Chapter Seven

Chemical Reactions

We know properties, characteristics and changes of substances are the knowledge

discussed in chemistry. The elements in nature are constantly changing.
Transformation to a different state is called physical change while changing into a new
element with new properties is called chemical change. These changes occur due to
certain physical and chemical reactions. This chapter will discuss elaborately on kinds
of reactions, rates of reactions etc.
By the end of chapter, we will be able to:
• Different between physical and chemical reactions
• Identify chemical reactions by analyzing the changes in a substance
• Classify the chemical reactions- redox/non- redox, reversible/irreversible,
endothermic/ exothermic and detect the types of reactions
• Explain the amount of products gained through chemical reaction in terms of Le
Chatelier’s principle
• Detect the type of redox-non redox reactions by analyzing the change
• Explain many reactions taking place in various fields of real life
• Find out ways to prevent or control the harmful reactions in real life situation
(like, ways of prevention of rusting on iron made materials)
• Explain the compare concerned reaction rate
• Examine and compare the reaction speed or rate by using various materials
• Show consciousness in using metal substance in our daily life
• Show the difference in the reaction rate through experiments demonstrate the
acid-base neutralization reaction and precipitation reactions
7.1 Changes of Matter
The substances existing in nature undergo changes due to heat, pressure and contact
with other substances. There are two types of changes: physical change and chemical
change.

7.1.1 Physical Change

All chemical substances consist of one or more elements. Sometimes, changes occur
only in physical conditions of substance leaving their chemical structure unchanged.
This is called physical change. For example, a solid piece of ice, if kept in the room
temperature, absorbs heat from the environment and gradually melts into liquid water.
Again, heating the liquid water up to the level of 100℃ will see the water vaporize
into air. Here, the molecular formula of all three-water, ice and vapor is same- H2O.
That means each molecule of them has the same two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms
in them. Therefore, all three substances are same, only their physical states are
different- ice is solid while water is liquid and vapor is gaseous. This kind of change is
called physical change.

7.1.2 Chemical Change

Sometimes, at the change of external temperature or pressure and contact with some
other substance, some substances change completely into newer substances with
newer percent composition of the existing elements. This kind of change is called
chemical change. That means, the kind of change that forms newer substances with
newer set of properties is called chemical change. The new substance formed through
chemical change gets the same molecules that were there in the original elements.
Isolated ions or atoms are formed out of the dissociation in the bond of the previous
element. These isolated ions or atoms later constitute new bonds among themselves
and create new molecule. As a result, chemical change also implies dissociation of old
bonding and formation of new bonding too. The gas we use for cooking basically
consists of methane (CH4). When methane gas burnt in oxygen, carbon dioxide, water
vapor and heat energy is produced. This is chemical change.

Similarly, calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid and produces calcium
chloride, carbon dioxide and water. This is also chemical change.
7.2 Classification of Chemical Reactions
We can classify the chemical reactions on the basis of following way:

7.2.1 Direction of Reaction

According to direction of reaction, chemical reactions are of two kinds: Irreversible

reactions and Reversible reactions.

Irreversible Reactions

In irreversible reactions, only the reactants convert to products. Products cannot be

converted to reactants by reaction if any one of the products from reaction is removed
from the reaction medium. For example, calcium carbonate, when heated in a
container breaks into solid limestone and gaseous carbon dioxide. If the carbon
dioxide gas is removed from the container, then too, the limestone will not convert
back to calcium carbonate. Thus, it is an irreversible reaction. Irreversible reactions
are written in equations with a right faced arrow (—›) mark in the midst of reactants
and products.

Reversible Reactions

In a reversible reaction, the reactants react and convert to products and the products
react again and revert to reactants. In reversible reactions, two reactions continue
simultaneously. In one reaction, the reactants react and produce the product, which is
called forward reaction. In the other one, the products react again and convert to the
reactant, which is called backward reaction. Reversible reactions are written in
equation with double headed half arrow marks in the midst of reactants and products.
For example, ethanol and ethanoic acid react in presence of hydrochloric acid and
produce ethyl ethanoate ester and water. Conversely, ethyl ethanoate ester and water
react with each other and produce ethanol and ethanoic acid. In an equation, it will be
shown,

Similarly, hydrogen and iodine react and produce hydrogen iodide as product and this
product again converts into hydrogen and iodine. This is also reversible reaction.
Indeed, all reactions are reversible reactions, but m some reactions, the backward
reaction is of so slow a rate, that they appear to be irreversible reactions.

