisting of digester and a moving, floating gasholder that either
float directly in the fermenting slurry or in a separate water jacket
8. fixed type – closed digester with an immovable, rigid gas chamber and a displacement pit
9. balloon type – plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining
digester and gasholder
10. inlet pipe- serves as conveyor of the manure-water mixture or slurry from the mixing tank
to the digester
11. slurry- mixture of manure and water
12. collecting tank- holding tank; chamber where manure and water are collected, stored and
separated from heavy and non-biodegradable materials before feeding them into the
digester
13. digester – biodigester; bio-reactor; anaerobic reactor; any water and air tight container
designed for the process of anaerobic microbiological degradation of organic matter into
which the slurry is introduced for digestion and methanization
14. methanization – digestion; various processes that take place among the methanogens,
non-methanogens and substrates fed into the digester as inputs
15. methanogens – anaerobic bacteria that act upon organic materials and in the process,
produce biogas

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16. gas chamber – space inside or outside the digester for the collection and storage of biogas
17. stirrer – mixer; agitator; mechanical device inside the digester used to stir the slurry
18. outlet pipe – serves as conveyor where the effluent or the slurry is forced out
19. effluent – residue that comes out at the outlet after the substrate is digested/processed
inside the digester
20. loading rate – amount of slurry fed per unit volume of digester capacity per day
21. backfill – layer of compacted soil and gravel to support the digester wall
22. retention time – average period that a given quantity of slurry is retained in the digester
for digestion
23. mesophilic temperature rage – temperature range of 20°C – 40°C where mesophilic
bacteria operates
24. gas production rate – amount of biogas produced per day per cubic meter of slurry
25. substrate – organic material used to produce biogas
26. scum – layer of floating material (mainly fibrous) on the slurry
27. sludge – settled portion or precipitate of the slurry; a mud-like, semi-solid mass
28. freeboard – difference in height between the digester wall and the filling line
29. filling line – level of slurry when the digesters is at full load
30. gasholder retainer – cantilever beam that holds the gasholder/movable cover in position at
the desired biogas pressure
Greenhouses
1. greenhouse – structure that provide a reliable enclosure within which an environment
favorable to plant growth can be attained
2. ridge and furrow greenhouse – gutter connected; method of greenhouse construction
where modular roof unitsare connected at the eave by a common gutter
3. cooling – removal of heat from the interior of the greenhouse
4. heating – addition of heat to the interiorof the greenhouse from any energy source
including the sun
5. shading – prevents excess solar radiation in the greenhouse
6. ventilation – process of exchanging air inside the greenhouse with outside air to control
temperature, humidity, oxygen or carbon dioxide levels
7. mechanical ventilation – ventilation of greenhouse using fans
8. natural ventilation – ventilation of greenhouse which occurs through controlled openings
due to natural pressure variations inside and outside the greenhouse
Housing for Swine Production
1. Boar - refers to a male breeding swine which is at least 8 months old
2. Creep area - place for piglets inside the farrowing pen
3. Culling rate - rate of removing undesirable or unproductive animals within the herd
4. Dry sows - unbred sows which have just been weaned; non-pregnant sows
5. Farrowing - act of giving birth in swine
6. Farrowing pen - area in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods,
but in which the sow can turn around
7. Farrowing stall (farrowing crate ) - device in which a sow is confined during farrowing
and lactation periods and which prevents sow from turning around
8. Fattener - swine raised for meat production usually starts at 15 kg
9. Finisher - swine which are 66 kg and up
10. Gilt - female swine that has not farrowed
11. Grower - swine from 40 to 65 kg
12. Litter - piglets born in one farrowing
13. Litter index (farrowing index ) - average number of farrowing of one sow per year
14. Occupancy - number of days an animal stays in a pen
15. Sow - any breeding female pig that has farrowed
16. Weaner (weanling ) - piglet that has been recently separated from its mother
Housing for Broiler Production
1. Brooder guard - materials that are placed around the brooder stoves to prevent the chicks
from straying too far away from the heat supply until they learn the source of heat
2. Brooding - process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up to the time that their
natural heat regulatory mechanisms becomes fully functional
3. Litter - material used as bedding for animals

