GOVERNMENT OF KERALA

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

ADOOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
NITRO SHOCK ABSORBER
PRESENTED BY: AKHIL . A
REGISTER NO: 2201020666

FIFTH SEMESTER DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
2022-2025
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
ADOOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2022-2025

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is the bonafide report of the Seminar work entitled NITRO
SHOCK ABSORBER submitted by AKHIL .A (Register No. 2201020666) of Final
year Mechanical Engineering student during the year 2023-2024 of Govt. Polytechnic
College Adoor in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Diploma in
Mechanical Engineering under the State Board of Technical Education, Government
of Kerala.

[Link] A BESHEER Mr. Ajimon C A

Seminar Guide Head of the department
Lecturer in EEE Mechanical engineering
GPTC Adoor GPTC Adoor

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I humbly remember the grace and blessings that God almighty bestowed
on me, without which my attempt would not have been a success. This Seminar would
not have been possible without the sincere assistance of many eminent people.

I express my deep gratitude to our Principal Dr. JALANEY J for providing the
facilities for our studies and constant encouragement in all achievements.

Sincere thanks to Mr. AJIMON CA (Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering)

for his support and encouragement and for providing all facilities for carrying out this
seminar.

I express my highest regard and sincere thanks to my guide [Link] A

BASHEER (Lecturer, EEE ), who provided the necessary guidance and
serious advice to carry out this seminar.

I also extend my sincere thanks to all the faculty members of Department of

Mechanical Engineering who guided us throughout the entire course.

I owe my incalculable debt to my parents, friends and all others for their insightful
support, suggestions and cooperation.

Yours sincerely
AKHIL . A.

2
Contents
• Introduction
• History
• Main parts
• Description of parts
• Priniciple of operation
• Advantages and Application
• Conclusion
• References
 I NTRODUCTI ON:

engine-powered, two-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycles vary considerably

A motorcycle (also called a motorbike, bike, or cycle) is a single-track,

depending on the task for which they are designed, such as long distance travel,

navigating congested, cruising, sport and racing, or off-road conditions.

Motorcycles are one of the most affordable forms of motorized transport in

many parts of the world and, for most of the world's population; they are also the

most common type of motor vehicle. There are around 200 million motorcycles

(including mopeds, motor scooters and other powered two and three-wheelers) in

use worldwide, or about 33 motorcycles per 1000 people. This compares to around

590 million cars, or about 91 per 1000 people. Most of the motorcycles, 58%, are

in the developing countries of Asia_Southern and Eastern Asia, and the Asia

Pacific countries, excluding Japan_while 33% of the cars (195 million) are

concentrated in the United States and Japan. As of 2002, India with an estimated

37 million motorcycles/mopeds was home to the largest number of motorized two

wheelers in the world. China came a close second with 34 million

motorcycles/mopeds.
 HI STORY:

The first internal combustion, petroleum fueled motorcycle was

the Petroleum Reitwagen. It was designed and built by the German inventors

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, Germany in 1885. This

vehicle was unlike either the safety bicycles or the boneshaker bicycles of the era

in that it had zero degrees of steering axis angle and no fork offset, and thus did not

use the principles of bicycle developed nearly 70 years earlier. Instead, it relied on

two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning. The inventors called their

invention the Reit wagen ("riding car"). It was designed as an expedient tested for

their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle. Many authorities who

exclude steam powered, electric or diesel two-wheelers from the definition of a

motorcycle, credit the Daimler Reit wagen as the world's first motorcycle.

If a two-wheeled vehicle with steam propulsion is considered a motorcycle,

then the first was the French velocipede of 1868. This was followed by the

American Roper steam velocipede of 1869, built by Sylvester H. Roper Roxbury,

Massachusetts. Roper demonstrated his machine at fairs and circuses in the eastern

U.S. in 1867, and built a total of 10 examples.

In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series production motorcycle

and the first to be called a motorcycle (German: Motorrad). In the early period of

motorcycle history, many producers of bicycles adapted their designs to

 accommodate the new internal combustion engine. As the engines became more

powerful and designs outgrew the bicycle origins, the number of motorcycle

producers increased.

Until World War I, the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world

was Indian, producing over 20,000 bikes per year. By 1920, this honor went

to Harley-Davidson, with their motorcycles being sold by dealers in 67 countries.

By the late 1920s or early 1930s, DKW took over as the largest manufacturer.

After World War II, the BSA Group became the largest producer of

motorcycles in the world, producing up to 75,000 bikes per year in the 1950s. The

German company NSU held the position of largest manufacturer from 1955 until

the 1970s.

