Networks and Protocols Exercise Sheet 1
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Bekhedda AsmaNetworks and Protocols Exercise Sheet 1
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Powered by AIThe propagation delay across a 5000 km link at 200,000 km/s is 5000 / 200,000 seconds = 0.025 seconds. For a 56 kbps connection transferring 30 * 10^6 bits, the transmission time is 30,000,000 / 56,000 = 535.714 seconds. Including propagation delay, total time is 535.739 seconds. For 1 Gbps, transmission time is 30 seconds, and total time is 30.025 seconds. This shows that propagation delay becomes negligible at higher speeds .
The max number of bits inside a link is derived from bandwidth (R) and propagation delay (d/s). Calculated as product of rate and delay: R * (d/s). It represents link's data occupancy under continuous transmission conditions, crucial for understanding channel utilization and optimizing flow control .
The image size is 4080x1830 pixels, with 3 bytes per pixel, resulting in a total size of 4080 * 1830 * 3 bytes = 22,377,600 bytes. To convert to bits, multiply by 8, giving 179,020,800 bits. The transmission time over a 56 kbps Modem connection is calculated as total bits divided by the transmission rate, i.e., 179,020,800 bits / 56,000 bits per second = 3,196.8 seconds or approximately 53.28 minutes .
When R1 > R2, the second packet must wait in the router's queue until the first packet completes its transmission on the slower link R2. The time taken depends on the packet size L and the rate R2, calculated as L/R2 seconds. This queue time arises because the faster link (R1) introduces a bottleneck at the router, forcing subsequent packets to wait .
Round-trip time (RTT) calculations must consider transmission rates (T1 and T2), link lengths (L1 and L2), and propagation speeds (S1 and S2). These factors dictate time taken for send/receive phases. For distinct packet sizes, each affects throughput and transmission, altering RTT. Using efficient speed ratios maximizes performance while lowering RTT .
With an 85% compression, the image size is reduced by 85%, resulting in 15% of the original size. Therefore, the compressed image size is 179,020,800 * 0.15 = 26,853,120 bits. Over a 1 Mbps (1,000,000 bits per second) DSL connection, the transmission time is 26,853,120 bits / 1,000,000 bits per second = 26.853 seconds .
Understanding packet transmission time aids in identifying bottlenecks, allowing optimizations like changing packet routing strategies, link upgrades, or queue management. These enhance throughput, reduce latency, and maintain quality of service, vital in networks supporting real-time applications or large data volumes .
Cut-through switching reduces latency as forwarding begins after Lc bits, unlike waiting for the entire L bits in store-and-forward. Total latency is reduced because each switch dynamically forwards as bits arrive, trimming per-link wait times to (L - Lc)/R, cumulatively across n links. The reduction is significant in high-speed connections and large L values .
For the 500-byte packet transfer time of 1 ms, the bandwidth B = (500 bytes * 8 bits/byte) / 0.001 s = 4,000,000 bps or 4 Mbps. For the 1500-byte packet taking 2 ms, B = (1500*8 bits)/0.002 s = 6,000,000 bps or 6 Mbps. Assuming similar propagation delays provide different bandwidth values implies calculation assumptions or constraints need review .
Optical links offer higher bandwidths (up to 10 Gbps) and near-light propagation speeds, reducing transmission times to fraction of that on electrical or radio links despite similar distances. Greater bandwidth allows larger data handling with marginal delay, significantly increasing efficiency for high-volume transfers .