7.2.2 Heat Change and Reactions

You have already learned that heat change is a factor in chemical reaction. According
to absorption of heat and generation of heat, reactions are classified into two
categories: exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction.

Exothermic Reactions
When heat evolves at the time of producing the products from reactants, the reaction is
called exothermic reaction. For example, 1 mole nitrogen and 3 moles hydrogen in the
Heber process produce 2 mole ammonia and 92 kilojoules of heat. The reaction is:

Here, ground Fe acts as the catalyst. According to balanced equation, the heat change
during a reaction is called reaction heat. It is denoted by ∆H. If heat is evolved during
a reaction, its value is negative.

Endothermic Reactions
When heat is absorbed at the time of producing the products from recreants, the
reaction is called endothermic reaction. 1 mole nitrogen and 1 mole oxygen react and
produce 2 moles nitric oxide. When they do so, they absorb 180 kJ heat. This is
endothermic reaction.

Here also, we can use the symbol of heat ∆H. In endothermic reaction, the value of
absorbed heat is positive.
7.2.3 Electron Transfer
Depending on electron transfer, reaction can be divided into two types: redox reaction
and non-redox reaction.

Redox Reactions

Red, the initial part of the term Reduction and the initial part of Oxidation, Ox are
combined into Redox, which means, oxidation-reduction. In redox reaction, there
occurs electron transfer in the reaction. A reactant donates an electron and the other
reactant receives that electron. That means, a redox reaction is divided in two parts. In
one part, the donation of electron takes place which is called oxidation half reaction.
In the other half, the other reactant accepts the donated electron, which is called
reduction half reaction. The reactant which donates electron in such a reaction is
called reductant and the one which accepts electron is called oxidant.

Here, Na is donating electron as it is reductant substance and conversely, Cl is

accepting that electron as it is oxidant substance.

The reaction in which electron donation of an atom occurs or positive charge of that
atom increases or negative charge of that decreases is called oxidation reaction.

The reaction in which an atom accepts electron or the positive charge of an atom
decreases or the negative charge of an atom increases is called reduction reaction.

Oxidation Number: Atoms in molecules or radicals sometimes tend to donate

electron and sometimes tend to accept electron. The tendency to donate electron of an
atom is denoted by a number added with a plus (+) mark and the tendency to accept
electron of an atom is denoted by a number added with a minus (-) mark. In any
molecule or radical, this number with plus or minus mark is the oxidation number.

The oxidation number of neural atoms like Na, Mg, Fe etc. are taken to be zero (0).
Similarly, atoms in molecules that consist of homogenous atoms like H2, O2, N2, Cl2,
Br2 etc. are regarded to have oxidation number of zero.
The oxidation number of Fe in FeSO4 is +2 while the oxidation number of the same
atom in Fe metal is 0.

Determining Oxidation Number: In a compound oxidation number of an element

depends on the oxidation numbers of other elements of the compound. To determine
oxidation number of an element in a compound, standard oxidation number of other
elements is used.

Table 7.1: Oxidation Number of Atoms in Different Compounds

1. Let us suppose the oxidation number of the atom in a compound or ion that is to be
determined is x.

2. Oxidation numbers of all elements in the compound or ion are to be multiplied

witheir respective number of atoms and then their total is to be found.
3. In the case of molecules, the total will be zero (0) and in the case with ions, it will
be equal to the its number of charges added with the marks. For example, we need to
determine the oxidation number of central atom Mn in KMnO4. Suppose, the
oxidation number of Mn is x, oxidation number of K is +1 and O is -2. The total in
formula presented above will be equal to the oxidation number of KMnO 4. KMnO4 is
a charge neutral molecule, therefore, its charge is 0. So,

The oxidation number of Mn is +7.

