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TRANSFORMATION

Remember those "function machines" from Algebra 1?

You feed the machine INPUT and it spits out OUTPUT.
For example, if you have a function defined as f (x) = 3x + 1, and you feed it x = 5,
the function spits out f (5) = 16.
Well, transformations can be viewed in this same manner.

Transformations take points in the

plane as inputs and give other
points as outputs.
As such, transformations
behave like "functions".

As you have seen in your previous work with transformations, there are "rules" that define
how a transformation takes "input" coordinates (from the pre-image) and creates "output"
coordinates (for the image). These applied "rules" may result in translations, reflections,
rotations, dilations, or a combination of changes to the original figure.

There are a variety of ways to write the "rules" that apply to transformations. The most
common form for indicating transformation "rules" is a mapping notation, such as: (x, y) →
(x + a, y + b).
The definitions of the classic transformations may appear in more of a functional notation
form:

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Notice how this format resembles functional form:

f (x) = 2x + 5 where x is the input and (2x + 5) is the output.
More ways of indicating transformations appear in the section Rigid Transformations.

Transformations can be viewed in terms of functions, where the inputs and outputs are points in the coordinate
plane, rather than simply numerical values.

1. TRANSLATION

A translation moves ("slides") an object a fixed distance in a given direction without

changing its size or shape, and without turning it or flipping it.
• The original object is called the pre-image, and the translation is called the image.
• The image is usually labeled using a prime symbol, such as A'B'C'.
• Translations may be described by their movement, such as 5 units to the right and 2 units
down.

• An object and its translation have the same shape and size, and face in the same direction.
• In Latin, the word "translate" means "carried across".

Translations can be seen, in a variety of situations:

(←) Translations can be
seen in nature. The
hexagonal sections of a
honeycomb are the same
size, the same shape and
face in the same direction.
(→) As you go down
a slide, you are
undergoing a
translation. You are
moving a given
distance in a given
direction. You do not
change your size,
shape or the direction
in which you are

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facing (hopefully!).
Certain patterns of musical Seats in a stadium are the
notes are often repeated The artist M. C. same size, the same shape, and
(translated) within a Escher continually used face in the same direction.
composition. translations, reflections,
and rotations in his
famous art works. To
see the works of M. C.
Escher, visit
[Link]
m.

Translations in the coordinate plane:

Translation 6 units right:

Notice how each vertex moves the same
distance in the same direction. All three vertices
(A, B and C) are moved 6 units horizontally to
the right.
If you move horizontally 6 units to the right, 6 is
added to the x-coordinate of each of the vertices.
Translation 6 units to the right.
(x, y) → (x + 6, y)

6 units left, 3 units up: Be sure you notice where the original
figure, ABCD, is located. In this graph, ABCD is
on the right.
Each vertex of ABCD is moved 6 units to the
left, and then 3 units up.
Translation 6 units left and 3 units up.
(x, y) → (x - 6, y + 3)

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2. REFLECTION

A reflection can be thought of as folding or "flipping" an object over the line of reflection.
• The original object is called the pre-image, and the reflection is called the image.
• The image is usually labeled using a prime symbol, such as A'B'C'.
• An object and its reflection have the same shape and size, but the figures face in opposite
directions. The objects appear as if they are mirror reflections, with right and left reversed.

A reflection can be seen, for example, in water, a mirror, or in a shiny surface. Take a look at
the following reflections.
Reflection in Water Reflection in a Mirror Reflection in Shiny Surface

Reflections in the coordinate plane:

Reflect over the x-axis: When you reflect a point across the x-axis,
the x-coordinate remains the same, but
the y-coordinate is transformed into its
opposite (its sign is changed).
If you forget the rules for reflections when
graphing, simply fold your paper along
the x-axis (the line of reflection) to see
where the new figure will be located.
Or you can measure how far your points are
away from the x-axis to locate the new
points, such as B is 4 vertical units above

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the x-axis, so B' will be 4 vertical units

below the x-axis.

The reflection of the point (x,y) across

the x-axis is the point (x,-y).

