Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
 Pakistan Relation with India (1947-1999)

Successful:
▪ Liaquat-Nehru Pact (1950):
A temporary borderline, the LOC (Line of Control) was accepted by both countries. In 1950 the Minorities
Agreement/the Liaqat-Nehru Pact was signed in which both countries agreed to stop the movement of
minorities across the border and encourage them to stay back in their homelands. In the 1950's, Jawahar Lal
Nehru promised to hold a plebiscite in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir in order to resolve this
conflict between the two states.

▪ Tashkent Declaration (1966):

Major war broke out between the two countries on 6th September 1965. The war continued for 17 days
without victory of either side but the whole Pakistani nation along with their army defended the country in a
superb way against its enemy which was 5 time bigger than them. Once again U.N arranged ceasefire & both
countries signed a peace treaty “Tashkent-Accord” sponsored by USSR in which the both countries agreed to
solve Kashmir issue through peaceful dialogue.

▪ Simla Accord (1972):

Bhutto signed the Simla agreement with the prime minister of India, Indira Gandhi. India agreed to return the
prisoners of war to Pakistan in return for a promise from Pakistan that the Kashmir Problem would be
discussed directly with India and not in international forums, such as the United Nations. Bhutto had not given
up the claim that Pakistan spoke for Kashmir because it was rightly part of Pakistan but by signing this
agreement, he had reduced his dependence on the army by making fighting with India less likely, improved his
government's reputation by being seen as willing to negotiate peace and increased his popularity by bringing
home prisoners of war.

▪ Cricket Match Diplomacy (1984):

Both countries had to major conflicts in those years: the Siachen Glacier and the Khalistan issues. Zia would pay
a surprise visit to India on the pretext of watching a Pak-lndia ODI (One Day International) cricket match between
the two teams. He would thus persuade the Indian PM Mr. Rajiv Gandhi to hold peace talks. This way Zia was
able to prevent a fourth Indo-Pak war.

▪ Lahore Declaration (1999):

It was a bilateral agreement between India and Pakistan, signed by the PMs of the two countries in February
1999 in Lahore. It was signed in order to overcome the bilateral strains between the two! countries after the
nuclear tests both had carried out. It however lost effect due to the outbreak of the Kargil War. Also, a train
route was established between Pakistan and India to improve relations.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
Unsuccessful:
▪ Kashmir Issue:
Kashmir is the biggest dispute between India & Pakistan. It is the question of life & death for Pakistan as her
major rivers (esp. Jhelum and Chenab) are fed by the glaciers located in Kashmir which provide water for
agriculture and human needs. Pakistan can’t survive without Kashmir as her whole economy even industries are
also agro-based which depend on the water coming from Kashmir. That’s why Jinnah always used to call Kashmir
“the jugular-vein of Pakistan” & in spite of being a great supporter of peace he ordered to fight a war when
Indian army invaded Kashmir.

▪ 1971 War:
The Indian army had been training and equipping the militant Bengali separatists, the Mukti Bahini (the
liberation force) and therefore, the Pakistan army failed to get the local support and lost the War. More than
90,000 Pakistani officers and soldiers became Indian captives.

▪ Khalistan Movement:
Indian Sikhs started the Khalistan Movement demanding the separation of the Indian Punjab as an independent
state. The Indian army was used to suppress the movement and the Zia's government was accused of supporting
and training the Sikhs. When Mrs. Indra Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguard, her son Rajiv Gandhi
blamed Pakistan for this.

▪ Kargil Conflict:
Army-chief Musharraf started a secret military operation in Kargil to liberate Kashmir by force which rolled-back
the whole peace-process and again a limited war started in Kashmir which destroyed the hope for the peaceful
solution of this issue.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
 Pakistan Relation with China (1947-1999)

Successful:
▪ India China war:
The 1962 Sino-lndia/China-India war came as a blessing in disguise for Pakistan. China began to extend heavy
aid to Pakistan. In 1963, a series of trade agreements were signed and a $60 million interest free loan was given
to Pakistan.

▪ Mutual Trade and Defense Agreement:

China soon became the largest importer of raw cotton from Pakistan and promised to help Pakistan in any war
with India. In August 1963 the PIA (Pakistan International Airlines) began regular flights to China in order to
improve cultural and trade relations.

