Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 9(8): 1467-1473, 2021

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Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology

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Impact of Nitrogen Levels and Planting Density on the Growth and Yield of
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)
Funda Yoldaş1,a* , Şafak Ceylan1,b, İbrahim Duman2,c, Ömer Lütfü Elmacı3,d, Eftal Düzyaman2,e
1
Ödemiş Vocational High School, Ege University, 35750 Ödemiş, İzmir, Turkey
2
Department of Horticulture, Agriculture Faculty, Ege University, 35100 Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
3
Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Agriculture Faculty, Ege University, 35100 Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
*
Corresponding author
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to the effects of different plant densities and nitrogen levels on okra yield
Research Article and plant development. Field trials were conducted in two locations, the training fields of the Ege
University, Ödemiş Research and Training area, and Ege University Faculty of Agriculture,
Menemen Research and Training Farm. The field layout was a split-plot design with 3 replicates,
Received : 07/03/2021 where main plots consisted of nitrogen applications and sub-plots of plant densities. Fertilizer was
Accepted : 30/04/2021 applied in the form of Triple Superphosphate, Potassium Sulfate, Urea and Ammonium Nitrate.
Five different nitrogen levels (F1: 0, F2: 40, F3: 80; F4: 120 and F5: 160 kg N ha-1) and two different
rows spacing (PD1: 15 cm×70 cm and PD2: 25 cm×70 cm) have been tested. Yield and yield
components, plant height at flowering, height of the first fruits, the number of leaves, the number
Keywords: of branches, the number of days from sowing to first flowering, the number of days from sowing to
Abelmoschus esculentus L. first harvest, plant height, foliation status, total yield, yield of plant, average fruit weight, fruit
Nitrogen fertilizer length, fruit diameter have been noted in the field experiments. Total yield ranged from 5923.8 to
Yield 12888.9 kg ha-1 at the Ödemiş location, while it was 3363.3-5009.2 kg ha-1 at the Menemen location.
Growth In conclusion, the highest yield is taken from F2 in both plant densities in Ödemiş. In Menemen,
Planting density the highest yield is taken from the dose of F3 (80 kg Nha-1) and F4 (120 kg Nha-1).

a b [Link]@[Link] [Link]
[Link]@[Link] [Link]
c [Link]@[Link] [Link] d [Link]@[Link] [Link]
e [Link]@[Link] [Link]