Reflect over the y-axis: When you reflect a point across the y-axis,
the y-coordinate remains the same, but
the x-coordinate is transformed into its
opposite (its sign is changed).
Notice that B is 5 horizontal units to the
right of the y-axis, and B' is 5 horizontal
units to the left of the y-axis.

The reflection of the point (x,y) across

the y-axis is the point (-x,y).

Reflect over y = x: When you reflect a point across the line y =

x, the x-coordinate and y-coordinate change
places. If you reflect over the line
y = -x, the x-coordinate and y-coordinate
change places and are negated (the signs are
changed).
The reflection of the point (x,y) across
the line y = x is the point (y, x).

The reflection of the point (x,y) across

the line y = -x is the point (-y, -x).

Reflect over any line:

Remember that each point of a reflected
image is the same distance from the line of
reflection as the corresponding point of the

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original figure. The line of reflection will lie

directly in the middle between the original
figure and its image.
Notice that each point of the original
figure and its image are the same
distance away from the line of reflection.
You may be able to simply "count" these
distances on the grid.

A small plastic device, called a Mira ™ , can

be used when working with line reflections.
The Mira is placed on the line of reflection
and the original object is reflected in the
plastic. By looking through the plastic, you
can see what the reflection will look like on
the other side and you can trace it with your
pencil

Reflection in a Point:
A point reflection exists when a figure is
built around a single point called the center
of the figure, or point of reflection. For
every point in the figure, there is another
point found directly opposite it on the other
side of the center such that the point of
reflection becomes the midpoint of the
segment joining the point with its image.
Under a point reflection, figures do not
change size or shape.

While any point in the coordinate plane may be used as a point of reflection, the most
commonly used point is the origin. Assume that the origin is the point of reflection unless
told otherwise.

Reflect in origin (0,0): Triangle A'B'C' is the image of

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triangle ABC after a point reflection in the

origin.
Imagine a straight line
connecting A to A' where the origin is the
midpoint of the segment.
When you reflect a point in the origin, both
the x-coordinate and the y-coordinate are
negated (their signs are changed).
In a point reflection in the origin, the
image of the point (x,y) is the point (-
x,-y).

Glide Reflection Formula

Glide reflection is a composition of translation and reflection. Therefore, we have to use
translation rule and reflection rule to perform a glide reflection on a figure.
1) Translation rule
 Right h units (x, y) → (x + h, y).
 Left h units (x, y) → (x – h, y).
 Up k units (x, y) → (x, y + k).
 Down k units (x, y) → (x, y – k).
2) A line to reflect over
 Reflection in x-axis: (x, y) → (x, -y)
 Reflection in y-axis: (x, y) → (-x, y)
 Reflection in y = x: (x, y) → (y, x)
 Reflection in y = -x: (x, y) → (-y, -x)

Glide Reflection Example Calculation

In everyday life, a classic example of glide reflection is the track of footprints left in the sand
by a person walking over it.

In the above diagram, translation (glide) performed on the foot, and then reflection across the
parallel line of translation, then again glide followed by the refection, this foot steps are the
typical example of glide reflection.

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In the above diagram, PQR is a triangle with coordinates of the vertices P(-1, -3), Q(-4, -1),
and R(-6, -4). It is translated 10 units right.
 Right ‘h’ units (x, y) → (x + h, y)
 P(-1, -3) → P’(-1 + 10, -3) = P’(9, -3)
 Q(-4, -1) → Q’(-4 + 10, -1) = Q’(6, -1)
 R(-6, -4) → R’(-6 + 10, -4) = R’(4, -4)
Therefore the coordinates of the triangle P’Q’R’ are P’(9, -3), Q’(6, -1) and R’(4, -4).
Reflection over the x-axis is performed on the triangle P’Q’R’.
 Reflection in x-axis: (x, y) → (x, -y)
 P’(9, -3) → P’’(9, 3)
 Q’(6, -1) → Q’’(6, 1)
 R’(4, -4) → R’’(4, 4)
Triangle P’’Q’’R’’ is an outcome of glide translation performed on the triangle PQR.
Glide reflection is commutative, whether we glide first then reflect or we reflect first and then
glide, outcome remains same.