▪ Kashmir and Taiwan issue:

China declared its support for Pakistan on the Kashmir issue and in return, Pakistan supported China's entry to
the UN Security Council much to the displeasure of the USA who was supporting Taiwan (non-communist
breakaway from China) as ^ the legitimate ruler of China.

▪ 1965 War:
During the 1965 Pak-lndia war, China applied diplomatic pressure on India and extended moral and military aid
to Pakistan including the T-59 tanks.

▪ Bhutto’s Visit:
Z.A Bhutto visited China and sought heavy military and economic aid. Pakistan built the HMC (Heavy Mechanical
Complex) in Taxila with the Chinese assistance

▪ Karakoram Highway:
During Zia's regime the old Silk Route was remodeled as the KKH (Karakoram Highway) in 1978. Then in 1986
Zia visited China and signed a nuclear co-operation treaty with the Chinese government.

▪ Chashma Nuclear Power Plant:

In the 1990's China provided technical arid material support for the completion of t 300 MW Chashma Nuclear
Power Complex and the plutonium reprocessing.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
Unsuccessful:
▪ Pakistan against China in UNO:
In 1959 Pakistan voted against China's membership of the UNO and condemned the military action in Tibet,
though China did not react angrily.

▪ 1971 War:
China could not help Pakistan in the 1971 war because of the Agreement of Peace, Co-operation and Friendship
between India and the USSR. This agreement contained a threat to a country helping any state against India in
a war.

▪ SEATO and CENTO:

When Pakistan became the member of SEATO and CENTO which was American sponsored anti-communism
organization. China was not wiling to make relations with Pakistan.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
 Pakistan Relation with USA (1947-1999)

Successful:
▪ Visit of Liaquat Ali Khan:
After independence Pakistan, Pakistan's Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan changed his plan to visit Moscow, and
flew to Washington in 1950. This laid the basis of the Pak-USA relations.

▪ SEATO and CENTO:

Throughout the 1950's Pakistan received military and economic aid from the USA and joined the US-sponsored
anti-Soviet/communist regional military blocs of the SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization) and the
CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) to counter the Soviet in the South East Asia and the Middle East

▪ Afghan War:
In 1981 Pakistan received and aid of $1.6 billion and a further 1.5 billion Pound Sterling loan at low interest rate
to buy modern American weapons. In 1986, $4.2 billion military and economic aid was given.

▪ Nawaz Sharif’s era:

Nawaz Sharifs visits to Washington 1991-1992, were attempts to convince the US about the peaceful nuclear
program of Pakistan. President Bill Clinton tried to restore relations by opposing the Pressler Amendment that
had stopped aid to Pakistan.

▪ Benazir Bhutto’s era:

Benazir Bhutto visited the USA in 1996 and, under the Brown Amendment, many sanction were lifted and a
package of $388 million military aid was given to Pakistan. In Mrs. Hilary Clinton visited Pakistan to further
improve relations.

Unsuccessful:
▪ U2 Plane incident:
Pakistan had allowed the US to use its air bases for espionage against the USSR. U-2, a spy plane, was caught by
the Soviets in 1960. On inquiry its pilot Francis Gary Powers admitted that the plane had been launched from
an air base in Peshawar. The Soviets felt angry on this and threatened Pakistan. It asked Pakistan not to let
Americans use its air bases for any similar espionage operation. This incident shows the close relations of
Pakistan with the US. However, this also became a reason for improving its relations with the USSR.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
 ▪ Ayyub’s visit to China and USSR:
Ayub's visits to Beijing and Moscow in the 1960's greatly offended the Americans. In the wars of 1965 and 1971,
the US aid to Pakistan was stopped. Pakistan also could not receive any aid from the SEATO and CENTO because
they could only help Pakistan in case of attack by a communist state (the USSR).

▪ Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s pro-soviet government:

It damaged the Pak-USA relations. Despite his visit to Washington in 1972, he could not get any aid. The US also
criticized Bhutto's threat to develop nuclear weapons in 1974.

▪ Senator Larry Pressler:

Under various laws, the US aid was stopped and objections were raised about Pakistan's nuclear programs.
Senator Larry Pressler in 1991 warned Pakistan to take steps against the growth of fundamentalism (extremism
in Muslims).

