Introduction

Centralized Database System

Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Unit 2: Database Architecture

College Of Distance Education (CoDE) - UCC

August 14, 2024

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Centralized Database System
3 Client-Server Components
4 Types of Server Systems
5 Parallel System Architecture
6 Distributed Database Architecture
7 Network Types
8 Summary

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Introduction to Database Architecture

Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)

emerged in the 1980s, replacing hierarchical and network
models with flexible tabular structures.
Database architecture illustrates DBMS design, supporting
the development and maintenance of database systems.
A DBMS architecture divides the system into components,
allowing independent modifications and enhancements and It
also helps to understand the components of a database.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

History and Concept

Centralized database systems originated in the 1960s and

1970s with the rise of computerized information systems.
Initially, these systems used hierarchical or network data
models to manage large data volumes in a single location.
A centralized database stores all data on a single server, with
client applications accessing the data.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Features of Centralized Databases

Centralized databases manage data in one location, providing

efficient data management, security, and control.
They simplify backup and recovery procedures but may pose a
single point of failure.
Compared to distributed databases, centralized systems can
be less flexible in scaling and geographic distribution.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Architecture Example
Traditional database systems, known as centralized databases
architecture, place all database functions, data, application
programs, and user interface processing on a single computer
The users interact with the mainframe computers via dumb
terminals. All processing performed is on the mainframe
computer.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Applications of Centralized Databases

Utilized by small businesses, banks, hospitals, and institutions.

A single computer serves as the server for the entire database
system.
Dependency failure is a risk; if the server fails, access to
services is disrupted.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Evolution and Current Use

In the 1990s and 2000s, object-oriented and distributed

databases gained popularity.
Despite this, centralized RDBMSs remain prevalent in sectors
prioritizing data security and consistency, such as finance,
healthcare, and government.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Advantages of Centralized Databases

Enhanced data integrity by centralizing storage.

Simplified data management, ensuring accuracy and
consistency.
Reduced data redundancy, ensuring data is not duplicated.
Improved security, with data stored in one secure location.
Cost-effective, requiring less maintenance expense.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Disadvantages of Centralized Databases

Network slowdowns can hinder data accessibility.

Simultaneous data access may cause collisions and data loss.
Single point of failure if the centralized server fails.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Introduction

Client-server architecture evolved in the 1980s to address

limitations of mainframe and centralized database systems.
Tasks are split between clients (e.g., desktops or laptops) and
servers (host databases).
Adoption accelerated with the rise of the internet and open
standards like SQL and TCP/IP.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Architecture Overview
In client-server systems, clients request services and servers
provide them.
The client is active, generating requests, while the server is
reactive, responding to requests.
Servers process requests, perform operations, and return
responses.
Widely used in networking, web applications, and distributed
systems.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Features and Components

Clients: Personal computers or workstations with user

interfaces.
Servers: Powerful computers managing files and data access.
Architecture supports static and dynamic SQL queries.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Advantages

Centralization: Enables centralized management and control,

simplifying updates and problem resolution.
Flexibility: Easy to expand network resources by adding
servers or clients.
Data Protection: Centralized data with robust security
measures like authentication and backups.
Operation: Simplified handling and monitoring of files stored
on a single server.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Disadvantages

Overloading: Risk of connection collapse or slowdown with

multiple simultaneous requests.
Cost: Servers are expensive and require specialized hardware
for reliability.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Introduction

Evolution from mainframes and minicomputers for centralized

data processing.
Shift towards cloud computing for flexibility and
cost-effectiveness.
Importance of maintaining data consistency and strong
development standards.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Server Systems

Database servers store and handle data for a network of users.

Provide centralized data administration, security, and access
controls.
Used in various applications, supporting authorized data
access and management.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Transaction Server

Also known as query-server systems.

Clients submit requests for specific actions; servers execute
and report results.
Typical transaction server involves multiple processes
accessing data in shared memory.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Transaction Server Process Structure

Server Processes: Handle user requests and return results.