In the diagram shown above, in the left side of transformation, reflection is performed on the
blue pentagon first, outcome is the red pentagon and then translation is performed on the red
pentagon and outcome is the green pentagon.
On the right side of diagram, translation is performed on the blue pentagon first, outcome is
the red pentagon and then reflection is performed on the red pentagon and outcome is the
green pentagon. It is clear from the diagram, that the final outcome is the same in every
aspect. In Glide reflection, reversing the direction of the composition will not affect the
outcome.

3. ROTATION

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A rotation is a transformation that turns a The triangle is rotated about P. The letters
figure about a fixed point called the center used to label
of rotation. the triangle have not been rotated.
• An object and its rotation are the same
shape and size, but the figures may be
turned in different directions.
• Rotations may
be clockwise or counterclockwise.

When working in the coordinate plane:

• assume the center of rotation to be
the origin unless told otherwise.
• assume a positive angle of rotation turns
the figure counterclockwise, and a negative
angle turns the figure clockwise (unless told
otherwise).

Rotations can be seen, in a variety of situations:

The Earth Windmills Pinwheel
The Earth experiences The blades on windmills A children's toy that rotates
one complete rotation on convert the energy of wind when blown.
its axis every 24 hours. into rotational energy.

Amusement Park Swing Ferris Wheel Merry-Go-Round

Amusement park rides, Ferris wheels rotate about a On the merry-go-round, riders
such as the swing, allow center hub. (Yes, the seats tilt become part of the rotation
you to become part of a to prevent falling.) about the center of the ride.

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rotation.

Rotations centered at the origin: Rotations in the coordinate plane are

Rotation of 90º: (x,y) becomes (-y,x) counterclockwise.
Counterclockwi
Rotation of 180º: (x,y) becomes (-x,-y) Clockwise:
se:
Rememb
Rotation of 270º: (x,y) becomes (y,-x) er:

When working with rotations, you should be

able to recognize angles of certain sizes.
Popular angles include 30º (one third of a
right angle), 45º (half of a right angle), 90º (a
right angle), 180º, 270º and 360º.
You should also understand the directionality
of a unit circle (a circle with a radius length of
1 unit). Notice that the degree movement on a
unit circle goes in a counterclockwise
direction, the same direction as the numbering
of the quadrants: I, II, III, IV. Keep this
picture in mind when working with rotations
on a coordinate grid.

Rotations in the coordinate plane:

Keep in mind that rotations on a coordinate grid are considered to be counterclockwise,
unless otherwise stated. While most rotations will be centered at the origin, the center of
rotation will be indicated in the problem (or in the notation).

Rotation 90º: Starting with ΔABC, draw the rotation of

90º centered at the origin. (The rotation is
counterclockwise.)
To "see" that this is a rotation of 90º,
imagine point B attached to the red arrow.
The red arrow is then moved 90º (notice
the 90º angle formed by the two red
arrows). Look at the new position of
point B, labeled B'. This same approach

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can be used for all three vertices.

Rotation of 90º on coordinate axes.
Centered at origin.
(x, y) → (-y, x)

Rotation 180º: Starting with ΔABC, draw the rotation of

180º centered at the origin. (The rotation is
counterclockwise.)
As we did in the previous example,
imagine point B attached to the red arrow
from the center (0,0). The arrow is then
moved 180º (which forms a straight line).
Notice the new position of B, labeled B'.
Rotation of 180º on coordinate
axes.
Centered at origin.
(x, y) → (-x, -y)
(same as point reflection in origin)
Rotation 270º: Starting with quadrilateral ABCD, draw the
rotation of 270º centered at the origin.
(The rotation is counterclockwise.)
As we did in the previous examples,
imagine point A attached to the red arrow
from the center (0,0). The arrow is then
moved 270º (counterclockwise). Notice the
new position of A, labeled A'. Since A was
"on" the axis, A' is also on the axis.

Rotation of 270º on coordinate axes.

Centered at orign.
(x, y) → (y, -x )

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If the rotation angles are giving you trouble,

imagine a unit circle with a movable "bug" on a
radial arm from the origin. Swing the "bug"
around and look at the angle created by the
move, and the position of the "bug".

