LESSON 1

What is Engineering Materials?

- The substance which are useful NON-METALLIC MATERIALS
in the field of engineering
Non-metallic (Synthetic Materials)
- are materials that are used not
only in the field of engineering but - are non-metallic materials that do
in a day to day basis because of not exist in nature, although they
their properties and are manufactured from natural
characteristics substances such as oil, coal and
- These materials enable to clay.
explore in the design and - combine good corrosion
implementation of new products resistance with ease of
to improve the quality of our manufacture by molding to shape
modern life. and relatively low cost.
- are also being used for the joining
METALS
of metallic components even in
- are materials that exhibit highly stressed applications.
electrical and thermal
Non-metallic (Natural Materials)
conductivity.
- Wood – a naturally occurring
Ferrous Metals
fibrous composite material used
- metals and alloys containing a for the manufacture of casting
high proportion of the element patterns.
iron. - Rubber – is used for hydraulic
- are the strongest materials and compressed air hoses and oil
available and are used or seals.
applications where high strength - Glass – a hardwearing, abrasion-
is required at relatively low cost resistant material with excellent
and where weight is not of weathering properties.
primary importance. - Emery – is a widely used
abrasive and is a naturally
- usually used in bridge building,
occurring aluminum oxide.
the structure of large
- Ceramic – are produced by
buildings, railway lines,
baking naturally occurring clays
locomotives and rolling stock
at high temperatures after
and the bodies and highly
molding to shapes.
stressed engine parts of road
- Diamonds – can be used for
vehicles.
operation at high speeds for
Non-ferrous metals metal finishing where surface
finish is of greater importance.
- are the remaining metals known
- Oils – used as bearing lubricants,
to mankind.
cutting fluids and fuels.
- are rarely used as structural
- Silicon – used as an alloying
materials due to their lack of
element and for the manufacture
mechanical strength.
of semiconductor devices.
- used where their special
properties such as corrosion Natural Materials
resistance, electrical conductivity
- Asbestos
and thermal conductivity.
- Colorants
Example:
- Coal
• Copper and Aluminum –
used as electrical - Cotton
conductors
- Diamond
• Sheet zinc and sheet lead
– used as roofing materials - Emery
 - Gases - least expensive
- Glues - have adequate strength and ductility
characteristics
- Gums
- with specified minimum yield stress
- Granite
of 36 ksi.
- Mica
2. High-strength low-alloy steels
- Oil
- the higher strength(42-65ksi) is
- Quartz achieved by adding mall amounts of
additional chemical elements.
- Rubber
- two of the most common HSLA
- Sapphire steels are A572 and A588
- Wood 3. High-strength quenched and
- Wool tempered alloy steels

Colorants: - Essentially available only as grade

A514 today
- Pigment
-With a yield stress of 90 -100ksi
- Dyes
-Increase strength is achieved
Gases: through heat treatment
- Argon -A514 is available only in plate form,
- Methane up to 6 inches thick

- Neon
- Nitrogen LESSON 2

- Oxygen PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

- Helium The Modern Periodic Table

Engineering Materials Composition - The Periodic Table is a tabular

arrangement of the chemical
- The chemical composition of elements, organized on the basis
engineering material indicates the of their atomic number, electron
elements which are combined configurations and recurring
together to form that material. chemical properties.
- Chemical composition of material - Elements are presented in order
effects the properties of of increasing atomic number,
engineering material very much. typically listed with the chemical
Chemical composition of Structural symbol in each box.
steel - The elements are organized by:
Atomic number
Primary types of structural steel are Chemical Properties
classified according to chemical
composition categories: METALS

