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Discussion Guidelines for APA Papers

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views5 pages

Discussion Guidelines for APA Papers

Uploaded by

xnjwfkfbtb
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Discussion

Deadline: Your paper needs to be in the appropriate submission folder on D2L by


11:59 pm on 4/12.

Please remember that this section of the paper, as before, is to be your own work in
your own words. You may discuss results and topics with classmates but you may
not write them together or use each other’s work. Plagiarism will result in a zero on
this assignment and you will be reported to the academic integrity office.

Expectations and grading rubric are below:

Title page (2 points; all or nothing; to begin the consolidation process)

- Include an appropriate, descriptive title (many of you got title feedback on


your intro sections. Go back and check this document to see if I made any
suggestions for you).
- Remember, APA 7th edition does NOT use a running head, your document
should not contain one.
- Include page numbers in your document (upper right-hand corner)
- Is your paper double-spaced, and otherwise in APA format?

Discussion (28 points)

What you should include for your main analyses.


Clearly state your findings in words, this means your sentences should not include
any statistics. If you had to explain what your findings mean to another professional
in psychology, what would you tell them? Start with your most important finding (or
test, if nothing was significant). That should be your ANOVA.
o Why is this important or why is it relevant for the world/people
today?
o How do your results fit in with what has previously been found in the
literature? You should talk about your findings and how they
compare. Make sure to properly cite previous studies when doing this.
o If your hypothesis was not supported by significant results, why do
you think this happened?
- Now talk about your t-test results
o Why is this important or why is it relevant for the world/people
today?
o How do your results fit in with what has previously been found in the
literature? You should talk about your findings and how they
compare. Make sure to properly cite previous studies when doing this.
o If your hypothesis was not supported by significant results, why do
you think this happened?
What you should include for your correlational hypotheses.
- Now you can talk about your correlational hypothesis and whether or not
they were supported.
o Again, follow the same steps as above to discuss these findings.
- Finally, if you found anything cool you think is worth mentioning, but did not
hypothesize, you can include one paragraph for that. You MUST mention that
these findings were not hypothesized. These could be cool findings that
might warrant future investigation in studies later on. This is also a nice
transition into your section about future directions and limitations.

Future Directions/Limitations
- Sum up what might be done in future studies. Again, you might use any cool
additional findings (e.g., correlations) as a starting point for this part of the
discussion.
- What are some limitations to this study?

Final Conclusions (You might choose to just keep this final conclusion in
the same paragraph/section as your future directions and limitations. That
is ok should you choose to organize your paper that way.
- What are the implications of this study? Why is it important?

References (4 points) **Please consolidate all references from intro, methods,


and discussion to include here
- You should have included at least 10- 15 peer-reviewed journal articles as
sources by the time this paper is finished (including citations for your scales
you used).
- Make sure that all references have been properly put into APA format (they
should be in alphabetical order in this section!).

Writing style and overall APA format (6 points)


- Does your writing flow well? Is it easy to read and follow? Did you use
transition sentences?
- Did you effectively integrate your findings with the previous literature?
- Did you properly cite references in the text?
- Did you check your spelling and grammar?
Example (keep in mind yours may be longer than this, but this is a general
format you can follow).
Discussion

Overall, the results indicated that those with high, medium, and low levels of

neuroticism differed in their average scores on a physical health measure. Those higher in

neuroticism had lower physical health scores. These findings offered support for

hypothesis one that those categorized by three different levels of neuroticism would differ

in their average physical health scores. These findings are consistent with previous

studies that have found personality differences in emotional stability are negatively

related to physical health (Clark et al., 2023).

No gender differences were found in this study on a measure of physical health,

indicating that hypothesis two was not supported. This finding was not consistent with

previous studies that have found gender differences in physical health, where men had

higher average scores on a physical health measure (Kiser et al., 2023; Clark et al., 2022).

All participants in this study had higher scores on the physical health variable, and given

that a majority of the participants also indicated that they played sports, it is possible that

there was a ceiling effect. Therefore, no major differences were found.

Hypothesis three stated that participants living on campus would have higher

physical health scores than those living off campus; this hypothesis was supported in the

findings of this study. Previous research has shown that students living on campus have

greater access to nutritious foods through their campus dining centers, as well as

increased access to physical fitness centers on campus (Patrick et al., 2020).


Previous literature indicated mixed results regarding the relationship between

conscientiousness and physical health. Another surprising outcome was in relation to

extraversion levels and gender. As a natural expectation, we hypothesized (H4) that

females would have higher extraversion scores than males, which was not supported.

Previous studies (e.g., Butković et al., 2017) indicated that there were minimal

differences between the relationship of neuroticism with females and males. When

further looking at previous literature, neuroticism tended to be associated with lower

levels of physical health and activity (Sutin et al., 2016), which further supports the

results for neuroticism in our study.

It is appropriate to recognize several potential limitations in our study. First, the

majority of our sample consisted of women, this could be due to the fact that our study

was conducted among psychology students. This fact is another potential limitation, as

the study was solely conducted among psychology students through the usage of SONA,

which is strictly used by psychology students. Third, our sample size consisted of mostly

freshman, as freshman are required to participate in research at some point in their

education. Additionally, our study used mainly student athletes which could have led to

the ceiling effect that was found on the physical activity measure. Finally, our sample

size was relatively small. This is possibly due to limiting our study strictly to psychology

majors. If our study had a broader range of educational concentrations, we may have been

able to obtain a larger sample size, as well as more variability in participant

demographics.

Future research could benefit from including additional areas of study to broaden

their sample size and the variability among their participants. Future studies should also
examine these variables in a sample of non-athletes to gain a better understanding of how

these variables operate in the average college student.

Common questions

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The guidelines emphasize the importance of effectively integrating findings with previous literature in the discussion section. Writers are instructed to compare their results with existing studies, properly cite previous research, and discuss both supporting and contrasting findings . This integration helps contextualize the study and demonstrate how it contributes to the broader field of knowledge .

The document suggests that when discussing non-significant results, you should explore reasons for these findings, such as potential methodological limitations or contextual factors that might have influenced the results . It encourages discussing how these findings align or differ from previous studies, providing a rationale supported by literature .

The document advises discussing the relevance of t-test results by placing them in the context of societal and practical importance, and how they compare with existing literature . This highlights the role of such statistical analyses in not just answering specific research questions, but also in contributing to broader knowledge and influencing real-world applications and future research directions .

Conducting research solely among psychology students can lead to sampling bias, limiting the generalizability of the findings to a broader population. The homogeneity of the sample could skew results due to shared characteristics inherent to psychology students, such as specific educational experiences or perspectives . This could affect the variability and relevance of the findings when applied to different demographics .

Finding no gender differences suggests that previous studies' results might not be universally applicable or may depend on specific context variables, such as sample characteristics or measurement methods . It challenges existing assumptions and indicates the need to explore further the conditions under which gender differences manifest, suggesting a reconsideration of gender-based health interventions or analyses .

Including a variety of participant demographics could enhance the study by providing a broader range of data and reducing bias associated with a non-diverse sample. This would potentially increase the validity and generalizability of the findings . The document notes limitations due to homogeneity in the study sample, indicating broader demographics could help obtain greater sample variability and more comprehensive insights .

The discussion section should include a clear statement of findings, comparison with existing literature, explanations for any non-significant results, analysis of the importance or relevance of findings, and a discussion of correlational hypotheses . It also should cover unexpected results and their implications for future research and study limitations .

The document suggests that unexpected findings can be used as a basis for discussing future research directions and highlighting potential areas for further investigation . These findings should be clearly identified as not hypothesized but could warrant further studies. They provide a nice transition into discussions on study limitations and future research possibilities .

References should be consolidated at the end of the paper, including sources from the introduction, methods, and discussion sections. At least 10-15 peer-reviewed journal articles should be included, formatted according to APA style. All entries must be listed in alphabetical order .

Discussing future directions and limitations is crucial as it provides a roadmap for further research, identifying potential improvements and areas of exploration that were not covered in the present study. It also helps contextualize the findings and acknowledges the study's boundaries, enhancing its credibility and guiding future scholarly investigations .

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