In the 1950s, streamlining began to play an increasing part in the

development of racing motorcycles and the "dustbin fairing" held out the

possibility of radical changes to motorcycle design. NSU and Moto Guzzi were in
of their time. NSU produced the most advanced design, but after the deaths of
the vanguard of this development, both producing very radical designs well ahead
[25]

four NSU riders in the 1954_1956 seasons, they abandoned further development

and quit Grand Prix motorcycle racing. Moto Guzzi produced competitive race

machines, and by 1957 nearly all the Grand Prix races were being won by
streamlined machines. The following year, 1958, full enclosure fairings were

banned from racing by the FIM in the light of the safety concerns.

From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke motorcycles were popular

worldwide, partly as a result of East German Walter Kaaden's engine work in the

1950s.

Today, the motorcycle industry is mainly dominated by Japanese companies

such as Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha, although Harley-

Davidson and BMW continue to be popular and supply considerable markets.

Other major manufacturers include Piaggio group of Italy,

TM, Triumph and Ducati.

In addition to the large capacity motorcycles, there is a large market in

smaller capacity (less than 300 cc) motorcycles, mostly concentrated in Asian and

African countries. An example is the 1958 Honda Super Cub, which went on to

become the biggest selling vehicle of all time, with its 60 millionth unit produced

in April 2008. Today, this area is dominated by mostly Indian

companies with Hero Honda emerging as the world's largest manufacturer of two

wheelers. Other major producers are Bajaj and TVS Motors. For example,

its Splendor model has sold more than 8.5 million to date.
 M AI N PARTS

M AI N PARTS

_ Solenoid Valve

_ Ignition Switch

_ Battery!

_ Connecting houses.!
SOLENOI D VALVE:

A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas.

The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a

two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the

outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be

placed together on a manifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics.

Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in

many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability,

long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control

power and compact design.

Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature

actuators and rocker actuators are also used.

ELECTROM ECHANI CAL SOLENOI DS:

Electromechanical solenoids consist of an electromagnetically inductive

coil, wound around a movable steel or iron slug (termed the armature). The coil is

shaped such that the armature can be moved in and out of the center, altering the

coil's inductance and thereby becoming an electromagnet. The armature is used to

provide a mechanical force to some mechanism (such as controlling a pneumatic

valve). Although typically weak over anything but very short distances, solenoids

may be controlled directly by a controller circuit, and thus have very low reaction

times.

The force applied to the armature is proportional to the change in inductance

of the coil with respect to the change in position of the armature, and the current

flowing through the coil (see Faraday's law of induction). The force applied to the

armature will always move the armature in a direction that increases the coil's

inductance.

Electromechanical solenoids are commonly seen in electronic paintball

markers, pinball machines, dot matrix printers and fuel injectors.

ROTARY SOLENOI D:

The rotary solenoid is an electromechanical device used to rotate a

ratcheting mechanism when power is applied. These were used in the 1950s for

rotary snap-switch automation in electromechanical controls. Repeated actuation of

the rotary solenoid advances the snap-switch forward one position. Two rotary

actuators on opposite ends of the rotary snap-switch shaft, can advance or reverse

the switch position.

The rotary solenoid has a similar appearance to a linear solenoid, except that

the core is mounted in the center of a large flat disk, with two or three inclined
grooves cut into the underside of the disk. These grooves align with slots on the

solenoid body, with ball bearings in the grooves.

When the solenoid is activated, the core is drawn into the coil, and the disk rotates

on the ball bearings in the grooves as it moves towards the coil body. When power

is removed, a spring on the disk rotates it back to its starting position, also pulling

the core out of the coil.

The rotary solenoid was invented in 1944 by George H. Leland, of Dayton,

Ohio, to provide a more reliable and shock/vibration tolerant release mechanism

for air-dropped bombs. Previously used linear (axial) solenoids were prone to

inadvertent releases. U.S. Patent number 2,496,880 describes the electromagnet

and inclined raceways that are the basis of the invention. Leland's engineer, Earl

W. Kerman, was instrumental in developing a compatible bomb release shackle

that incorporated the rotary solenoid.

HYDRAULI C SOLENOI D VALVES:

Hydraulic solenoid valves are in general similar to pneumatic solenoid

valves except that they control the flow of hydraulic fluid (oil), often at around

3000 psi (210 bar, 21 MPa, 21 MN/m ). Hydraulic machinery uses solenoids to

control the flow of oil to rams or actuators to (for instance) bend sheets of titanium

in aerospace manufacturing. Solenoid-controlled valves are often used in irrigation

systems, where a relatively weak solenoid opens and closes a small pilot valve,

which in turn activates the main valve by applying fluid pressure to a piston or

diaphragm that is mechanically coupled to the main valve. Solenoids are also in

everyday household items such as washing machines to control the flow and

amount of water into the drum.