SHEAR

A transformation in which all points along a given line remain fixed while other points are
shifted parallel to by a distance proportional to their perpendicular distance from . Shearing a
plane figure does not change its area. The shear can also be generalized to three dimensions,
in which planes are translated instead of lines.

A two dimensional shear operation axis has the following matrix representations (one shear
matrix for a shear parallel to the X axis, and another for a shear parallel to the Y axis):
Shear-X(α) = [1 α ; 0 1 ]
Shear-Y(β) = [1 0 ; β 1 ]

Thus a shear in the X direction produces y':=y (unchanged) and x':=x+αy.

It turns out that any orthogonal transformation can be realised by a combination of a shear
along one axis, then a shear along the other axis, followed by another shear along the first
axis: (although that is not proved here)

ShearX(α) ShearY(β) ShearX(γ) = [1 α ; 0 1 ] [1 0; β 1 ] [1 γ ; 0 1 ] = [1+αβ, α+γ+αβγ ; β,

1+βγ ]

Doing a rotation by performing three shear operations might be advantageous, because it's
easy to do a shear operation. To do a shear operation on a raster image (that is to say, a
bitmap), we just shift all the pixels in a given row (column) by an easy-to-calculate
displacement. But in order to do a rotation using shears, we'll have to be able to calculate the
necessary values of α, β, and γ from the rotation angle Θ.
Recall the familiar rotation matrix:

Rotate(Θ) = [ cos(Θ), -sin(Θ) ; sin(&Theta), cos(&Theta) ]

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Set the rotation matrix equal to the product of the three shears:
[1+αβ, α+γ+αβγ ; β, 1+βγ ] = [ cos(Θ), -sin(Θ) ; sin(&Theta), cos(&Theta) ]
Solve for α, β, & γ in terms of Θ:
&beta = sin(Θ)
1+αβ=cos(Θ)
1+αsin(Θ)=cos(Θ)
α=(cos(Θ)-1)/sin(Θ)
α=-tan(Θ/2)
1+αβ=1+βγ
γ=α

Thus we have α=γ=-tan(Θ/2) and &beta = sin(Θ).

4. DILATION

A dilation is a transformation that

produces an image that is the same
shape as the original, but is
a different size.
• A dilation that creates a larger
image is called an enlargement.
• A dilation that creates a smaller
image is called a reduction.

• A description of a dilation includes the scale factor (or ratio) and the center of the dilation.
• The center of dilation is a fixed point in the plane.
• If the scale factor is greater than 1, the image is an enlargement. It expands.
• If the scale factor is between 0 and 1, the image is a reduction. It contracts.
• If the scale factor is 1, the figure and the image are the exact same size (congruent).
The word "dilate" is often heard in relation to the
human eye.
"The pupils of the eyes were dilated."
As light hits the eye, the pupil enlarges or contracts
depending upon the amount of light.

Dilations can be seen, in a variety of situations:

Photography Arts and Crafts Graphing Calculator

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School or holiday picture Russian nesting dolls are a The zoom feature will
packages offer the same set of wooden dolls of enlarge or reduce the
photograph in a variety of decreasing size placed viewing window.
sizes, from large to medium inside one another. After
to small wallet size photos. the smallest doll, each doll
is an enlargement of its
inside doll.

Food Service Logos Grow Toys

Soft drink containers come in Product logos can come in Grow toys are sponge/foam
a variety of sizes. While a variety of sizes, such as toys that "grow" when
some are of different shapes, these pizza shop logos on placed in water. Some grow
others are simply their small, medium and quickly, while others grow
enlargements. large boxes. over several days.

Dilations in the coordinate plane:

Most dilations in the coordinate plane use the origin, (0,0), as the center of the dilation. The
center of the dilation will be indicated within the problem (or within the notation).

Dilation scale factor 2: Starting with ΔABC, draw the dilation image
of the triangle with a center at the origin and
a scale factor of two.
Notice that every coordinate of the original

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triangle has been multiplied by the scale

factor (x2).
Dilations involve multiplication!
Dilation with scale factor 2, multiply
by 2.
Center at the origin.
(x, y) → (2x,2y)

Dilation scale factor ½: Starting with quadrilateral ABCD (blue),

draw the dilation image of the quadrilateral
with a center at the origin and a scale factor
of ½.
Notice that every coordinate of the
original ABCD has been multiplied by ½.
Dilation with scale factor ½, multiply by ½.
Center at the origin.
(x, y) → (½x, ½y )
REMINDER: Multiplying by ½ is the same
as dividing by 2.