This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Introduction
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is one of the most Regmi et al., 2020; Verma et al., 2020). Increasing plant
important vegetable crops grown in Turkey, with is 31428 population may result in growth and yield decrease per
tons (Anonymous 2019). Consumption has been plant due to inter-and intraspecific plant competition.
increasing, due to awareness of the health benefits of okra. However, a higher population might compensate for plant
Yield of okra has been sustained by intensified cultural density-induced decreased growth and yield (Salau and
practices including the planting density, and increased use Makinde, 2015).
of fertilizer, compost and synthetic chemicals. Okra Nitrogen is the most essential element of plant nutrition.
productivity can be determined by cultivar and plant Sufficient nitrogen supply improves cell division and
population (Salau and Makinde 2015). Muenoke and photosynthetic activity of the plant (Sharma and Yadav,
Asiegbu, (1996) reported decreased pod yield per plant and 1996). Thus, nitrogen is often considered the most important
yield components as population increased. Maximum fruit limiting factor, for crop yields. Formation of each yield
length, fruit weight, fruit number and yield per plant of the component depends strongly on the N supplied at each
most extensive ranges have been recorded by various developmental stage throughout the life cycle of the plant
researchers (Singh, 1990; Weiner, 1990; Muenoke and (Zhang et al., 2007). However, it is important to use nitrogen
Asiegbu, 1996; Ali, 1999; Anjum and Amjad, 1999; fertilizer in optimum amounts. Unconsciously, the use of
Olasantan, 2001; Kabura et al., 2002; Muenoke and excessive amounts of nitrogen can cause a decrease in the
Asiegbu, 2003; Manga and Mohammed, 2006; Salau and quantity and quality of the product and increase input costs.
Makinde, 2015; Khanal at al., 2020; Adekya at al., 2020; it can also cause environmental pollution because N is very
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mobile in the soil and can be leaching and contaminated into (46%) form in plantation and the other part was applied as
groundwater (Gastal and Lemaire, 2002). Ammonium Nitrate (26%).
Some researchers used NPK fertilizers for the increase
of growth, yield and yield attributes of okra. Significant Soil Properties of the Research Site
increase in the growth and yield of okra was observed after The soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm depth to
the application of N and NPK. Nitrogen, phosphorus and determine soil properties of the both locations. The physical
potassium fertilizer applications increases vegetative and chemical properties of the soils are shown in Table 2.
growth, yield and quality characteristics (Verma et al., 1970; Table 2 shows that the soil of L1 was neutral, had no
Singh, 1979; Hooda et al., 1980; Mani and Ramanathan, salinity problem, was low in CaCO3 and organic matter and
1980; Fatokun and Chheda, 1981; Sherestha, 1983; Majanbu had a loamy sandy texture. The total N and available K
et al., 1985; 1986; Mishra and Pandy, 1987; Abusaleha and contents of the soil were low and P was rich.
Shanmugavelu, 1988; Arora et al., 1991; Faraq and In L2 experiment field soil was medium alkaline
Damrany, 1994; Fondane and Bhatia, 1995; Haque and reaction. It was rich in lime, poor in organic matter and had
Jakhro, 1996; Katung et al., 1996; Anjum and Amjad, 1999; a loamy sandy texture. Total N, available P and K amounts
Khan et al., 2000; Amjad et al., 2002; Kabura et al., 2002; were low (Güneş et al., 2000; Chapman and Pratt, 1961).
Mouneke and Asiegbu, 2003; Manga and Mohammed,
2006; Rahman and Akter, 2012: Khanal at al., 2020, Adekya Cultural Practices
at al., 2020, Regmi et al., 2020, Verma et al., 2020). Also, Sowing
several researchers have reported linear increase in green Kaymakçı okra variety was used in this the study. This
pod yield of okra with the application of N from 56 to 150 variety is grown as for canned in the region. Seeds were
kg/ha (Majanbu et al., 1985; Singh, 1995: Khanal at al., sowed on 26 April in both locations. All cultural practices,
2020; Adekya at al., 2020, Regmi et al., 2020; Verma et al., irrigation, weed control, etc. in both locations was applied
2020). Firoz (2009) reported that the highest yield (16.73 t on all parcels equal. The seeds were sown into the soil by
ha-1) was obtained after the application of 100 kg N ha-1 hand. Inter rows were 15 cm (PD1) and 25 cm (PD2), row
which was statistically identical to 120 kg N ha-1. distance was 70 cm.
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of Maintenance Procedures
different plant densities and nitrogen levels on plant In the study, during plant growth, irrigation, hoeing and
development and yield in okra in two different locations. weed control were made according to Vural et al. (2000);
Yoldas et al. (2018). In periods in which the trial was
Materials and Methods conducted, any disease or harmful effects were observed in
okra plants. Therefore, it has been done to fight against
Research Area them, and weeds chemical control has not been applied to
The study was conducted at two locations (Ege the plots. Only some dominant and large weed (Anthemis
University Odemis Research and Training area-Odemis sp., Avena fatua, etc.) is rooted hands and anchor.
location (L1)-, and Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Harvest
Menemen Research and Training Farm -Menemen location To determine the yield and yield components; 250-
(L2) -. Research field of altitude for L1: 136 m and 22 m for gram samples (from large fruits) were taken from each plot.
Menemen location. Fruits have been harvested twice a day regularly.

