The Cauchy criterion states a sequence converges if for every ε > 0, there exists an N such that for all m, n > N, \(|x_m - x_n| < ε\). For \(|x_{n+2} - x_{n+1}| \leq \alpha |x_{n+1} - x_n|\) with \(\alpha < 1\), this condition reflects an exponentially decaying sequence of differences, ensuring that \(|x_n - x_m|\) for any terms \(x_n, x_m\), will become arbitrarily small as n increases. By the geometric sequence nature of the differences, the sequence satisfies the Cauchy criterion and thus converges .

To determine the converge of the given recursive sequence, consider the increments \(\frac{1}{5^n}\) which decrease rapidly since \(5^n\) grows exponentially. These form a geometric series with a ratio less than 1, ensuring their sum converges. Thus, the sequence itself converges as the partial sums \(a_n\) approach a fixed point given by the sum of the series \(1 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{5^n}\), which is finite .

The terms \(a_n = n \sin(\frac{1}{n})\) can be approximated as \(\sin(\frac{1}{n}) \sim \frac{1}{n}\) for large n, since \(\sin x \approx x\) when x is close to zero. Thus, \(a_n \sim n \times \frac{1}{n} = 1\). Therefore, as \(n\) grows, the sequence approaches 1. Hence, the sequence converges to 1 .

The principle of Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem allows this conclusion. It states that every bounded sequence has a convergent subsequence, which must be monotonic in nature. By extension, every sequence, whether bounded or not, has an increasing or decreasing subsequence because we can always extract a monotonic subsequence by either choosing increasing differences or opting for a subsequence that repeatedly does not decrease .

The condition \(|x_{n+2} - x_{n+1}| < |x_{n+1} - x_n|\) implies that the differences between successive terms of the sequence are decreasing. Such behavior suggests the convergence of the sequence because the differences tending to zero imply that the sequence {x_n} satisfies the criteria for a Cauchy sequence. A Cauchy sequence, by definition, converges in real numbers since every Cauchy sequence in the real numbers is also convergent .

The squeeze theorem states that if \(a_n \leq b_n \leq c_n\) for all n, and \(\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = \lim_{n \to \infty} c_n = L\), then \(\lim_{n \to \infty} b_n = L\). For \(\frac{k^n}{n!}\), as n grows, \(n!\) grows factorially fast compared to the exponential growth of \(k^n\), implying \(0 \leq \frac{k^n}{n!} \leq \frac{k^n}{n^n}\), and \(\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{k^n}{n^n} = 0\). Hence, by the squeeze theorem, \(\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{k^n}{n!} = 0\).

The density theorem states that between any two real numbers, there exists a rational number. This property implies that for any real number x, we can construct a sequence of rational numbers {x_n} such that each x_n is rational and lim x_n = x. By selecting successive rational approximations to x (e.g., via continued fractions or decimal expansions that terminate in rational forms), we leverage the density property to show that such a sequence indeed converges to x .

If {x_n} converges to zero, for every ε > 0, there exists an N such that for all n > N, |x_n| < ε/M where M is an upper bound for the bounded sequence {y_n}. Consequently, |x_n y_n| < ε for all n > N, which means {x_n y_n} converges to 0, by the definition of convergence .