Additional Questions
Q. What did the Pressler amendment say about Pakistan?
The Pressler Act 1985 had said that USA could only give aid to a country after the American President had
declared that the country had no nuclear weapons and was not developing them. During Afghan crisis, the
rule was ignored but President George H. W. Bush refused to declare Pakistan as a nuclear free country and
blocked its aid and also stopped the sale of 28 F-16 fighter jets which Pakistan had ordered and paid for. It
seemed to apply on Pakistan, not India.

Q. What was the impact of the Brown Amendment on Pakistan?

In 1995, Defense Secretary, William Perry visited Pakistan and declared that the Pressler Amendment had
been a mistake - Then in 1996 after Benazir's visit to USA Brown Amendment authorized the US government
to reimburse Pakistan for F-16 payments and provide $338 million in military equipment. She said that the
passing of Brown Amendment had vindicated Pakistan's principles case and will go a long way towards
restoring the warmth between Pak-US relations.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
 Pakistan Relation with USSR (1947-1999)

Successful:
▪ Ayyub’s Visit:
In 1963 Soviet Union extended a loan of 11 million Sterling Pounds to Pakistan. In 1963, it changed its previous
policy of supporting India and adopted a neutral stance over the Kashmir issue. In April 1965 Ayyub paid an
official visit to the USSR and signed a number of agreements on trade and oil explorations.

▪ Tashkent Declaration:
After the end of the 1965 war, the Soviet Union mediated between Pakistan and India to reach a peace
agreement. Accordingly, the Tashkent Accord was signed in January 1966. The Pakistani government admired
the Soviet efforts in this regard.

▪ Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s government:

Bhutto had communist and socialist views. He was able to improve relations with the USSR significantly. In 1972,
he visited Moscow and persuaded the Soviets to help Pakistan build a steel mill near Karachi, the PSM (Pakistan
Steel Mill). Relations remained friendly till the fall of [Link] 1977.

▪ Post Afghan War:

When the USSR became the Russian Federation. The Russian Vice President Mr. Rutskoy visited Islamabad in
1991 to start friendly relations with Pakistan. Russia needed Pakistan's help to restore peace in Pakistan.

Unsuccessful:
▪ Liaquat Ali Khan’s Visit to USA:
Liaqat's decision to visit Washington instead of Moscow, disappointed the USSR. In retaliation, the USSR
continued to support India on the Kashmir issue in the 1950's

▪ SEATO and CENTO:

Pakistan further displeased the Soviets/Russians by joining the US-sponsored military blocs of the SEATO and
CENTO. India as a result began to receive Soviet aid.

▪ U2 Plane Incident:
Pakistan had allowed the US to use its air bases for espionage against the USSR. U-2, a spy plane, was caught by
the Soviets in 1960. On inquiry its pilot Francis Gary Powers admitted that the plane had been launched from

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
an air base in Peshawar. The Soviets felt angry on this and threatened Pakistan. It asked Pakistan not to let
Americans use its air bases for any similar espionage operation. This incident shows the close relations of
Pakistan with the US. However, this also became a reason for improving its relations with the USSR.

▪ USSR backed India in Kargil conflict:

India was given several Russian-manufactured Mirage-2000 aircrafts that India used during the Kargil conflict.
"Russia also objected to Pakistan's nuclear policy and the nuclear blasts of May 1998.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
 Pakistan Relation with Commonwealth and Britain
(1947-1999)

Successful:
▪ Military support and financial aids:
There were many senior British officers like General Douglas Gracey in the Pakistan army to train them along
modern lines. It also gave financial and technical aid and advice to cope with the difficulties. In a Commonwealth
meeting in 1950 in Colombo, the Colombo Plan was set up to extend aid to Pakistan. It also provided one million
Sterling Pounds for the Sui gas project. Canada gave $ 40 million for the development of railways.

▪ Help in Afghan War:

During the Afghanistan crisis, Britain supported Pakistan. British PM Mrs. Margaret Thatcher was the first
Western leader to visit Pakistan in 1981 during the Afghan war. An aid of 30 million Sterling Pounds was given
to Pakistan to accommodate the Afghan refugees. Another aid of 16 million Sterling Pounds was given to help
refugees in Baluchistan and KPK.

▪ Trading ties:
During the 1980's Britain remained a major trading partner of Pakistan, with an estimated 376 million Sterling
Pounds worth a trade between the two countries by 1986.