PNEUM ATI C SOLENOI D VALVE:

A pneumatic solenoid valve is a switch for routing air to any pneumatic

device, usually an actuator, allowing a relatively small signal to control a large

device. It is also the interface between electronic controllers and pneumatic

systems.

ROTARY VOI CE COI L:

This is a rotational version of a solenoid. Typically the fixed magnet is on

the outside, and the coil part moves in an arc controlled by the current flow

through the coils. Rotary voice coils are widely employed in devices such as disk

drives
TYPES OF SOLENOI D VALVE:

Many variations are possible on the basic, one way, one solenoid valve

described above:

_ one or two solenoid valves;

_ direct current or alternating current powered;

_ different number of ways and positions

COM M ON USES:

Solenoid valves are used in fluid power pneumatic and hydraulic systems, to

control cylinders, fluid power motors or larger industrial valves.

Automatic irrigation sprinkler systems also use solenoid valves with an

automatic controller. Domestic washing machines and dishwashers use solenoid

valves to control water entry to the machine. In the paintball industry, solenoid

valves are usually referred to simply as "solenoids." They are commonly used to

control a larger valve used to control the propellant (usually compressed air or

CO2). In the industry, "solenoid" may also refer to an

electromechanical solenoid commonly used to actuate a sear.

Besides controlling the flow of air and fluids solenoids are used in

pharmacology experiments, especially for patch-clamp, which can control the

application of agonist or antagonist.

BATTERY:

It is a lead- battery. The bayberry is consider as the most important

component of the MINIATURE MODEL OF SOLAR CAR . The battery has a

12V capacity. The battery is rested on the frame.

In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of

excess solar energy converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are

isolated sunshine load such as irrigation pumps or drinking water supplies for

storage. In fact for small units with output less than one kilowatt. Batteries seem

to be the only technically and economically available storage means. Since both

the photo-voltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs.

It is necessary that the overall system be optimized with respect to available

energy and local demand pattern. To be economically attractive the storage of

solar electricity requires a battery with a particular combination of properties:

(1) Low cost

(2) Long life

(3) High reliability

(4) High overall efficiency

(5) Low discharge

 (6) Minimum maintenance

(A) Ampere hour efficiency

(B) Watt hour efficiency

We use lead acid battery for storing the electrical energy from the solar

panel for lighting the street and so about the lead acid cells are explained below.

LEAD-ACI D WET CELL:

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the

type most commonly used.

The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H_SO_). In the

application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the

load current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A. One cell has a nominal

output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used in a series combination of three

for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery.

The lead acid cell type is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be

recharged. The charge and discharge cycle can be repeated many times to restore

the output voltage, as long as the cell is in good physical condition. However, heat

with excessive charge and discharge currents short ends the useful life to about 3 to

5 years for an automobile battery. Of the different types of secondary cells, the
lead-acid type has the highest output voltage, which allows fewer cells for a

specified battery voltage.!

CONST RUCTI ON:

Inside a lead-acid battery, the positive and negative electrodes consist of a

group of plates welded to a connecting strap. The plates are immersed in the

electrolyte, consisting of 8 parts of water to 3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid.

Each plate is a grid or framework, made of a lead-antimony alloy. This

construction enables the active material, which is lead oxide, to be pasted into the

grid. In manufacture of the cell, a forming charge produces the positive and

negative electrodes. In the forming process, the active material in the positive

plate is changed to lead peroxide (pbo_). The negative electrode is spongy lead

(pb).

Automobile batteries are usually shipped dry from the manufacturer. The

electrolyte is put in at the time of installation, and then the battery is charged to

from the plates. With maintenance-free batteries, little or no water need be added

in normal service. Some types are sealed, except for a pressure vent, without

provision for adding water.

The construction parts of battery are shown in figure.

 I GNI TI ON SWI TCH:

An Ignition (or starter) switch is an switch in the control system of an

internal combustion engine vehicle that activates the main electrical systems for

the vehicle. Besides providing power to the ignition system components (the starter

solenoid and ignition related components such as the engine control unit, spark coil

and distributor) it also usually switches on power to many "accessories" (radio,

power windows, etc).

 The ignition system is used to ignite the fuel-air mixture in the engine.