In this problem, the center of the dilation is NOT at the origin.

Dilation not at origin: Starting with rectangle ABCD (green),

draw the dilation image of the rectangle
with the center of dilation at point A and a
scale factor of 1/3
Notice that point A and its image are the
same.
You must observe the distances from the
center of the dilation at point A to the
other points B, C and D. The dilation
image will be 1/3 of each of these
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distances.
AB = 6, so A'B' = 2.
AD = 9, so A'D' = 3. Now, draw the image
rectangle.
FYI:

For a dilation not at the origin,

measure the distances.

Dilations and Similarity:

The term similar (or similarity) can be defined using the language of transformations.
Two figures are similar if one is the image of the other under a transformation
from the plane into itself that multiplies all distances by the same positive scale
factor. That is to say, one figure is a dilation of the other.

( Or, ΔABC is a dilation of ΔDEF by a scale factor of ½.)

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A quick review of transformations in the coordinate plane.

("Isometry" is another term for "rigid transformation".)
Line Reflections
Remember that a reflection is simply a flip. Under a reflection, the figure does not change
size
(it is an isometry). It is simply flipped over the line of reflection. The orientation (lettering
of
the diagram) is reversed.
When you reflect a point across the x-axis, the x-coordinate
remains the same, but the y-coordinate is transformed into its
opposite.
Reflection in the x-axis:
or
When working with the graph of y = f (x), replace y with -y.

When you reflect a point across the y-axis, the y-coordinate

remains the same, but the x-coordinate is transformed into its
opposite.
Reflection in the y-axis:
or
When working with the graph of y = f (x), replace x with -x.

When you reflect a point across the line y = x, the x-coordinate

Reflection in y = x: and the y-coordinate change places.
or
When you reflect a point across the line y = -x, the x-
coordinate and the y-coordinate change places and are negated
Reflection in y = -x: (the signs are changed).
or

Point Reflections
A point reflection exists when a figure is built around a single point called the center of the
figure. For every point in the figure, there is another point found directly opposite it on the
other side of the center. The figure does not change size (it is an isometry).
While any point in the coordinate plane may be used as a point
of reflection, the most commonly used point is the origin.

Reflection in the Origin: or

When working with the graph of y = f (x), replace x with -x
and y with -y.

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Rotations
A rotation turns a figure through an angle about a fixed point called the center.
The center of rotation is assumed to be the origin, unless stated otherwise. A positive angle
of rotation turns the figure counterclockwise, and a negative angle of rotation turns the figure
in a clockwise direction. The figure does not change size (it is an isometry).

Rotation of 90º:

Rotation of 180º: (same as reflection in origin)

Rotation of 270º:

Dilations
A dilation is a transformation that produces an image that is the same shape as the original,
but is
a different size (the figures are similar). The description of a dilation includes the scale factor
and the center of the dilation. A dilation "shrinks" or "stretches" a figure (it is not an
isometry).

The center of a dilation is most often the origin, O. It may

however, be some other point in the coordinate plane which will
Dilation of scale factor k: be specified.

Translations
A translation "slides" an object a fixed distance in a given direction. The original object and
its translation have the same shape and size (isometry), and they face in the same direction.

Under the image of y = f (x) is y = f (x - h) + k..

Translation of h, k: If h > 0, the original graph is shifted h units to the right.
If h < 0, the original graph is shifted | h | units to the left.
If k > 0, the original graph is shifted k units up.
If k < 0, the original graph is shifted | k | units down.

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EXAMPLES OF TRANSFORMATION

 TRANSLATION

The translation can be represented by a column vector as .

The top number represents the right and left movement. A positive number means moving to
the right and a negative number means moving to the left.

The bottom number represents up and down movement. A positive number means moving up
and a negative number means moving down.

In the following figure, triangle ABC is being translated to triangle A’B’C'

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The translation is represented by the column vector .