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4. open-sided housing - long and narrow type of houses wherein at least one-half of the
front and the back of the house are open
5. Enclosed housing - house wherein inside conditions are maintained as near as possible to
the bird’s optimum requirements with the use of mechanical ventilation and artificial
lighting.
Housing for Layer Production
1. litter - material used as bedding for animals
2. litter type - type of flooring utilizing the most commonly available materials such as rice
hull and rice straw and wood shavings over the cemented floor
3. slotted type - type of flooring with openings to facilitate cleaning of the droppings
4. slot-litter type - combination of slotted and litter type flooring wherein slats cover 60% of
the total floor area and 40% is covered with litter.
5. community nest - large nesting boxes for 3 - 6 layers

Farm ro Market Road

1. aggregates -granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, crushed
and uncrushed stone or light weight materials
2. backfill -the suitable material used to replace other materials removed during
construction
3. base course-the layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated soil, or soil aggregate
that rests upon the Subbase or if no Subbase, upon the sub-grade. Treatment may include
application of chemical-based soil additives such as soil-stabilizers and/or any approved
method
4. borrow- the suitable material used for embankments
5. bridge - structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction, such as
water, a highway, or a railway; having a roadway or track for carrying traffic or other
moving loads; and having an opening measured along the center of the roadway between
faces of abutments, spring lines of arches, or extreme ends of the opening for multiple
box culverts or multiple pipes that are 60 inches or more in diameter and that have a clear
distance between openings of not less than half of the smallest pipe diameter
6. clearing - removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted materials from the
ground surface
7. compaction- application of pressure to aggregates to result in a dense mass free of
excessive voids. Compaction minimizes settlement, decreases permeability and increases
strength
8. course - structural component of specified thickness. It may consist of one layer or more
9. culvert - drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and that extends across
and beneath a highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other public way
10. crushed gravel - product resulting from the mechanical crushing of gravel, with
substantially all fragments having at least one face resulting from fracture
11. drainage - removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels
and other several structures
12. earthwork - operations connected with excavating and placing embankments with soil,
earth or rock
13. erosion control - protection of soil from disclosing by water, wind, or other agent
14. excavation - act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove material
15. field density test - determination of the degree of compactness of the soil
16. fill - the embankment material placed above natural ground line
17. farm to market roads - access roads that connect major road arteries to the agricultural
production areas where farm produce are being mobilized and transported to the market
by the farmers and fishermen
18. grade - slope of a roadway, channel, or natural ground
19. gradation - property of a soil which describes the distribution of size groups

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20. gradient - rate of increase or decrease in the level of the land, the slope expressed in
percentage
21. grading - preparation of the sub-grade, in line and elevation, for application of pavement
materials including base and surfacing materials
22. grubbing - removal and disposal of trees, and other unwanted materials below the ground
surface\
23. lane roadway - roadway, which is divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for
vehicular traffic
24. masonry - form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete, or other similar building
materials that have been bonded together with mortar to form a structure
25. one-lane earth road - earth roadway, which one way is a clearly marked lane for vehicular
traffic
26. one-lane gravel road - gravel roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for
vehicular traffic
27. one-lane asphalt pavement road - asphalt pavement roadway, which one way is clearly
marked lane for vehicular traffic
28. one-lane concrete road - concrete roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for
vehicular traffic
29. riprap - quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and
thereby preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure
30. road bed - graded portion of a highway between top and side slopes, prepared as a
foundation for the pavement structure and shoulder
31. roadway - space/location/site intended to employ traffic consideration for the transport of
agricultural products
32. road carriageway - travel way or crown portion of the roadway intended for the
movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders
33. road carriageway width - lateral design width for one lane or two lanes strip of roadway
34. roadway embankment- raised structure of soil, soil aggregate, sand or rock
35. road shoulder - part of the roadway next to the traveled way or auxiliary lanes that
provide lateral support of base and surface courses and is an emergency stopping area for
vehicles
36. salvage materials - saving of different existing materials from the projects which are
removed and intended to be used in other construction
37. specifications - written technical description of materials, equipment, construction
systems, standards, and workmanship that, in conjunction with the drawings, detail the
requirements for acceptable completion of the work
38. structures - refer to the bridges, culverts, wall, buildings, foundations, water tanks,
transmission towers, cribbing, caissons or coffer dams, other similar features which may
be encountered in the work and are classified as structures
39. Subbase course- refers to the layer of the specified or selected materials of designated
thickness in a pavement structure immediately above the sub-grade and below the base
course
40. subgrade (earth road)- roadbed upon which the pavement structures is placed
41. subgrade (gravel road) - upper portion of material which act as foundation Subbase
course
42. subgrade (bituminous, concrete road) - top surface of the roadbed upon which the
pavement is placed
43. traffic - vehicular and non-vehicular movement along a route such as pedestrians,
vehicles, animals, etc.
44. two-lane earth road - earth roadway, which two(2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular
traffic
45. two-lane gravel road - gravel roadway, which two (2) ways are marked lanes for
vehicular traffic