1. Carbon-manganese steels • Appear lustrous

2. High-strength, low alloy(HSLA) • Silvery looking

steels • Form mixtures (alloys) when
3. High-strength quenched and combined with other metals
tempered alloy steels • Tend to lose or share electrons
1. Carbon-manganese steels when they react with other
substances
- referred to as carbon steels or mild
structural steels.
• Forms at least one predominately – Noble metals
basic oxide
• High density, relatively soft and
METALLOIDS
easily deformed solids
• Metallic looking brittle solids
• Good electrical and thermal
conductor • Tend to share electrons when
they react with other substances
• Appears coloured
• Weak acidic or amphoteric oxides
• (Cu) Copper
• Usually found naturally in
• (Cs) Caesium
combined states
• (Au) Gold
• Most are semi-conductors and
• Low densities moderate thermal conductors
• (Be) Beryllium • Structures are more open than
those of most metals
• (Al) Aluminum
• Smallest major category of
• High melting points
elements
• (Os) Osmium
- Are not further subdivided
• (Bi) Bismuth
• Metalloids that conduct electricity
• Not easily machined like metals
• (Ti) Titanium • (As) Arsenic
• (Re) Rhenium • (Sb) Antimony
• Noble ( hard to oxidise) NON-METALS
• (Mn) Manganese • Has open structures (unless
solidified from gaseous of liquid
• (Gs) Galium forms)
• structurally analogous to, • Tend to gain or share electrons
respectively, white phosphorous when they react with other
and iodine substances
• Most of the elements is made up • Do not form distinctly basic
of metals, and is subdivided into oxides
several different categories
• Have relatively low densities (@
– Alkali metals (highly room temperature)
reactive)
• Poor Electrical and thermal
– Alkaline Earth metals (less conductor
reactive)
• Relatively high ionisation
– Lanthanides energies and electronegativities
– Actinides • Form acidic oxides
– Transition metals • Are found naturally in
– Post-transition metals uncombined states in large
(physically and chemically amounts
weak) • Brittle solids @ room temperature
• Specialized • (C) Graphite
subcategories
• Black (P) Phosphorous
– Refractory
metals • (S) Sulfur
 • (Se) Selenium - They are never found
uncombined in nature.
• Subdivision
- They have two valence electrons.
• Polyatomic non-metals - Alkaline earth metals include
magnesium and calcium, among
• (which, being others.
nearest to
metalloids, shows Transition Metals
some incipient
- Transition Elements include those
metallic character)
elements in the B families.
• Diatomic non-metals - These are the metals you are
probably most familiar: copper,
• Essentially non-
tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and
metallic
silver.
• Monatomic noble gases - They are good conductors of heat
and electricity.
• Almost completely - The compounds of transition
inert metals are usually brightly
GROUPS AND PERIODS colored and are often used to
color paints.
Group( or Family): a vertical column. - Transition elements have 1 or 2
Elements in groups have similar valence electrons, which they
chemical properties. lose when they form bonds with
18 Groups/Families other atoms. Some transition
elements can lose electrons in
Period: a horizontal row. 7 Periods their next-to-outermost level.
Hydrogen Boron Family
- The hydrogen square sits atop - The Boron Family is named after
Family AI, but it is not a member the first element in the family.
of that family. Hydrogen is in a - Atoms in this family have 3
class of its own. valence electrons.
- It’s a gas at room temperature. - This family includes a metalloid
- It has one proton and one (boron), and the rest are metals.
electron in its one and only - This family includes the most
energy level. abundant metal in the earth’s
- Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons crust (aluminum).
to fill up its valence shell.
Carbon Family
Alkali Metals
- Atoms of this family have 4
- The alkali family is found in the valence electrons.
first column of the periodic table. - This family includes a non-metal
- Atoms of the alkali metals have a (carbon), metalloids, and metals.
single electron in their outermost - The element carbon is called the
level, in other words, 1 valence “basis of life.” There is an entire
electron. branch of chemistry devoted to
- They are shiny, have the carbon compounds called organic
consistency of clay, and are chemistry.
easily cut with a knife.
- They are the most reactive Nitrogen Family
metals. - The nitrogen family is named
- They react violently with water. after the element that makes up
- Alkali metals are never found as 78% of our atmosphere.
free elements in nature. They are - This family includes non-metals,
always bonded with another metalloids, and metals.
element.
Alkaline Earth Metals
 - Atoms in the nitrogen family have in the actinide series are called
5 valence electrons. They tend to trans-uranium, which means
share electrons when they bond. synthetic or man-made.
- Other elements in this family are
phosphorus, arsenic, antimony,
and bismuth.
Oxygen Family
- Atoms of this family have 6
valence electrons.
- Most elements in this family
share electrons when forming LESSON 3
compounds.
- Oxygen is the most abundant PROPERTIES AND
element in the earth’s crust. It is CHARACTERISTICS
extremely active and combines OF MATERIALS
with almost all elements.
Halogen Family PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- The elements in this family are - Physical properties are those that
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, can be observed without
and astatine. changing the identity of the
- Halogens have 7 valence substance.
electrons, which explains why - These properties concerned
they are the most active non- with such properties as
metals. They are never found free melting, temperature, electrical
in nature. conductivity, thermal
- Halogen atoms only need to gain conductivity, density, corrosion
1 electron to fill their outermost resistance, magnetic properties,
energy level. etc.
- They react with alkali metals to
form salts. DENSITY