Lock Manager Process: Manages lock grants, releases, and
deadlock detection.
Database Writer Process: Outputs modified buffer blocks
to disk.
Log Writer Process: Outputs log records to stable storage.
Checkpoint Process: Performs periodic checkpoints.
Process Monitor Process: Monitors and recovers failed
processes.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Transaction Server Architecture

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Data Server

Supports requests to read or modify data in units like files or

pages.
Provides file-system interface for creating, editing, reading,
and removing files.
Offers data indexing and transaction services for database
systems.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

How the Server Works

Server architecture involves CPU, memory, storage, and

networking interfaces.
Handles client requests via network, processes them, and
sends responses.
Designed with multiple CPUs and redundant components for
reliability.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Introduction

Evolution of parallel system architecture from the 1950s to

present.
Parallel processing as a technique to enhance computer
performance.
Rise of cluster computing and distributed computing in the
1990s and 2000s.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Parallel System Architecture

Designed to run multiple operating systems and applications

on one physical machine.
Key components: Parallels Hypervisor and Parallels Tools.
Management interface for resource allocation and monitoring.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Parallel Systems
Parallel processing: multiple operations carried out
concurrently.
Massively parallel computers vs. coarse-grain parallel systems.
Increasing importance for applications with huge data
volumes.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Advantages

High processing speed for large data applications.

Capable of handling thousands of transactions per second.
High throughput and quick response times.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Disadvantages

High startup costs and time for job initiation.

Shared resources may cause wait times.
Potential for deadlock situations.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Applications and Advancements

Essential for AI, machine learning, and scientific simulations.

Used in high-performance computing environments.
Advances continue to push technological boundaries.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Introduction

Origins in the 1960s and 1970s with early distributed systems

like ARPANET and Ethernet.
Development of distributed computing frameworks in the
1980s.
Rise of web architectures in the 1990s and cloud computing in
the 2000s.
Modern advancements in microservices, containers, and
serverless computing.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Distributed Database Architecture

Database is distributed across multiple machines or nodes.

Nodes communicate to ensure data consistency and
availability.
Provides flexibility, modularity, and fault tolerance.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Homogeneous Systems

Network of databases using the same DBMS.

Simultaneous data access or modification in a single
environment.
Common in small businesses and localized applications.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Heterogeneous Systems

Different sites use varying software and schema.

Challenges in query processing and transactions.
Common in large, integrated inter-divisional information
systems.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Architectural Types

Replication: Data is replicated across multiple nodes.

Sharding: Data is partitioned across nodes based on criteria.
Federated: Multiple databases connected for unified data
view.
Hybrid: Combination of different distributed architectures.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Applications and Challenges

Used in e-commerce platforms, social networks, and financial

systems.
Enables scalability, high availability, and fault tolerance.
Emerging technologies like blockchain challenge traditional
models.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Challenges

Complexity in managing different nodes and ensuring data

consistency.
Higher costs of implementation and maintenance.
Issues with data security and availability.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Introduction
Developed in the 1960s and 1970s as an improvement over
the hierarchical database model.
Based on a graph concept where data is represented by nodes
and relationships.
Allows for more complex data structures and many-to-many
relationships.
Historical Context
First network DBMS: Integrated Data Store (IDS) by General
Electric in the late 1960s.
Basis for CODASYL DBTG model, used in manufacturing and
telecommunications.
Modern graph databases are influenced by network model
concepts.
Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Network Types

Data organized into records with multiple parent records.

Supports many-to-many relationships through pointers.
Visualized as an upside-down tree with interconnected nodes.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Examples of Network Databases

TurboIMAGE
Integrated Data Store (IDS)
Raima Database Manager
Integrated Database Management System (IDMS)

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Characteristics of the Network Model

Supports many-to-many relationships.

High performance in data access.
Complex structure with multiple parent entities.
No built-in query facility.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Advantages

Quick data access with complex queries.

More powerful than hierarchical models.
Suitable for certain computer network systems.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Disadvantages

Complex structure requires high familiarity.

Tedious database updates.
Assistance needed for data browsing.
Less flexible than relational models.

Database Management II
 Introduction
Centralized Database System
Client-Server Components
Types of Server Systems
Parallel System Architecture
Distributed Database Architecture
Network Types
Summary

Q&A

Thank You!

Database Management II