Meteorological Data of Research Areas Soil Physical, Chemical, Analysis Methods

For L1 and L2 locations, monthly averages of air Soil samples (0-20 cm depth) were taken from all
temperature and total rainfall (Anonymous, 2018a; treatments and pH (Jackson, 1967), total soluble salt
Anonymous, 2018b) are presented in Table 1. When Table (Anonymous, 1951), CaCO3 (Kacar, 1995), Organic matter
1 is examined, it is understood that a typical Mediterranean content (Reuterberg and Kremkurs, 1951) and texture
climate is dominant in the trial area in L1. October to April (Bouyoucos, 1962) were determined. Total N was
is rainy period. The climatic characteristic of L2 has not been determined according to Bremner (1965), available K was
a limiting factor in the cultivation of okra plant. determined after extracting with 1 N NH4OAc by flame
photometer (Jackson, 1967; Atalay et al., 1986). Available
Establishment of Field Experiment and Applications P was measured by colorimeter after extracting with
Field trials were conducted in two locations (L1 and L2). distilled water (Bingham 1949).
The field layout was a split-plot design with 3 replicates,
where main plots consisted of nitrogen applications and sub- The Scope of the Research Examined the Characters
plots of plant densities. Five different nitrogen levels (F1: 0, Plant height at flowering (cm), height of the first fruits
F2: 40, F3: 80; F4: 120 and F5: 160 kg N ha-1) and two (cm), the number of leaves (unit), the number of branch
different within row spacing (PD1: 15*70 cm and PD2: (unit), the number of days from sowing to first flowering
25*70 cm) have been tested. In the research it was used basic (day), the number of days from sowing to first harvest
fertilizer as P2O5 in the form of the TSP to 80 kg ha-1 and 120 (day), plant height (cm), foliation status (low, medium,
kg ha-1 K2O fertilizers are given in the form of K2SO4. good), total yield (kg ha-1), yield of plant (g), average fruit
Fertilizer was applied as a band. All of phosphorus, 60% weight (g), fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm) has been
potassium and 25% of nitrogen were applicate with sowing. noted in the field experiments in both locations. All
Two of the remaining nitrogen and potassium was applied measurements were performed according to standard after
after 20 days, seedlings from the emergence. The other half seedling emergence.
was applied after 40 days. Nitrogen was applied as Urea
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Table 1. Monthly averages of air temperature and total rainfall of the research areas.
Odemis (L1) Menemen (L2)
Months
Air temperature (°C) Total rainfall (mm) Air temperature (°C) Total rainfall (mm)
January 5.6 19.9 9.3 17.2
February 8.2 54.0 9.6 24.2
March 11.0 15.0 12.6 38.4
April 16.2 35.2 15.1 0.4
May 20.5 31.7 21.5 42.8
June 25.4 7.0 26.6 5.0
July 27.9 - 29.0 -
August 28.4 - 28.0 -
September 22.8 6.7 23.0 -
October 17.9 74.5 18.1 61.0
November 10.2 138.5 11.4 24.2
December 6.8 126.2 8.2 6.0
X–Σ 16.7 508.7 17.7 219.2

Table 2. Some physical and chemical properties of trial soils

Available (mg kg-1)
Locations pH Total salt % CaCO3 % Sand % Mil % Clay Texture O.M
Total N P K
L1 7.09 < 0.03 0.61 76.04 20.28 3.68 Loamy-sand 0.99 0.06 14 140
L2 7.88 0.051 6.58 50.40 37.28 12.32 Loamy-sand 1.29 0.034 0.23 127.4

Table 3. Effect of N fertilizer rates and Planting Density on okra growth (L1)
Treatment PHF (cm) HFF (cm) NL (unit/plant) NB (unit/plant) NDFF (day) NDFH (day) PH-(cm) FS (low, medium, good)
PD1F1 34.88 12.89 48.97bd 5.83 53.67 58.00 97.53 Medium
PD1F2 39.11 15.50 31.77cd 5.87 54.67 59.33 93.60 Medium
PD1F3 27.33 13.39 53.97ac 6.07 56.00 60.33 103.97 Good
PD1F4 31.44 17.97 26.73d 6.97 55.00 59.33 100.07 Low
PD1F5 32.55 15.22 41.53bd 5.63 55.33 59.67 95.27 Medium
PD2F5 35.89 15.55 48.30bd 7.87 55.67 61.00 90.17 Medium
PD2F4 34.50 14.94 26.50d 5.97 54.33 59.67 107.07 Low
PD2F3 32.55 15.50 53.20ac 5.40 55.67 59.33 99.07 Good
PD2F2 36.33 15.77 59.83ab 6.87 55.00 58.67 111.53 Good
PD2F1 31.89 14.25 73.67a 6.97 52.67 58.33 83.93 Good
Average 33.65ns 15.10ns 46.45** 6.34ns 54.80ns 59.37ns 98.22ns
x= Duncan's multiple classification test, **: P<0.01, *: P<0.05 n.s.: not significant, (Plant height at flowering (cm)-PHF-Height of the first fruits (cm)-
HFF-Number of leaves (unit/plant)-NL-The number of branch (unit/plant)-NB-The number of days from sowing to first flowering (day)-NDFF-The
number of days from sowing until the first harvest (day)-NDFH-Plant Height (cm)-PH-Foliation status (low, medium, good)-FS-)