▪ Queens visit to Pakistan:

The Queen of England visited Pakistan on 14th August 1997 to attend the Golden Jubilee ceremony of the
creation of Pakistan. She was accorded very warm welcome.

Unsuccessful:
▪ Redcliff boundary issue:
Pakistani government had reservations about the Radcliffe Award as some Muslim majority districts in Punjab
had been given to India. British failure to resolve the Kashmir dispute was also a setback for the relations.

▪ Suiz Canal Issue:

In 1956, the British attack on the Suez Canal in Egypt was criticized by Pakistan.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
 ▪ 1965 and 1971 War:
Relations were also affected when Pakistan could not receive any aid from SEATO and CENTO in the wars of
1965 and 1971. When Great Britain recognized the Republic of Bangladesh, Pakistan left SEATO and the
Commonwealth.

▪ Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s government:

Z.A. Bhutto's inclination towards the communist and socialist states of the USSR^ China was not liked by Great
Britain.

▪ Pakistan’s Nuclear Program:

In the 1990’s Great Britain, like the USA continued to express its concerns over Pakistan’s nuclear program.
When Pakistan conducted nuclear blasts in May 1998, Britain and the Commonwealth stopped aid to Pakistan.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
 Pakistan Relation with Afghanistan (1947-1999)

Successful:
▪ Visit of Z.A.B:
Z.A. Bhutto visited Kabul shortly after his election and convinced the Afghan government to attend the second
QIC (Organization of Islamic Conference) summit in Lahore. He also held talks with the Afghan head Sardar Daud
and granted Afghan traders access to India through Pakistan.

▪ Pak Afghan trade agreement:

An agreement was also signed, called the ATTA (Afghan Transit Trade Agreement). Pakistan also extended aid
after an earthquake in Afghanistan in 1976.

▪ Welcome refugees:
In December 1979, the Soviet forces attacked Afghanistan. Pakistan, with the help of the US aid, helped the
Afghan Mujahideen. Pakistan generously accommodated about three million Afghan refugees whose number
continued to swell.

▪ Support to Talibans:
During Benazir's second term as PM, there was the rise of the Taliban in 1996. She supported them because
they were successfully establishing their rule in several parts of Afghanistan. Her government provided military
and financial support to them.

Unsuccessful:
▪ Pashtoonistan Issue:
Afghanistan has denied the Durand line as the natural border with Pakistan. It always claimed that Pashto
speaking areas of KPK to be its part to make a distinct area Pakhtoonistan.

▪ No access to Arabian Sea:

Afghanistan opposed Pakistan's membership of the UNO in September 1947. It rejected Pakistan's offer of
granting access to the Arabian Sea if it dropped the demand of Pakhtoonistan. An angry Afghan mob attacked
Pakistan's embassy in Kabul and ransacked it. Pakistan in return closed its border and cut off diplomatic ties for
several months.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
 ▪ Bombing in KPK’s towns:
During the Afghan war the Afghan governments condemned Pakistan's support for the Afghan Mujahideen. The
Afghan war planes bombarded many Pakistani towns in KPK.

▪ Bus Hijacked:
various groups of Mujahideen and governments criticized Pakistan's involvement in the Afghan affairs. The
Rabbani government backed out the Islamabad and the Peshawar Accords and a Pakistani bus was high jacked
by an Afghan group.

Pakistan Relation with Bangladesh (1971-1999)

Successful:
▪ Recognition of Bangladesh:
Pakistan took some years to recognize the Democratic Republic of Bangladesh. Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rahman, the
first head of Bangladesh withdrew the bans on some pro-Pakistan organizations that had operated before its
independence.

▪ Invitation to Sheikh Mujeeb:

He was invited by Z.A. Bhutto to attend the second QIC summit that was held in Lahore in February 1974. He
was accorded a warm welcome.

▪ Bhutto’s visit to Bangladesh:

In June 1974 Bhutto visited Bangladesh and paid homage to Bangladesh's war memorial at Savar Upazila. He
tried to reach an agreement with Sheikh Mujeeb in 1975 for the division of assets. He asked Mujeeb to agree to
take half of Pakistan's pre-1971 external reserves on the condition that Bangladesh received half of the country's
pre-1971 assets in 1975-76.

