UNIT 1: Starter
Individual
task Can you identify 4 different types of systems that the human body
uses to perform physical activity?
Extended questioning:
5 mins
How many bones are in the human body?
Skull = 28, Torso = 52, Arm = 31 x 2, Leg = 32 x 2,
Total =
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UNIT 1: Check for learning
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Q&A
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UNIT 1: Check for learning
The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage and
joints. The skeleton provides the framework that supports
your muscles and skin and protects your internal organs. It
is made up of 206 bones, which are divided into two
groups: 80 form your axial and 126 form your appendicular
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JOSEPH HATWELL
UNIT 1: BODY SYSTEMS AND THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Understand the skeletal system in relation to
exercise and physical activity
UNIT 1: Unit objectives
1. Understand the skeletal system in relation to exercise and physical activity
2. Understand the muscular system in relation to exercise and physical activity
3. Understand the cardiovascular system in relation to exercise and physical activity
4. Understand the respiratory system in relation to exercise and physical activity
5. Understand the different energy systems in relation to exercise and physical activity
Unit 7: Improving fitness for Unit 17: Sport injuries and Unit 11: Physical activity for
sport & physical activity rehabilitation specific groups
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UNIT 1: Learning objectives
By the end of today you will be able to:
(P) Identify the different bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton
(M) Explain the function of the skeletal system
(D) Analyse the different types of bones
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UNIT 1: Body systems
Skeletal Muscular Cardiovascular Respiratory
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UNIT 1: Bones
Individual task Identify the different bones that make up the axial and appendicular
skeleton
Cranium Ischium
clavicle carpals
Ribs metacarpals
10 mins
Sternum phalanges
Humerus Femur
radius Patella
Ulna Tibia
Scapula Fibula
Ilium Tarsals
Pubis metatarsals
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UNIT 1: Task CRANIUM
SCAPULA (HIDDEN)
CLAVICLE
STERNUM
RIBS HUMERUS
VERTEBRAE
ILIUM
ULNA
PELVIS RADIUS
PUBIS CARPALS
ISCHIUM METACARPALS
FEMUR
PATELLA
TIBIA
FIBULA
TARSALS
METATARSALS
PHALANGES
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UNIT 1: Axial and Appendicular
Axial Appendicular
Skeleton Skeleton
The Human Skeleton can be divided
up into to two parts:
Extended question
What are the main
functions of the Axial
and appendicular
Skeleton?
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UNIT 1: Vertebrae
Cervical Vertebrae - 7 Bones pivot and gilding
Individual activity:
Thoracic Vertebrae - 12 Bones Cartilaginous
Identify and described the 5 different Vertebrae
sections and the number of bones for each
section
Lumbar Vertebrae – 5 fused bones
Sacrum Vertebrae – 5 fused & Fixed bones
Coccygeal Vertebrae – 4 fused bones
UNIT 1: Function of the skeleton
Protection
The cranium protects the Mineral storage
soft tissue of the brain. The bones stores mineral
salt eg calcium,
magnesium phosphate
Protection
The rib cage protects the
heart and lungs. Shape
Pelvis protects abs & The bones of the body
reproductive organs define our shape and how
tall we are
Blood Production
Red blood cells are made in
Movement
the ribs and limb bones.
The bones and joints work
with muscles to enable us
Support to walk, run and sprint.
The bones of the legs
support the body.
UNIT 1: Check for learning
UNIT 1: Check for learning
UNIT 1: Types of bones
Bones can be classified into fives
types what are they?
UNIT 1: Types of bones
Generally thin, curved in structure and provide
considerable protection for soft organs
Cubed-shaped nearly equal in length and width
Greater length and width with a slight curve for strength
and absorb stress
Complex shape, neither short or long
Bones that that are embedded in a tendon.
UNIT 1: Classification of joints
Fixed - joint cannot move - they
overlap or interlock, and are
held together by a tough fibre
Slightly moveable – held
together by strong straps called
ligaments and are joined by
protective pads known as
cartilage
Synovial - They are also
known as synovial joints, and
are the largest group of joints
found in the body
UNIT 1: Types of synovial joints
UNIT 1: Task
UNIT 1: Synovial joint - Structure
UNIT 1: Synovial joint - Structure
UNIT 1: Synovial joint - Structure
Articular/hyaline cartilage Hard, smooth and white. Covers ends of bones to allow bones to move
against with each other without friction
Ligaments Holds two ends of bones together, providing stability at the joint
Synovial membrane Layer containing synovial fluid
Synovial fluid Thick white liquid that helps reduce friction at the joint
Menisci Pads of tissue that acts as shock absorbers reducing end of bone impact
Pads of fat Friction reducers
Bursae Small sacks filled with fluid to help reduce friction
Joint capsule Protective layers around the joint
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UNIT 1: Task
Working in pairs carry out the following activities:
Draw stick men to represent the following different types of
movement:
1. Abduction at the shoulder
2. Flexion at the elbow
3. Inversion at the ankle
4. Hyperextension at the vertebral column
5. Plantar flexion at the ankle
6. Extension at the knee
7. Rotation at the neck
8. Abduction at the hip
9. Circumduction at the shoulder
UNIT 1: Joint movement
UNIT 1: Joint movement
UNIT 1: Synovial joint - function
• Function of the synovial joint is identified in two parts;
Stability and Mobility.
• The depth of each joint plays an important role. The
deep cup of the hip increases stability; however, as the
bone encases more of the head it inhibits range of
movement.
• Compared to the shoulder the cup is shallow in held in
place by the ligaments more than bone. Increasing
range of movement but means it comes less stable.
UNIT 1: Short & Long term effects of exercise on the skeletal
Short term
Increased production of synovial fluid within joints. This reduces the impact of exercise on the
joint and helps to increase the range of movement (‘rom’). It is particularly important if
participants are to be involved in high-impact activities. High-impact physical activity can
increase the risk of injury to joints and bones, particularly if the body is not sufficiently trained
in the first place and not used to the demands being placed on it.
Long term
Physical activity can improve your bone density, increasing the strength of ligaments of the
joints associated with them. Increased body density can help to reduce the risk of
osteoporosis. Long-term, repetitive physical activity can cause stress fractures in bones.
Some activities such as lifting weights that are too heavy may cause issues with lower back
pain.
Warm up & Cool down
Warm ups before exercise sessions reduce the impact of exercise on the joint and helps to
increase the range of movement. They are particularly important if participants are to be
involved in high impact activities.
UNIT 1: Check for learning
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Q&A
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UNIT 1: Check for learning
Which one of the following is a short-term effect of exercise on the muscular system?
Increase in the temperature of the muscles
Increase in stroke volume
Increase in slow twitch muscle fibres
Increase in muscle mass
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UNIT 1: Check for learning
Which one of the following is a short-term effect of exercise on the muscular system?
Increase in the temperature of the muscles
Increase in stroke volume
Increase in slow twitch muscle fibres
Increase in muscle mass
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UNIT 1: Learning objectives
By the end of today you will be able to:
(P) Identify the different bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton
(M) Explain the function of the skeletal system
(D) Analyse the different types of bones
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Evaluate learning
WORKSHEET 3D IMAGING MAPPING
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UNIT 1: Next week
Create a revision guide on what we have discussed through today ready for
review next week.
Be warned your work will be presented to the class!!!!!!!
What to include: This could be in the form of the following:
• Skeleton (Axial & Appendicular) • Cue cards
• Bones • Booklet
• Vertebrae • Posters
• Functions
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