Data Analysis obtained from PD2F4 (26.50 units). The values of the
The findings from the trials have been analyzed number of days from sowing to first flowering were
separately in locations. Data were analyzed with SPSS 13.0 examined, PD1F3 in the first place with 56 days, while
statistical package program are determined based on the application of PD2F1 was ranked last as the minimum
differences between the mean Duncan multivariate value with the value 52.67 day. Compared to applications
analyses (Efe et al., 2000). in terms of the number of days to first harvest, the values
are close to each other the number of days of sowing until
Results the first harvest has been changed 58-61 day.
Effect of N Fertilizer Rates and Planting Density on
L1 Location Data Yield and Yield Components (L1)
Effect of N Fertilizer Rates and Planting Density on The values for yield and yield components obtained
Okra Growth (L1) from L1 location are given in Table 4. Total yield values
The data of planting density and fertilizing is given in were found safely important (P≤0.05) in L1. The highest
Table 3. The effect of the combination on plant height in value has been achieved from PD1F1 (12888.9 kg ha -1),
flowering, height of first fruits, the number of branches, lowest value has been achieved from PD2F5 (4561.9 kg
the number of days from sowing to first flowering, the ha-1) and the average value is 7509.5 kg ha -1.
number of days from sowing to first harvest and plant The values obtained at L1 the difference between the
height were statistically insignificant. The effect of averages of fruit weight applications in terms of P≤0.05
applications on number of leaves was statistically to be significant were found safely. The highest value
significant (P≤0.01). (4.98 g) reached in PD2F2 application. In PD1F4
The highest value (73.67 units) was recorded in the application, the fruit weight was determined as 3.41g.
combination of PD2F1, when the minimum value was

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Table 4. Effect of N fertilizer rates and Planting Density on yield and yield components (L1)
Total yield Yield of plant Number of fruits Average fruit weight Average fruit length Average fruit diameter
Treatments
(kg ha-1) (g/plant) (per plant) (g) (cm) (cm)
PD1F1 8634.9b 90.67 23.33 3.85bc 4.30 1.02
PD1F2 12888.9a 135.33 31.17 4.37ab 4.60 1.02
PD1F3 8000.0b 84.00 23.50 3.53bc 4.74 1.04
PD1F4 8000.0b 84.00 24.83 3.41c 3.75 1.03
PD1F5 7095.2b 74.50 20.17 3.68bc 5.19 1.14
PD2F5 4561.9b 79.83 21.00 3.88bc 4.40 1.06
PD2F4 6047.6b 105.83 29.00 3.69bc 4.64 1.09
PD2F3 6152.4b 107.67 26.00 3.99bc 5.14 1.11
PD2F2 7790.5b 136.33 27.67 4.98a 4.37 1.12
PD2F1 5923.8b 103.67 28.83 3.64bc 4.27 1.10
Average 7509.5* 100.18ns 25.55ns 3.90* 4.54ns 1.07ns
x= Duncan's multiple classification test, **: P<0.01, *: P<0.05, n.s.: not significant

Table 5. Effect of N fertilizer rates and Planting Density on okra growth (L2)
Treatments PHF (cm) HFF (cm) NL (unit/plant) NB (unit/plant) NDFF (day) NDFH (day) PH-(cm) FS (low, medium, good)
PD1F1 32.47 7.47 15.20bc 1.33 46.67 53.00b 47.80cd medium
bc a
PD1F2 29.87 8.40 15.13 1.33 45.33 53.67 47.87cd medium
PD1F3 33.47 7.60 17.00b 2.11 44.33 54.00a 57.20bd medium
PD1F4 37.80 8.00 22.40a 2.67 43.67 54.00a 78.53ab good
PD1F5 34.80 7.47 22.87a 2.11 43.00 54.00a 79.53ab good
PD2F5 36.27 7.47 23.73a 2.22 44.00 52.67b 88.33a good
PD2F4 28.47 8.73 21.80a 2.44 46.33 53.00b 72.47ac good
PD2F3 33.33 7.60 19.93ab 2.00 41.33 53.67a 60.60bd good
PD2F2 32.47 7.00 15.60bc 2.11 44.00 54.00a 44.73cd Medium
PD2F1 26.60 7.67 11.60c 1.89 46.00 53.00b 41.27d Medium
Average 32.55ns 7.74ns 18.53** 2.02ns 44.47ns 53.50** 61.83**
x= Duncan's multiple classification test, **: P=0.01 important, *: P=0.05 important, ns: no signification, (Plant height at flowering (cm)-PHF-Height
of the first fruits (cm)-HFF-Number of leaves (unit/plant)-NL-The number of branch (unit/plant)-NB-The number of days from sowing to first flowering
(day)-NDFF-The number of days from sowing until the first harvest (day)-NDFH-Plant Height (cm)-PH-Foliation status (low, medium, good)-FS-)