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46. two-lane asphalt pavement road - asphalt pavement roadway, which two ways are marked
lanes for vehicular traffic
47. two-lane concrete pavement road - concrete pavement roadway, on which two lanes are
marked for vehicular traffic 4.48 turn-out section a widened, unobstructed shoulder area,
about 30 meters long, that may be used for emergency purposes or allow slow-moving
vehicles to pull out of the carriageway to give passing opportunity to following or
incoming vehicles

48.

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AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES
Daily Manure Production

Animals Manure Available

(kg/day/animal)
Pigs
Porker, 3-8 months old, mixed ages 2.20
18-36 kg 2.55
36-55 kg 5.22
55-73 kg 6.67
73-91 kg 8.00
Cow
Feedlot animal 14.0
Breeding animal 13.0
Work animal 7.50
Buffalo
Breeding animal 14.0
Work animal 8.00
Horse
Breeding animal 13.50
Work animal 7.75
Chicken
Layer, 6 months or older 0.075
Broiler, day-old to 8 weeks 0.025

Fresh Manure Production and Characteristics per 1000 kg Live Animal Mass per Day

Animal Total Urine Density Total Volatile Animal

type manure (kg) (kg/ m3) solids solids weight
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
Dairy 86 26 990 12 10 640
Beef 58 18 1000 8.5 7.2 360
Veal 62 - 1000 5.2 2.3 91
Swine 84 39 990 11 8.5 61
Sheep 40 15 1000 11 9.2 27
Goat 41 - 1000 13 - 64
Horse 51 10 1000 15 10 450
Layer 64 - 970 16 12 1.8
Broiler 85 - 1000 22 17 0.9
Turkey 47 - 1000 12 9.1 6.8
Duck 110 - - 31 19 1.4

Manure Retention Time

Substrate Retention time (days)

Liquid pig manure 15 - 25
Liquid cow/carabao manure 20 - 30
Liquid chicken manure 20 - 40
Animal manure mixed with plant material 50 - 80
*Mesophilic temperature range
\

Feeding Space Requirement for Dairy Cattle

Class, Age, Size of Animal Length/animal (mm)

Calves (3-6 months) 46

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REVIEW FOR FARM STRUCTURES 2019

Calves (7 months - one year) 51

Yearling. Heifer, milking and dry cows 76
Cows in maternity stall

Feeding Space Requirement for Goat

Animal Weight (kg) Feeding space

(linear mm/animal)
Doe/Ewe 35 350
Doe/Ewe 50 400
Doe/Ewe 70 450
Kid/Lamb 250
Buck/Ram 500

Feeding Space Requirement for Poultry

Feeder
Stages a
Linear Roundb
m/100 birds pieces/100 birds
4 weeks and below 4 4
Above 4 weeks old 7.5 5
a
If both sides of a linear feeder is available to the birds, count each side
when figuring available space.
b
305 mm diameter pan.

Minimum Floor Space Requirement for Cattle

Area Floor space

m2/ animal
Shed area 4
Loafing area 5

Minimum Space Requirement for Cattle in

Crowding Pen

Weight of the cattle Space requirement

kg m2/animal
Up to 270 0.5
270 - 540 0.9
Over 540 1.1

Minimum Space Requirement for Cattle in

Holding Pen
Weight of the cattle Space requirement
Kg m2/animal
Up to 270 1.3
270 - 540 1.6
Over 540 1.9

Minimum Space Requirement for Goat and Sheep

Animal Weight Floor space (m2/animal)

(kg) Solid floor Slatted floor Open yard
Doe/Ewe 35 0.8 0.7 2
Doe/Ewe 50 1.1 0.9 2.5
Doe/Ewe 70 1.4 1.1 3
Kid/Lamb 0.4-0.5 0.3-0.4 -

ENGR. RODWIN DERICK CATIIS 1ST DRAFTT

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REVIEW FOR FARM STRUCTURES 2019

Buck/Ram 3.0 2.5 -

Minimum Space Requirement for Pregnant and Lactating Doe/Ewe

Doe/Ewe Floor space (m2/animal)

Pregnant Lactating
Small (50 kg - 70kg) 1.3 2.0
Large (over 70 kg) 1.6 2.3

Minimum Space Requirement for Dairy Cattle

Class, Age, Size of Animal Shed or Barn Floor Area

(m2/animal)
Calves (up to 3 months) 1
Calves (3 - 6 months) 2
Calves (7 months - one year) 3
Yearlings (1 - 2 years) 4
Heifer/Steer (2 - 3 years) 5
Milking and dry cows 6
Cows in maternity stall 10

Minimum Space Requirement for Layers in

Pen -Type Housing

Stage Space requirements

m2/100 birds
Growing (7 - 22 weeks)
Litter floor 14
Slotted floor 6
Slot-litter floor 7
Laying (beyond 22 weeks)
Litter floor 17
Slotted floor 9
Slot-litter floor 14

Minimum Space Requirement for broilers

Stage Space requirements

m2/100 birds
4 weeks and below 6.25
Above 4 weeks 12.5

Chick Brooding Temperature

Age of Chicks ( Weeks ) Brooding Temperature ( ºC )

0-1 32.2 - 35.0 ( 90 - 94ºF)
1-2 29.4 - 32.2 ( 90 - 94ºF)
2-4 26.7 - 29.4 ( 90 - 94ºF)

Minimum Space Requirement for Swine

Age and size of animal Space requirements per animal

m2/ animal
Groups
Up to 10 kg 0.11

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REVIEW FOR FARM STRUCTURES 2019

11 - 20 kg 0.20
21 - 40 kg 0.35
41 - 60 kg 0.50
61 - 80 kg 0.70
81 - 100 kg 0.85
Gilts up to mating 1.00
Adult pigs in groups 2.50
Gestating sows 1.20
Lactating sows and litters
Individual pens 7.40
Multi-suckling groups 5.60
Dry sows 1.80

Minimum Swine Farrowing Crate Dimension

Measurement Dimension (m)

Length 1.80
Width of stall 0.60
Width of creep 0.50
Height of stall 1.00
Height of creep 0.40

Minimum Swine Height of Pen Partitions

Swine Height of pen partition

m
Under 25 kg 0.70
25 kg - 100 kg 0.90
Sow 1.00
Boar 1.20

Recommended Lighting Intensity for Swine Housing

Area Lighting intensity

lux (Lumen/m2)
Breeding, gestation and furrowing 150
Nurseries 100
Growing and finishing 50
Inspection areas 200

Recommended Dimension for Slaughterhouse

Animals Throughput Dimension (in meters)

2 8.6 x 5.8
(10)
Large animals or (small 30 12.5 x 6.4
animals) (150)
60 23.3 x 15
(150-350)
200 53 x 21.5
Swine 30 8x5
120 12 x 5
400 19.4 x 8.4

ENGR. RODWIN DERICK CATIIS 1ST DRAFTT

PSABE-YOUNG ENGINEERS SECTION