In general, a translation can be represented by a column matrix or column vector

where a is the number of units to move right or left along the x-axis and b is the number of
units to move up or down along the y-axis.

The matrix equation representing a translation is:

where is the translation matrix and is the image of .

Example 1:

The triangle P is mapped onto the triangle Q by the translation .

a) Find the coordinates of triangle Q.

b) On the diagram, draw and label triangle Q.

Solution:
a)

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b)

As a mathematical notation, we may write: T(A) = B, to mean object A is mapped onto B

under the transformation T.

Example 2
Triangle △ABC has coordinates A(3,−1),B(7,−5) and C(−2,−2). Translate △ABC to the left
4 units and up 5 units. Determine the coordinates of △A′B′C′.

Graph △ABC. To translate △ABC, subtract 4 from each x value and add 5 to each y value of
its coordinates.
A(3,−1)→(3−4,−1+5)=A′(−1,4)B(7,−5)→(7−4,−5+5)=B′(3,0)C(−2,−2)→(−2−4,−2+5)=C′
(−6,3)
The rule would be (x,y)→(x−4,y+5).

Example 3
Graph square S(1,2),Q(4,1),R(5,4) and E(2,5). Find the image after the
translation (x,y)→(x−2,y+3). Then, graph and label the image.

We are going to move the square to the left 2 and up 3.

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(x,y)→(x−2,y+3)S(1,2)→S′(−1,5)Q(4,1)→Q′(2,4)R(5,4)→R′(3,7)E(2,5)→E′(0,8)
Example 4
Find the translation rule for △TRI to △T′R′I′.
Look at the movement from T to T′. The translation rule is (x,y)→(x+6,y−4).

 REFLECTION

In a reflection transformation, all the points of an object are reflected or flipped on a line
called the axis of reflection or line of reflection.

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Example

A reflection is defined by the axis of symmetry or mirror line. In the above diagram, the
mirror line is x = 3.

Under reflection, the shape and size of an image is exactly the same as the original figure.
This type of transformation is called isometric transformation.

The orientation is laterally inverted, that is they are facing opposite directions.

The line of reflection is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining any point and its image
(e.g. PP ’ in the above figure).

All the points on the mirror line are not changed. These points are said to be invariant. (R is
an invariant point in the above.

Drawing The Image on Grid Lines

If the axis of reflection is on one of the grid lines, we just count the number of squares from a
point on the object to the axis and the image is the same distance from the axis.

Example 1
In the diagram, the figure A is reflected in the line XY. Draw the image of A in the diagram.

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Solution:

Note that the point O remained unchanged under reflection because it is on the axis of
reflection. Any point on the line of reflection is unchanged – such points are described as
invariant.

Example 2: reflect a shape on a coordinate grid

Reflect Triangle PP in the line x = 4x=4:

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1. Draw the mirror line.

The mirror line is x = 4x=4 (the line of reflection). This is a vertical line. Draw this on the
diagram.

2. Reflect the other points.

Choose the first point to reflect. It is easier to start with a point which is closest to the mirror
line (the line of reflection). Let’s reflect the point (3,1)(3,1). The new point will be exactly
the same distance away from the mirror line as the original point.

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3. Reflect the other points.

Here is a second point (1,4)(1,4) being reflected to give its image.

We can reflect the third point (1,1)(1,1).

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4. Finish the diagram.

To finish the diagram we can join up the reflected points.

Here Triangle QQ is the image of Triangle PP.

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 ROTATION

A rotation is a transformation in which the object is rotated about a fixed point.

The direction of rotation can be clockwise or anticlockwise.

The fixed point in which the rotation takes place is called the center of rotation. The amount
of rotation made is called the angle of rotation.

Example 1

For any rotation, we need to specify the center, the angle and the direction of rotation.

Drawing The Rotated Image

Given the center of rotation and the angle of rotation we can determine the rotated image of
an object.

Example 2
Determine the image of the straight line XY under an anticlockwise rotation of 90˚ about O.

Solution:
Step 1: Join point X to O.