Table 6. Effect of N fertilizer rates and Planting Density on okra growth (L2)
Total yield Yield of plant Number of fruit Average fruit weight Average fruit length Average fruit diameter
Treatments
(kg ha-1) (g/plant) (per plant) (g) (cm) (cm)
PD1F1 3642.6 52.23 13.67 4.08 4.67 1.31
PD1F2 3897.8 84.41 13.41 3.55 4.15 1.38
PD1F3 4038.3 46.03 12.46 4.86 4.47 1.42
PD1F4 5009.2 55.65 16.40 4.73 4.97 1.56
PD1F5 4983.3 64.51 17.74 4.25 4.92 1.42
PD2F5 4917.1 90.66 23.83 5.04 5.11 1.47
PD2F4 4620.0 108.76 24.30 4.47 5.59 1.45
PD2F3 4431.0 78.84 20.38 5.27 5.10 1.50
PD2F2 3363.3 81.04 16.93 4.10 5.09 1.39
PD2F1 3748.3 111.99 18.83 3.18 3.60 1.24
Average 4265.1ns 77.41ns 4.35ns 1.41ns
x= Duncan's multiple classification test, **: P=0.01 important, *: P=0.05 important, ns: no signification

L2 Location Data the number of days to first harvest day has been changed
Effect of N Fertilizer Rates and Planting Density on between 52.67 and 54.00 days.
Okra Growth (L2) Effect of N Fertilizer Rates and Planting Density on
The values of L2 are given in Table 5. Plant height at Yield and Yield Components (L2)
flowering, the height of first fruits, the number of branches, In L2 location, the values for yield and yield
the number of days from sowing to first flowering of the components are given in Table 6. As shown in Table 6, the
combination of the application were found to be effect of application on yield and yield components were
statistically insignificant effect. found to be statistically insignificant. Menemen location in
The effect of the combinations of application on terms of total yield values obtained when examining
number of leaves, the number of days of sowing until the applications, the highest value has been reached from
first harvest and final plant height was statistically PD1F4 (5009.2 kg ha-1).
significant (P≤0.01). The effect of the application in terms The location average has been determined as 4265.1 kg
of the number of days to first harvest was statistically ha-1. The resulting yield per plant was not a significant
significant (P≤0.01). The values are close to each other and difference in terms of the statistics. The value of the highest
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yield per plant is reached in PD2F1 (111.99 g) when the As a result, the necessity of fertilization in okra
minimum value was recorded from the application PD1F3 cultivation in ecological conditions of the region,
(46.03 g). In terms of the average fruit size there was no considering the positive effects on soil productivity, F3 (80
significant difference in statistical terms. kg ha-1) and F4 (120 kg ha-1) of fertilizer may indicate that
the dosage is appropriate. The highest yield is taken from
Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations F2 in both plant densities in L1. In L2, the highest yield is
taken from the dose of F3 (80 kg N ha-1) and F4 (120 kg N
The effect of fertilizer and planting density application ha-1). The reason for this, the soils of the experimental field
were not found to be statistically significant on the number in L1 is N contain a total of approximately 2 times
of days until first flowering in both locations. Birbal et al. according to L2.
(1995) and Ali, (1999) reported that plant density did not Okra is an important vegetable in the Aegean region as
have any impact on the number of days of flowering. For the proposed frequency and fertilizer doses at these
this reason, the results of the study are consistent with locations as friendly to the environment and human health
previous studies (Ali, 1999; Birbal et al., 1995; Amjad, will continue to provide profit to the farmer.
2002). The number of flowerings until the first day as the
control plot in determining 53.07 days, this value is Acknowledgments
recorded in other applications in the range of 51.07 to 55.93
days (Khan et al., 2000). These values correlated with the This research was work is partially supported by
values obtained in our study. The highest yield was Scientific Research Project Commission of Ege
obtained in the dense spacing. In both planting density University; Contact no: 07/OMYO/001.
applications in general it can be said that the increased
value of high fertilizer dose of fruit size. However, the References
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