The starter system is the ignition system, plus the battery, and starter switch, relay,

solenoid & electric starter motor.

The ignition switch usually requires a key be inserted that works a lock built

into the switch mechanism. It is frequently combined with the starter switch which

activates the starter motor.

FUEL TANK
 PRI NCI PLE OF OPERATI ON:

A solenoid valve has two main parts: the solenoid and the valve. The

solenoid converts electrical energy into mechanical energy which, in turn, opens or

closes the valve mechanically. A direct acting valve has only a small flow circuit,

shown within section E of this diagram (this section is mentioned below as a pilot

valve). This diaphragm piloted valve multiplies this small flow by using it to

control the flow through a much larger orifice.

Solenoid valves may use metal seals or rubber seals, and may also have

electrical interfaces to allow for easy control. A spring may be used to hold the

valve opened or closed while the valve is not activated.

The diagram to the right shows the design of a basic valve. At the top figure

is the valve in its closed state. The water under pressure enters at A. B is an elastic

diaphragm and above it is a weak spring pushing it down. The function of this

spring is irrelevant for now as the valve would stay closed even without it. The

diaphragm has a pinhole through its center which allows a very small amount of

water to flow through it. This water fills the cavity C on the other side of the

diaphragm so that pressure is equal on both sides of the diaphragm. While the

pressure is the same on both sides of the diaphragm, the force is greater on the

upper side which forces the valve shut against the incoming pressure. In the figure,

the surface being acted upon is greater on the upper side which results in greater
force. On the upper side the pressure is acting on the entire surface of the

diaphragm while on the lower side it is only acting on the incoming pipe. These

results in the valve being securely shut to any flow and, the greater the input

pressure, the greater the shutting force will be.

In the previous configuration the small conduit D was blocked by a pin

which is the armature of the solenoid E and which is pushed down by a spring. If

the solenoid is activated by drawing the pin upwards via magnetic force from the

solenoid current, the water in chamber C will flow through this conduit D to the

output side of the valve. The pressure in chamber C will drop and the incoming

pressure will lift the diaphragm thus opening the main valve. Water now flows

directly from A to F.

When the solenoid is again deactivated and the conduit D is closed again, the

spring needs very little force to push the diaphragm down again and the main valve

closes. In practice there is often no separate spring, the elastomeric diaphragm is

molded so that it functions as its own spring, preferring to be in the closed shape.

From this explanation it can be seen that this type of valve relies on a differential

of pressure between input and output as the pressure at the input must always be

greater than the pressure at the output for it to work. Should the pressure at the

output, for any reason, rise above that of the input then the valve would open

regardless of the state of the solenoid and pilot valve.

In some solenoid valves the solenoid acts directly on the main valve. Others use a

small, complete solenoid valve, known as a pilot, to actuate a larger valve. While

the second type is actually a solenoid valve combined with a pneumatically

actuated valve, they are sold and packaged as a single unit referred to as a solenoid

valve. Piloted valves require much less power to control, but they are noticeably

slower. Piloted solenoids usually need full power at all times to open and stay

open, where a direct acting solenoid may only need full power for a short period of

time to open it, and only low power to hold it. Thus the fuel flow is also controlled

by the same method.

!

ADVANTAGES:!

_ Compact in size

_ Less maintenance cost

_ Gives good reliability

_ Less economic cost

APPLI CATI ON:

_ Applied in all automobile vehicles.

Conclusion
The Auto Turning Fuel Valve for Two wheelers is a revolutionary innovation that
offers a win win solution for riders, manufactures, and the environment. By
automatically switching between low fuel and high fuel modes. This
technology optimize fuel efficiency, reducing consumption by up to 20%,
decreases emission, contributing to a cleaner and healthier environment. As
the two wheelers market continues to grow, adopting auto turning fuel valve
technology can play a significant role in reducing our carbon footprint and
creating a more sustainable future. We encourage manufactures to integrate
this technology into their upcoming models and riders to embrace this eco-
friendly solution.
References
• [Link]
pic16f877a-microcontroler/
• [Link]
• [Link]
• Varghese, Jaimon chacko, and Benish Ellupurayil
Ramachandran. ‘Low Cost Intelligent Real -Time Fuel
Mileage Indicator For Motorbikes'. International Journal
of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 2.5.
• [Link]
Auto_Turning_Fuel_Valve _for_To_Wheelers
• Monneret, Serge, Christophe Proven and Heme Le
Gal.’Micro scale rapid prototypeing by stereo
lithography'. ETFA 2001,8th International Conference on
Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation.
Proceedings(Cat. No:01TH8597).[Link].