▪ Zia’s visit and formation of SAARC:

General Zia ul Haq paid visits to Bangladesh and signed a number of agreements to promote trade and culture
between the two states. In his visit to Bangladesh in 1985 and founded SAARC (South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation) with the help of his Bangladeshi counterpart General Zia ur Rahman.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
Unsuccessful:
▪ Relation after civil war 1971:
Relations remained strained in the beginning as Pakistan considered Bangladesh a traitor who had sought the
Indian aid for its liberation. So, it was reluctant to recognize Bangladesh.

▪ Refuse to accept Biharis:

Pakistan also refused to accommodate the pro-Pakistan non-Bengali, mainly Biharies who had migrated from
India after independence, they were shifted to special camps by the Bangladeshi government and forced to live
a sub-human life in these camps.

Pakistan Relation with Iran (1947-1999)

Successful:
▪ Recognition of Pakistan:
Pakistan After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Iran was the first country of the world to recognize Pakistan.
This laid the foundation of friendly relations.

▪ RCD (Regional Corporation Development):

In July 1964, largely as a result of the efforts of Ayub Khan, the RCD (Regional Cooperation for Development)
was founded that comprised Pakistan, Iran and Turkey as its members. The RCD provided a platform to its
members develop closer trade links and help each other in industrial projects and strengthening the cultural
relations.

▪ Help against rebellion of Balochistan:

Iran sent help to the Bhutto's government in 19973 to put down an uprising by the tribal chiefs in Baluchistan.

▪ Zia’s efforts:
In the 1980's, General Zia tried to minimize the mistrust between Pakistan and Iran. Pakistan made sincere
efforts to end the Iran-Iraq war through the platform of the OIC.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
Unsuccessful:
▪ Revolution in Iran:
The Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979, brought Ayat Ullah Khomeini as the Iranian head of state and the Shah
of Iran had to go into exile. The Sunni views of General Zia ul Haq were in a visible clash with the staunch Shia
views of Khomeini.

▪ Shia-Sunni Clashes:
The sectarian violence in Pakistan, mainly in the form of the Shia-Sunni clashes in the 1980's caused further
deteriorations of relations.

▪ Afghan Post War:

In the 1990's, both countries had sharp differences over the issue of the post-war Afghanistan. Iran did not like
Pakistan's support for the extremist Taliban government of Afghanistan. It objected to Pakistan's continuous
involvement in the Afghan the sectarian violence in Pakistan also contributed to a state of disturbed relation
between Pakistan and Iran.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
 Some other Important Questions
Q. Why did Pakistan join the UNO in 1947? (7)

Pakistan needed to be recognized as an important country. It was a newly created country and needed
recognition as a member seeking international peace. On September 30, 1947, it joined the UNO to achieve the
objective. It also took the Palestinian issue to the UN while condemning the illegal occupation of Palestine by
Israel.

India had created many difficulties for Pakistan soon after independence. It had taken the Kashmir issue to the
UN, in 1947, and persuaded India and Pakistan for a ceasefire after the 1948 war. Pakistan wanted the UN to
play its due role in a permanent settlement of the Kashmir issue.

In order to deal with its economic difficulties, Pakistan needed the help of such international monetary bodies
as the World Bank because India had been delaying the release of Pakistan's share of economic assets. With the
help of the World Bank, the issue was finally resolved in 1960 by the signing of the Indus Water Treaty.

Q. Why did Pakistan support the Palestinian cause between 1947 and 1999? (7)

Pakistan had brotherly feelings for the Palestinian Muslims. Pakistan always condemned illegal occupation of
other states throughout the world in line with the UN objective of promoting international peace. Pakistan
considered the Israeli occupation of Palestine as totally unjustified. It wanted the Palestinian Muslims to live in
an independent state without any fear of aggression by the other states.

When an extremist and lunatic Jew tried to bum the al-Aqsa Mosque in 1967, Pakistan played an important role
in the formation of the OIC (Organization of Islamic, Conference) and attended its first session held in Rabat,
Morocco. Due to the of Z.A. Bhutto, the second OIC Submit was held in Lahore in February 1974, where Pakistan
once again highlighted the need of a peaceful settlement of the Palestine issue.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814
 Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat
Stanmore O Levels |Karachi Cambridge School | The Academy School Block H Campus| The Academy Gulshan Campus
Contact: 0345-2149814