Step 2: Using a protractor, draw a line 90˚ anticlockwise from the line OX. Mark on the line
the point X’ such that the line of OX’ = OX

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Step 3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 for point Y. Join the points X’ and Y’ to form the line X’Y’.

The Angle Of Rotation

Given an object, its image and the center of rotation, we can find the angle of rotation using
the following steps.

Step 1: Choose any point in the given figure and join the chosen point to the center of
rotation.

Step 2: Find the image of the chosen point and join it to the center of rotation.

Step 3: Measure the angle between the two lines. The sign of the angle depends on the
direction of rotation. Anti-clockwise rotation is positive and clockwise rotation is negative.

Example 3
Figure A’B’C’ is the image of figure ABC. O is the center of rotation. Find the angle of
rotation.

Solution:
Step 1: Join A to O.
Step 2: Join A’ to O.
Step 3: Measure the angle AOA’.

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The angle of rotation is 62˚ anticlockwise or +62˚

 DILATION

A dilation is a transformation that produces an image that is the same shape as the original,
but is a different size. (The image is similar to the original object). Dilation is a
transformation in which each point of an object is moved along a straight line. The straight
line is drawn from a fixed point called the center of dilation. The distance the points move
depends on the scale factor. The center of dilation is the only invariant point.

Scale factor =

If the scale factor is greater than 1, the image is an enlargement.

If the scale factor is between 0 and 1, the image is a reduction.

Example 1
The figure shows two similar triangles PQR and P’Q’R’. Triangle P’Q’R’ is a dilation of
triangle PQR. We say that triangle PQR is transformed onto triangle P’Q’R’ by a dilation

with center at O and scale factor

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The following diagrams show the triangle ABC dilated with different scale factors. Scroll
down the page for more examples and explanations of dilations.

Dilation with scale factor > 1

We will first look at enlargements which are dilations with scale factors greater than 1

Example 2
Enlarge triangle PQR with O as the center of dilation and a scale factor of 2.

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Solution:
Step 1: Measure OP.
Step 2: Extend the line OP to the point P’ such that OP’ = 2OP.
Step 3: Repeat the steps for all the vertices: point Q to get Q' and point R to get R'.
Step 4: Join the points P’Q’R’ to form the image.

Example 3

Enlarge triangle ABC with C as the center of dilation and a scale factor of 3.

Solution:
Step 1: Measure CA.
Step 2: Extend the line CA to the point A’ such that CA’ = 3CA.
Step 3: Repeat the steps for point B to get B'.

Note that in this example, all the points in the triangle have been transformed except point C,
which is the only invariant point.

Example 4
Draw an image of the figure PQRS. O is the center of dilation and the scale factor is 1.5.

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Solution:
Step 1: Join OP.
Step 2: Extend the line OP to OP’, such that OP’ = 1.5 × OP
Step 3: Repeat for all the other vertices Q, R and S.
Step 4: Join P’, Q’, R’ and S’ to form the image.

Dilation with scale factor between 0 and 1

If the scale factor of a dilation is between 0 and 1, the image will be smaller than the object. It
is then called a reduction.

Example 5

Enlarge triangle PQR with O as the center of enlargement and scale factor .

Solution:
Step 1 : Join O to P.

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Step 2 : Mark off the point P ’ on OP such that OP' = OP.

Step 3 : Repeat the steps for all the vertices: point Q to get Q' and point R to get R'
Step 4 : Join the points P’Q’R' to form the image.

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ACTIVITY WORK

Exercise for translation

1. A translation function is defined by the rule

(x, y) → (x + 2, y - 5). Which choice will be the image of the point (3,6) under this
translation?

2. Which translation mapping is depicted in the graph at the right?

(3 (5 (5 (6
,11) ,11) ,1) ,1)

(x, y) → (x + 6, y - 3)
(x, y) → (x - 3, y + 6)
(x, y) → (x - 6, y + 3)
(x, y) → (x + 3, y - 6)

Rectangle Rectangle
3. A graphic design uses two congruent rectangles as color SPAT S'P'A'T'
blocks to hold the artist's signature. Rectangle S'P'A'T' is
the translation of rectangle SPAT, as shown in the table at S (-3,2) S' (-1,1)
the right.
P (1, 2) P'
a) What are the coordinates of A ?
b) What are the coordinates of P' ? A A' (3,-2)
c) Write the translation function that was used in this
design. T (-3,-1) T' (-1,-2)

4. The translation will move point (-4,-7) to the point _____.

(-1,-9)
(1,-5)
(-9,-9)
(-9,-5)

5. Explain why there can be no "fixed" points under a translation, other than the
translation T0,0.
Answer key

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1. (5,1)
2. (x, y) → (x - 6, y + 3)
3. a) A (1,-1) b) P' (3,1) c) Rule: (x, y) → (x + 2, y - 1)
4. (-9,-5)
5. Translations are applied to ALL of the points of the pre-image, and all points are moved
the SAME distance. So if one point is moved, all points are moved that same distance,
leaving no fixed (unmoved) points. If one point is fixed, then all points are fixed and no
translation movement occurred.
Exercise for Reflection
1. The image of the point (5,-1) under a reflection in the x-axis is _______.

(-5,-1)
(-5,1)
(5,1)
(1,-5)

2. ABCD is reflected in line m. Which of the statements is NOT true?

3. ΔABC with A(1,6), B(2,10), C(5,6) is reflected in a line to create image

ΔA’B’C’ with A’ (1,0), B’ (2,-4), C’ (5,0).

What is the equation of the line of reflection?

y =0
x=0
y =3
y=x

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4. During a reflection, RR’ = 18 units.

What is the distance from point R to the line of reflection?

3 units
6 units
9 units

18 units

5. ΔABC is reflected in line m.

Find x, y and z.

x=4 x=3 x=2 x=3

y=6 y=6 y=3 y =6
z=3 z =4 z =4 z =2

Answer key

1. (5,1)

2.

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3. y = 3
4. 9 units
5. x = 3
y=6
z =4

Exercise for Rotation

1. ΔRST has R(-2,-2), S(3,5) and T(7,-4). What is the image of point T after a rotation of 180º
about the origin?
T ' (-7,-4) T ' (-7,4)
T ' (7,4) T ' (7,-4)

2. For the transformation shown at the right, what is the measure of the angle of rotation
of ABCD about the origin?

90º 180º
270º 360º

3. After a rotation, point P = P'.

Which statement is true about the location of point P if this occurred?

Point P and point P' were two distinct points equidistant from the center of the rotation.
Point P and point P' were two distinct points located on the same arc of rotation.
Point P was located at the center of the rotation.

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Point P and point P' were two distinct points located on the same ray from the center of
the rotation.

4. A wind vane is an instrument for showing the direction of the wind. Prior to a wind gust,
the arrow indicating the direction of the wind is pointing NE, as shown. As a wind gust
passes, the wind vane rotates 270 degrees. In what direction is the wind vane pointing during
the wind gust? The vane always rotates in the same direction as shown.

SE
SW
NW

5. Rotate the line shown at the right 90º about the origin. Hint: rotate the x and y intercepts.
What is the equation of the resulting image?

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y=x+ 5
y = -x + 5
y = -x - 5
y=x

Answer key
1. T ' (-7,4)
2. 270º
3. Point P was located at the center of the rotation.
4. NW
5. y = x + 5

Exercise for Dilation

1. A dilation centered at O produces image A' as shown at the right. If the scale factor is k =
3, find OA'.

3
9
27
36

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2. The diagram at the right shows a dilation of scale factor of ½. Which segment is parallel
to ?

3. In a dilation, if the scale factor is greater than one, the dilation ...

is an enlargement.
is a congruence.
is a reduction.
cannot be determined.

4. A dilation centered at O is shown at the right. The image is ΔA'B'C'.

If OA = 12 units and
OA' = 8 units, what is the scale factor of this dilation?

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5. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Dilations create similar figures.

Dilations preserve angle measure.
Dilations may have a negative scale factor.
Dilations on a coordinate axis are always centered at the origin.

Answer key

1. 27

2.

3. is an enlargement.

4.

5. Dilations on a coordinate axis are always centered at the origin.

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REFERENCES

 [Link]

 [Link]

 [Link]

GEOM/

 [Link]

 [Link]

 [Link]

 [Link]

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