Noble Gases - Density is defined as mass per

unit volume for a material. The
- Noble Gases are colorless gases derived unit usually used by
that are extremely un-reactive. engineers is the kg/m3 .
- One important property of the
noble gases is their inactivity. Melting temperature of material
They are inactive because their - The melting temperatures and
outermost energy level is full. the recrystallization
- Because they do not readily temperatures have a great
combine with other elements to effect on the materials and the
form compounds, the noble alloys of the materials
gases are called inert. properties and as a result on its
- The family of noble gases applications.
includes helium, neon, argon,
krypton, xenon, and radon. Thermal conductivity
- All the noble gases are found in - This is the ability of the
small amounts in the earth’s material to transmit heat
atmosphere. energy by conduction.
Rare Earth Elements Reluctance (as magnetic properties)
- The thirty rare earth elements are - Just as some materials are good
composed of the lanthanide and or bad conductors of electricity,
actinide series. some materials can be good
- One element of the lanthanide or bad conductors of
series and most of the elements magnetism.
Temperature stability beds and frames because it is
more rigid and less likely to
- Any changes in temperature
deflect with consequent loss of
can have very significant
alignment and accuracy.
effects on the structure and
properties of materials. Brittleness
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES - It is the property of a material
that shows little or no plastic
- The mechanical properties of a
deformation before fracture
material are those which effect
when a force is applied. Also
the mechanical strength and
it is usually said as the opposite
ability of material to be molded in
of ductility and malleability.
suitable shape.
Tensile strength TS
Elasticity
- It is the ability of a material to
withstand tensile ( stretching ) - It is the ability of a material to
loads without breaking. deform under load and return to
its original size and shape when
Toughness
the load is removed.
It is the ability of the materials to
Plasticity
withstand bending or it is the
application of shear stresses - This property is the exact
without fracture, so the rubbers opposite to elasticity, while the
and most plastic materials do not ductility and malleability are
shatter, therefore they are tough. particular cases of the property of
the plasticity when the load is
Malleability
removed.
- It is the capacity of substance to
Chemical PROPERTIES
withstand deformation under
compression without rupture or - Properties that describe how a
the malleable material allows a substance changes into a
useful amount of plastic completely different substance.
deformation to occur under
Chemical Composition
compressive loading before
fracture occurs. - The chemical composition of
engineering material indicates the
Hardness
elements which are combined
- It is the ability of a material to together to form that material.
withstand scratching (abrasion)
Atomic Bonding
or indentation by another hard
body , it is an indication of the - Atomic bonding represents how
wear resistance of the material. atoms are bounded to each other
to form the material. Many
Ductility
properties, such as melting point,
- It refer to the capacity of boiling point, thermal conductivity
substance to undergo & electrical conductivity of
deformation under tension materials are governed by atomic
without rupture. bonding of materials.
Stiffness Types:
- It is the measure of a material's 1. Ionic bond – from by exchanging of
ability not to deflect under an valence electrons between atoms.
applied load. For example,
[Link] bonds – from by sharing of
although steel is very much
electrons between atoms.
stronger than cast iron, then the
cast iron is preferred for machine [Link] bonds – found in metals.
 atmospheric pressure. At the
melting point the solid and liquid
Corrosion Resistance
phase exist in equilibrium. The
- Corrosion is a gradual chemical melting point of a substance
or electrochemical attack on a depends on pressure and is
metal by its surrounding medium. usually specified at standard
pressure.
Acidity or Alkalinity
Thermal expansion
- Acidity or Alkalinity is very
important chemical property of - Thermal expansion is the
engineering materials. Material is tendency of matter to change in
acetic or Alkane, it is decided by shape, area, and volume in
the ph value of material. response to a change in
temperature, through heat
LESSON 4 transfer.
Properties and characteristics of Critical point
materials
- Critical point (or critical state) is
the end point of a phase
Thermal property equilibrium curve. The most
prominent example is the liquid-
vapor critical point, the end point
Boiling point of the pressure-temperature
- The boiling point of a substance curve that designates conditions
is the temperature at which under which a liquid and its vapor
the vapor pressure of can coexist.
the liquid equals the pressure Emissivity
surrounding the liquid and the
liquid changes into a vapor. - The emissivity of the surface of a
- Boiling is a process in which material is its effectiveness in
molecules anywhere in the liquid emitting energy as thermal
escape, resulting in the formation radiation.
of vapor bubbles within the liquid. Emissivities
The boiling point of water is
99.63°C not 100°C - are important in several contexts:
- Insulated Windows
- Solar Heat Collectors
The normal boiling point - Planetary Temperature
- (also called the atmospheric - Temperature Measurements
boiling point or the atmospheric FLAMMABILITY
pressure boiling point) of a liquid
is the special case in which the - Flammability is the ability of a
vapor pressure of the liquid substance to burn or ignite,
equals the defined atmospheric causing fire or combustion. The
pressure at sea level, 1 degree of difficulty required to
atmosphere. cause the combustion of a
substance is quantified through
The standard boiling point has been fire testing. Internationally, a
defined by IUPAC since 1982 as the variety of test protocols exist to
temperature at which boiling occurs quantify flammability.
under a pressure of 1 bar.
Flash point
Melting point
- The flash point of a volatile
- The melting point (or, rarely,
material is the lowest temperature
liquefaction point) of a solid is the at which vapors of the material
temperature at which it changes will ignite, given an ignition
state from solid to liquid at source.
Heat capacity which is the luminosity of an
object in a given spectral region.
- Heat capacity or thermal capacity
is a measurable physical quantity Reflectance
equal to the ratio of the heat
- Reflectance is the fraction of
added to (or removed from) an
incident electromagnetic power
object to the resulting
that is reflected at an interface.
temperature change.
The reflectance spectrum or
Thermal conductivity spectral reflectance curve is the
plot of the reflectance as a
- In physics, thermal conductivity
function of wavelength.
(often denoted k, λ, or κ) is the
property of a material to conduct Refractive index
heat. It is evaluated primarily in
- The refractive index or index of
terms of Fourier's law for heat
refraction n of a material is a
conduction.
dimensionless number that
Thermal diffusivity describes how light propagates
through that medium. It is defined
- It measures the ability of a
as where c is the speed of light in
material to conduct thermal
vacuum and v is the phase
energy relative to its ability to
velocity of light in the medium.
store thermal energy, and is
approximately analogous to Scattering
whether a material is "cold to the
- Scattering is a general physical
touch".
process where some forms of
Thermal expansion radiation, such as light, sound, or
moving particles, are forced to
- Thermal expansion is the
deviate from a straight trajectory
tendency of matter to change in
by one or more paths due to
shape, area, and volume in
localized non-uniformities in the
response to a change in
medium through which they pass.
temperature, through heat
transfer Transmittance
Atmospheric pressure - It is the fraction of incident
electromagnetic power that is
- Atmospheric pressure, sometimes
transmitted through a sample, in
also called barometric pressure, is
contrast to the transmission
the pressure exerted by the weight of
coefficient, which is the ratio of
air in the atmosphere of earth (or that
the transmitted to incident electric
of another planet).
field.
Molar attenuation coefficient
Optical property
- The molar attenuation
Color
coefficient is a measurement of
- Color (american english) or how strongly a chemical
colour (commonwealth english) is species attenuates light at a
the visual perceptual property given wavelength h. It is
corresponding in humans to the an intrinsic property of the
categories called red, blue, species.
yellow, etc.
Luminosity
Magnetic property
- Is the total amount of energy
Diamagnetism
emitted by a star, galaxy, or other
astronomical object per unit time. - Is a quantum mechanical effect
it is related to the brightness, that occurs in all materials; when
it is the only contribution to the
 magnetism the material is called c0 is the speed of light in free
a diamagnet. space
µ0 is the vacuum permeability
Hysteresis
Dielectric strength
- Hysteresis is the time-based
dependence of a system's output on - The theoretical dielectric strength
present and past inputs. of a material is an intrinsic
property of the bulk material and
Permeability (electromagnetism)
is independent of the
- Permeability is the measure of the configuration of the material or
ability of a material to support the the electrodes with which the field
formation of a magnetic field within is applied.
itself.
Curie temperature
- Is the temperature at which certain
materials lose their permanent
magnetic properties, to be replaced
by induced magnetism.

Electrical property
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
- Electrical resistivity (also known as
resistivity, specific electrical
resistance, or volume resistivity) is
an intrinsic property that quantifies
how strongly a given material
opposes the flow of electric current.
Permittivity
- In electromagnetism, permittivity or
absolute permittivity is the measure
of resistance that is encountered
when forming an electric field in a
medium.
Relative permittivity
- The linear permittivity of a
homogeneous material is usually
given relative to that of free space,
as a relative permittivity εr (also
called dielectric constant, although
this sometimes only refers to the
static, zero-frequency relative
permittivity).
Vacuum permittivity
- The vacuum permittivity ε0 (also
called permittivity of free space or
the electric constant) is the ratio
D/E in free space. It also appears
in the coulomb force constant, ke
= 1/(4πε0).
Its value is:
where: