CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Due to the demand of consecutive academic works, students find it hard to

accomplish their assignments, especially if those assignments are hard for them to

understand. As a result, students use some sites that will help them accomplish their

assignment. Additionally, the sites that they are using are those sites that are

manage by Artificial intelligence (AI). To further understand, students use this

platform as this makes their life easier as a student. For them, it is less time

consuming and using this makes things less hassle in a way that they will just ask

questions or math problem and Artificial intelligence (AI) will immediately respond to

them. To specifically declare, one of the students that use Artificial intelligence are

the students that are under the strand of Science Technology Engineering and

Mathematics (STEM).

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has advanced drastically. Although

artificial intelligence (AI) has been present for many years, it has only recently gained

traction as a mainstream technology, being widely used across a range of industries.

Those industries include healthcare, finance, retail, and transportation (David, 2023).

To understand more, this platform can perform activities that normally require human

intelligence. It includes problem-solving, making essay, making a computer code,

and comprehending natural language. Additionally, this platform can analyze data in

a short span of time. In this case, Artificial intelligence has the potential to enhance

society in several ways, such as expanded access to education, better healthcare,

and increased productivity. AI-powered solutions can also simplify and improve the

convenience of our daily lives by helping solve difficult situations. Using Artificial

intelligence, Instructors have been able to accomplish greater quality in their teaching

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activities and carry out various administrative tasks, such as reviewing and grading

students' assignments, more successfully and efficiently by using these platforms.

(IEEE Xplore-2024).

According to Dickson as cited by Charmaine (et. al, 2021), AI is distinguished

in three categories. First, synthetic limited intelligence that is only capable of one

thing at a time, like the court cases' anticipated outcomes. Artificial general

intelligence comes in second, which, given its capacity to replicate some of the

human even though the human brain is not able to perform more complicated jobs

like logic. Thirdly, the so-called artificial superintelligence an AI system of the future

that is capable of anything a human brain can, and even exceed it. In addition,

according to development aid (2023), AI has enormous potential to assist emerging

nations in addressing problems in vital domains. First, more physicians may begin

using AI into their practice because of the technology's advancement and the readily

available data that is essential to it. This will allow medical professionals to treat more

patients more effectively. AI can assist medical professionals worldwide in making

decisions by assisting them in diagnosing a condition and suggesting the best course

of action. This would be especially crucial for poorer nations, where there is a dearth

of medical professionals and specialized knowledge. One such instance is Clinicas

de Azucarl, a company that operates in Mexico. AI may also be a helpful tool for

comparing the costs of medical products, which is particularly significant for the

populations of developing nations where the cost of essential medications may be a

barrier. One such tool is already in use in India, where it provides consumers with

information about medical items at different price points from different laboratories,

enabling them to make well-informed decisions.

In Philippines education context, according to Carle (et. al, 2023), AI-powered

tools can evaluate students' progress, pinpoint, and recommend relevant

coursework. Teachers use this to create learning pathways that are more successful.

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Grammarly is one of the AI assistants that the students use, this helps fix and correct

the grammar of a text. These AI-provided explanations give teachers a clear

understanding of what they can impart to pupils while also giving students

information that they can

utilize later or in the upcoming events. Another popular AI tool used by students to

avoid plagiarism is the QuillBot, this helps rephrase a certain sentence. Those are

only one of Artificial intelligence sites that the students use. However, using AI in

school has limitations and risks. Too much use of artificial intelligence can affect

one’s ability to think critically. Most students depend on this that they forgot to work

their assignments on their own. STEM students are one of the students who uses

Artificial intelligence.

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) is one of the

curriculums in K-12. The students under this field are expected to be creative,

critically thinker, knowledgeable and good in problem solving. And this is where some

of the STEM student struggle. They have encountered complex problem in

mathematics that are very hard for them to understand, they also struggle in

comprehension, and that is why they use some sites or applications online for these

academic problems. Chatbots are one application of AI that the students used. These

chatbots give students individualized, engaging learning experiences, improve

accessibility, and offer round-the-clock support. (Inna Nomerovska, 2023)

Upon reviewing all the articles, the researcher found that most of the related

studies exclusively addressed the advantages of artificial intelligence. The researcher

wanted to find out the positive and negative academic impact of artificial intelligence

on STEM students, and because of this, they decided to conduct a study at Llorente

National High School, where most of the STEM students used the technology. This

study intends to provide understanding on the opportunities and problems involved

with incorporating AI into academic situations by analyzing how it affects the

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academic performance of STEM students. It will discuss the possible advantages

and disadvantages of utilizing AI technology, including chatbots for research and

learning, adaptive testing, personalized learning, and predictive analytics.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to explore the perceptions and

experiences on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence Tools to the Academic

Performance of STEM students. Specifically, this study would like to seek answers to

the following questions:

1. What kind of artificial intelligence tools does the STEM students use?

2. What are the reasons why STEM students use artificial intelligence tools?

3. What are the perceived advantages and disadvantages of using artificial

intelligence tools to STEM students?

4. How does artificial intelligence tools impact the academic performance of

STEM students?

Scope and Delimitations

This qualitative research aims to explore and understand the academic impact of

artificial intelligence tools as perceived by STEM students of Llorente National High

School. According to Nassaji (2020), qualitative research focuses on exploring the

depth and nuances of human experiences, perceptions, and behaviors within their

natural context. This method relies on nonnumerical data from open-ended surveys,

observations, and interviews to glean rich, in-depth insights. This study will be

conducted at Llorente National High School during the months of April-May of School

Year 2023-2024. This study is limited to 20 participants selected using purposive

sampling. In this qualitative research, the researcher will serve as the main

instrument of the study. Another tool will be the interview guide. Data will be gathered

through a structured interview with open-ended questions prepared by the

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researchers. It is composed of twelve (12) questions. Objectively, interview questions

are formulated to gather the necessary information about the perceived academic

impact of artificial intelligence to STEM students. It will be validated by a group of

experts using a validation matrix to identify the appropriateness of the questions and

their suitability for the research participants. In gathering data, individual or focus

discussions are employed depending on the preferences of the participants.

Significance of the Study

This study aimed to provide valuable information on the Impact of Artificial

Intelligence tools to the Academic Performance Tools of STEM Students. This is

significant because the following sectors can benefit from this study:

Students. This study will help the students find out the academic impact of artificial

intelligence tools. The students will know its advantages and disadvantages in their

academic performance that would make them more responsible in using artificial

intelligence.

Parents. This study will help the parents in providing assistance particularly on

educating their children about responsible using artificial intelligence tools.

Teachers. This study will help the teachers so that they can teach students on how

and when to use artificial intelligence tools.

School Administrators. This study is relevant to them so that they will acknowledge

the academic impact of artificial intelligence tools on students and conduct seminars

to help the students have a wide knowledge about artificial intelligence tools.

Future Researchers. They can use this as guide and basis for future studies.

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Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the following terms are hereby defined.

Artificial Intelligence - a branch of technology where it simulates human intelligence

processed by machines, especially computer systems. It performs tasks like speech

recognition, decision-making, and problem-solving. In this study, this pertains to the

different types of artificial intelligence tools used by STEM students.

Academic Performance – is the measurement of student’s achievement across

various academic subjects. In this study, this pertains to the completed academic

requirements and self-reported grades of students.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter shows the relevant literature and studies after the in-depth search

done by the researchers. This also presents the synthesis to fully understand the

importance for better comprehension.

Artificial Intelligence

In the 21st century artificial intelligence (AI) has become useful in some fields:

engineering, science, education, medicine, business, accounting, finance, marketing,

economics, stock market and law, among others (Halal, 2014). Artificial intelligence

(AI) has greatly enhanced the performance of both manufacturing and service

systems. The utilization of AI in education is steadily growing and expanding.

Research studies have shown various investigations into the impact of AI on

enhancing the educational process, increasing student satisfaction and retention

(Rico-Bautista et al., 2021), and facilitating flexible learning and self-education

through the creation of a supportive infrastructure for learners (Alzahrani, 2023).

Nevertheless, Raffaghelli (et al. 2022) suggest that the influence of AI on education

should be assessed carefully to avoid overly optimistic or pessimistic conclusions.

They recommend exploring student perceptions of technology use to enable higher

education institutions to adapt their processes accordingly. While Raffaghelli (et. al,

2022) considered perceived risk and attitude in their evaluation, they did not include

social influence. On the other hand, Alzahrani (2023) adapted the UTAUT model to

investigate student attitudes and behavioral intentions towards AI usage. The

adapted model included perceived risk, awareness, and attitude, while removing

social influence. Additionally, Raffaghelli (et. al, 2022) conducted a longitudinal study

on the acceptance of early warning systems (AI tools), incorporating trust into the

model along with the original four predictors.

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 According to Coppin, artificial intelligence is the capacity of machines to deal

with unexpected situations, solve issues, respond to inquiries, devise strategies, and

carry out a variety of other tasks requiring a degree of intelligence usually exhibited

by people. Whitby provided an alternative definition of artificial intelligence, referring

to it as the study of intelligent behavior in humans, animals, and machines with the

goal of incorporating that behavior into an artifact like computers and related

technology (Lijia et. al, 2020).

As cited by Gwo-jen (et. al, 2020), Artificial intelligence (AI), aims to enable

computers to perform tasks by simulating intelligent human behaviors, such as

inference, analysis, and decision making, has advanced and applied more quickly

due to the rapid advancement of computing and information processing techniques

(Duan et. al, 2019). Researchers that have studied artificial intelligence (AI) have

reported major advancements in recent decades. An increasing number of goods can

offer "intelligent services" by interpreting or acting in a manner like people, thanks to

methods like traditional machine learning or contemporary deep learning. These

days, artificial intelligence (AI) is used in many different fields, including speech and

image identification, natural language processing, decision-making, and language

translation. It can take many different forms, too, including computer programs,

applications, embedded control systems in devices.

Nowadays Artificial intelligence technology is applied effectively and

successfully in various educational institutions. The development of students'

academic performance and learning are enhanced by this artificial intelligence. Lower

learning performance is caused by issues with the traditional educational approach,

students' reliance on teachers for all study materials, the lack of experienced

instructors, and an emphasis on conditioning learning rather than utility in the real

world. (LingChong et al., 2022)

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 Moreover, in a research study conducted by Kuleto (et. al, 2019) a survey

was designed to gauge students' awareness levels and opinions on mobile learning-

based systems with AI capabilities in centers of higher learning. The outcomes

offered understanding exploring the opinions of students regarding the application of

modern technologies in higher education. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to

enhance and partially automate research has sparked lively debates in various

scientific fields, such as health sciences, biology, and management. These debates

revolve around the idea of automated science and its implications for the future of

research in disciplines that require high-level abstract thinking, extensive knowledge

of methodologies and epistemology, and persuasive writing skills. These discussions

are relevant to Information Systems (IS) scholars, who are contemplating the role of

AI and automation in theory development and the integration of data-driven and

theory-driven research. This commentary contributes to the ongoing discussion

initiated by Johnson (et al. 2019) in the business disciplines.

STUDENTS ATTITUDE TOWARDS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Given the rapid progress in artificial intelligence (AI), the education sector has

been actively working on incorporating AI-related skills into students' learning. In

2022, South Korea made a significant move by revamping its curriculum to focus on

enhancing students' AI abilities. However, despite these efforts, many students still

have negative perceptions and attitudes toward AI. The current teaching methods

have not effectively addressed this issue. As a result, this study aimed to find

effective strategies to cultivate a more positive outlook on AI among middle school

students. To confront this challenge, an AI education program based on experiential

learning was carefully developed and implemented for middle school students in

Korea. The program's impact on students' attitudes toward AI was thoroughly

evaluated, and the results showed a noteworthy improvement in their perceptions of

AI after participating in the program. This study provides concrete evidence of the

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effectiveness of experiential learning-based AI education in reshaping middle school

students' attitudes toward AI. It highlights the significance of practical, hands-on

experiences in education as a powerful tool to bridge the gap between knowledge

and perception. These insights can inform the development of AI education curricula

worldwide, emphasizing the vital role of experiential learning approaches in fostering

positive attitudes and beliefs about AI among students.

The world is currently experiencing the onset of a new era of industrial

revolution, which is predicted to have a significant impact on global industries

(Aazam et. al, 2018). This revolution involves the integration of physical and digital

worlds, enhancing interactions between humans and machines (Eberhard et al.,

2017) and promoting automation through the combination of smart machines and

intelligent software (Ibarra, Ganzarain, & Igartua, 2018).

Artificial intelligence (AI), which draws from various disciplines such as

philosophy, mathematics, computation, psychology, and neuroscience (Kumar &

Thakur, 2012), is becoming increasingly commonplace in both manufacturing and

service industries (Ibarra et al., 2018). AI aims to enable machines to think like

humans, but with even greater capabilities (Misselhorn, 2018). It empowers

machines to independently gather and process information from their surroundings,

make decisions, solve problems, and perform other tasks that require human-like

reasoning (Von Krogh, 2018). AI is being integrated into workplaces to enhance task

execution and performance (Lee et. al, 2018). It encompasses computer-based

systems and applications that involve machine learning, soft computing, fuzzy logic

systems, smart robots, and virtual and augmented reality, among other things (Chui

et. al, 2017).

Until recently, AI was only seen in science fiction movies and considered

something that would happen in the distant future (McCarthy, et al. 2017). However,

various reports and books have shown how AI is impacting our reality and scientific

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discussions. People who are aware of the advancements in AI often feel a mix of

curiosity, excitement, and anxiety. This anxiety stems from the belief that AI could

potentially view humans as a threat, leading to concerns about cyber-attacks and the

dissemination of unverified information (Edelman Agency et al. 2019). Additionally,

there is apprehension about the potential loss of jobs due to AI development. While

these fears are understandable, they can hinder technological progress. It is

important to understand these concerns as many AI solutions have the potential to

improve our daily lives (Zhang & Dafoe et al. 2019). Therefore, research in

psychology that explores people's distrust of AI and investigates its nature is crucial.

Latifa Alzahrani (et al. 2023) investigated the influence of various factors on

students' attitudes and behaviors relating to the use of AI in higher education. They

applied the structural equation model (SEM) to analyze the relationship between

dependent and independent variables. The results indicated that factors like

performance expectancy and facilitating conditions had a positive impact on students'

attitudes and intention to use AI in education, even though perceived risk had a

negative impact (Rico-Bautista et al., 2021). However, effort expectancy did not

significantly influence attitudes toward the use of AI in higher education. The study

concludes by discussing its research limitations. (Raffaghelli et al. 2022)

EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS TO THE ACADEMIC

Artificial intelligence (AI) and computational sciences have become

increasingly popular in education. AI is being introduced in various forms to improve

student achievement in the classroom. Garcia Martinez (et al., 2024) conducted a

study to analyze how AI and computational sciences impact student performance

using a systematic review and meta-analysis of articles in databases like WOS and

Scopus. The study included 25 articles that show a positive impact on student

performance, particularly in STEM subjects, improving their attitude towards learning

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and motivation. The implementation of these technologies presents educational and

ethical challenges for teachers in terms of their design and implementation, which

requires further analysis. These results are applicable to all educational levels.

This review aimed to evaluate the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on

education. The study focused on how AI is used in administration, instruction, and

learning. The research approach used qualitative methods, including a literature

review, to explore the effects of AI in education. AI refers to the field of study and

technological advancements that have led to computers and machines possessing

human-like intelligence, such as cognitive abilities, learning capabilities, adaptability,

and decision-making skills. The study found that AI has been widely adopted in

various forms by educational institutions. Initially, AI was implemented through

computer technologies and later evolved into web-based and online intelligent

education systems. Moreover, the use of machine learning and adaptability has

allowed for personalized curriculum and content that cater to students' individual

needs. Consequently, this customization has improved students' learning

experiences, engagement, and overall educational quality.

The studies by Rajesh (et. al,2022) and Darwin (et al, 2023) highlight the

benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) in education, especially in improving students'

learning experiences. The favorable effects of AI in education are highlighted in both

studies, with particular attention paid to enhancements in content, organization, and

instructional strategies. While Rajesh address AI's more extensive contributions to

higher education, such as the creation of software applications and improved

teaching aids, Mazuki concentrate on AI writing tools in EFL classes. The present

study and the previously mentioned studies are similar in that they both highlight the

beneficial effects of AI on academic achievement, possibly emphasizing

advancements in content, organization, and learning strategies. However, the current

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study investigates the effects of AI on academic achievement inside the institution,

possibly exploring variables like the degree and scope of utilization.

The results suggest that effective use of AI-based chatbots not only promotes

active student participation, but also increases self-efficacy, learning attitude and

motivation. Both studies demonstrate how AI may help create a more stimulating and

encouraging learning environment, which will ultimately improve students' academic

performance and help them build critical abilities. While the studies' interests in

examining the beneficial effects of AI on education are comparable to that of the

current study, their scopes, educational levels, the technologies they look at, and

geographical contexts are different. This research aims to be more localized and

focus on a specific high school environment, which can provide local knowledge

focusing on a specific high school environment, which can provide insight into the

practical implications of AI in a high school environment.

The research conducted by Kim (et. al, 2023) highlights the beneficial effects

of AI chatbots on students' communication abilities and learning results. Wu and Yu's

meta-analysis highlights that a brief intervention involving brief and targeted

interactions with AI chatbots has a stronger impact on learning outcomes than longer

interventions. These are short interventions, such as review question-and-answer

sessions or focused problem-solving exercises, that provide specific and immediate

help that effectively responds to student questions or challenges.

These related literature findings highlight the importance of artificial

intelligence tools to provide understanding on the problems involved incorporating AI

into academic situations by analyzing how it affects the performance of STEM

students that are strongly supported by the literature reviews and studies included in

this phenomenological study.

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Theoretical Framework

This study is based on the theory of the Technology Acceptance Model

(TAM), developed by Fred Davis in 1986. According to this theory, the technology

acceptance model is defined as a theoretical framework in which the user’s

perceptions of usefulness and ease of use regarding new technology are formed by

various external factors, and those factors indirectly impact whether users embrace a

new technology as well as their attitudes towards it.

Technology acceptance model: perceived usefulness refers to the degree to

which the individual believes that using a new technology will enhance their own

performance, and perceived ease of use refers to the degree to which the individual

accepts that the new technology will be easy to adopt without extensive physical

effort or a steep learning curve. In the technology acceptance model, there are no

restrictions on what external variables may affect the user’s perceptions.

As the chosen theory, this will help the researcher understand why students

use artificial intelligence. This theory will enhance the researcher’s knowledge of the

possible effects of artificial intelligence on STEM students.

In conclusion, applying "A Theory of Technology Acceptance Model" provides

a framework for exploring the effects of artificial intelligence on the academic

performance of STEM students. The theory will enhance the effects of artificial

intelligence and provide a helpful solution to counter this problem.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology used to explore the impact of artificial

intelligence tools to the academic performance of STEM students of Llorente

National High School. It outlines the research design, participants selection, data

collection procedures, and data analysis techniques employed in this qualitative

study. This chapter aims to provide a clear and comprehensive description of the

research process and the steps taken to gather and analyze the data.

Research Design

The researcher will use a phenomenological method in this study. The design

focuses on the study of an individual’s lived experiences and perceptions. According

to Stanford (EOP, 20203), phenomenology is the study of consciousness structures

as perceived from a first-person perspective. In addition, phenomenology is not

restricted to a way of knowing; rather, it is an intellectual process of interpretation and

meaning-making that is employed to comprehend the conscious lived reality of

humans (Qutoshi et al. 2018). This design is suitable for this study as this converge

on the gathering of data concerning the perception of STEM students towards the

impact of artificial intelligence to their academic performance. Additionally, qualitative

approach is used. Qualitative research is an approach that focuses on the behavior

and opinions of others and answering questions of 'how' and 'why'. It aims to interpret

what the participants have said to clarify why they have said it. This approach is

appropriate to the study since it utilize qualitative technique such as interview to

identify the perception of STEM students towards artificial intelligence impact to their

academic performance.

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Research Locale

The research will be conducted at Llorente National High School, a public

educational institution located at Barangay 12, Escalo St. in Llorente Eastern Samar,

Philippines. This school offers both junior and senior high school programs and is

likely to receive government support while closely adhering national curriculum,

which places significant importance on research as an integral part of the learning

process. Given its characteristics, this school serves as an ideal location for the

qualitative research study, where data will be collected and interviews will be

conducted.

Population and Sampling Techniques

The population of this study will consist of both Grade 11 and Grade 12

STEM Students of Llorente National High School. The sampling technique that will

be used in this study is purposive sampling, which is a qualitative research sampling

strategy that involves selecting participants with rich experiences or interest in the

researchers study. The criteria for participant selection include being a Grade 11 and

Grade 12 STEM student, having a willingness to participate, and having diverse

background, including varying levels of academic performance and interest. A total of

20 participants will be selected based on these criteria.

Research Participants

The selection of participants for this study will be conducted through

purposive sampling. The participants of this study will consist of both Grade 11 and

Grade 12 STEM Students of Llorente National High School. 10 students in Grade 11

STEM and 10 students also in Grade 12 STEM strand; generally, there are 20

participants in this study. The sample will be chosen based on their willingness to

participate and diverse backgrounds, including varying levels of academic

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performance and interests. Their answers to the researcher’s questions will be based

on their understanding and opinions.

Research Instrument

To gather the data of this study, a structured interview guide will be used.

This guide will consist of twelve (12) open-ended questions that will encourage the

participants to express their thoughts and perspective about the artificial intelligence

tools. The interview will be needing 10 participants of STEM 11 and STEM 12, in total

of 20 participants of STEM students. The questions will be asked in layman's term by

the researcher in case some respondents might have trouble in understanding. This

will be done to ensure that all questions are answered and answered correctly by the

respondents.

Research Instrument Validation

To ensure the reliability and validity of data to be collected for the qualitative

research titled "Impact of Artificial Intelligence Tools to the Academic Performance of

STEM Students" a thorough research instrument validation process will be

undertaken. Content and face validity will be assessed to determine whether the

research instrument accurately covers the desired content. In this stage, a panel of

experts in education will review the interview questions and prompts. They will be

evaluating the clarity, relevance, and appropriateness of the items and will provide

feedback for refinement. If the instrument will be rated to 4.00-5.00, it will be

assumed that the instrument is deemed appropriate. The panel's suggestion and

recommendations will be incorporated in creating the final version of the instrument.

The researcher will first develop an interview guide with open-ended questions that

explores the participants perception about the impact of artificial intelligence tools to

their academic performance.

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Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering procedure will involve series of steps to capture the

impact of artificial intelligence tools to STEM Students Academic Performance. The

chosen research instrument for this study is a structured interview schedule. Prior to

the conduct of the interview, the researchers will ask permission from the School

Principal of Llorente National High School. Upon approval, the researchers will

arrange the schedule day and time of the interview upon considering participants

preference. During the actual interview, informed consent will be collected from the

participants to make sure their voluntary participation of the study. The interview will

also be audio-recorded with the participants permission to make sure that they

capture the participants response accurately. Field notes will also be taken during

and after the interviews to record non-verbal cues and contextual information. After

the interview the researchers will transcribe the data for analysis.

Data Analysis

The data that will be collected from the interviews will be interpret, analyze,

and organize using thematic analysis. It will start from transcribing the data, cleaning

the data, and identifying recurring themes to extract meaningful insights and draw

conclusions about the impact of artificial intelligence tools to the academic

performance of STEM students.

Ethical Consideration

Throughout the research process, ethical guidelines will be strictly followed to

protect the rights and well-being of the participants. The researcher will ensure and

reassure the respondents that their name will be kept confidential and the data we

will receive will solely be used for academic uses and will not be used for any

personal gains. Before the researcher gather data, the researcher will get informed

consent.

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