4. Apart from hydroxide, the oxidation number of hydrogen is generally + 1. Apart

from the exceptions mentioned in the table 7.01, the oxidation number of oxygen is -2.

Determining the oxidation number of S in H2SO4

Suppose, the oxidation number of S = x

Therefore,

(1) × 2 + 𝑥 + (−2) × 4 = 0

Or, x = 6

The oxidation number of S in H2SO4 is +6

@ Do it Yourself
Find out the oxidation number of the elements written in red colour among the
following [Link]: CuSO4, HNO3, H3PO4, MnO2, K2Cr2O7, Na2S2O3, CuI.

Given: Oxidation numbers of Cu = +2, 0 = -2, H = +l, K = +l, Na = +1, I = -1.

Oxidation number and valency are not same. Oxidation number is the number of
charge in atom or ion along with its sign. It may be positive or negative, integer or
fraction. The oxidation number of an element may vary in different compounds. On
the other hand, valency is the capacity of an element to bond with other elements. It is
always an integer and is never positive or negative. Only, in the case of inert gas, the
valency is zero.

Oxidation-reduction is a simultaneous process: You already know what is oxidation

and what is reduction and what is oxidant and what is reductant. Oxidation-reduction
reaction takes place simultaneously. Let us consider the reaction below:
Here in it, the reduction agent Na has donated one electron from its outermost shell to
complete the oxidation half reaction. The oxidant Cl

has accepted that electron and completed the reduction half reaction.

Oxidation half reaction Na0 → Na+ + e-

Reduction half reaction Cl0 + e- → Cl-

If we add these two half reactions, we get the oxidation- reduction reaction.

Na0 + Cl0 → Na+ + cl- ≡ NaCl

It is clear here that the reduction agent has donated the electron to the oxidation agent.
If oxidation agent Cl wouldn't accept the electron, the reduction agent Na would not
have been able to donate electron. So, it can be said, oxidation and reduction will
occur together. They are simultaneous process.

Since reductant donates electron and oxidant accepts that electron, therefore,
oxidation-reduction is actually the transfer of electron.

There are some reactions where oxidation-reduction occurs. They are:

1. Addition Reaction

2. Decomposition Reaction

3. Substitution or Displacement Reaction

4. Combustion Reaction

1. Addition Reaction: A reaction in which a new compound is formed by

combination of two or more elements or molecules is called addition reaction. For
example, chlorine adds with ferrous chloride and produces ferric chloride:

Similarly, hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen gas and forms ammonia gas:

However, the addition reaction where two or more elements combine together to form
a new compound is called synthesis. According to this definition, the reaction for
ammonia gas is also a synthesis.
2. Decomposition Reaction: The process in which a compound breaks into one or
more elements or molecules is called decomposition reaction. For example, when heat
is applied on phosphorus pentachloride, it decomposes into phosphorus trichloride and
chlorine.

Similarly, one water molecule decomposes to produce two different molecules on

electrolysis. Hydrogen and oxygen are produced in cathode and anode.

3. Substitution or Displacement Reaction: The process in which an element or

radical displaces another element or radical from a compound and takes its place is
called substitution reaction. For example, zinc metal displaces hydrogen from sulfuric
acid to form zinc sulfate and hydrogen gas:

4. Combustion Reaction: The process in

which any compound or element is burnt in
presence of atmospheric oxygen and converts
to oxides of its elements is called combustion
reaction. Usually heat is evolved in combustion
reaction. This process also involves electron
exchange. For example, natural gas or methane
reacts with oxygen of air and produces carbon
dioxide and water.

Fig 7.01: combustion of fuel.

Similarly, S, C, Mg and H2 produce their oxides and heat evolves when they are burnt.

In all combustion reactions, oxygen accepts electron donated by the other element or
compound. Therefore, this kind of reaction belongs to the oxidation-reduction type.
Non Redox

There are some reactions where electron exchange does not occur. These reactions are
called non-redox reactions. In this kind of reaction, there is no involvement of increase
or decrease of oxidation number of any reactant because there is no electron exchange.
Some of the kind of reactions is discussed below: Like (1) Neutralization reaction (2)
precipitation reaction etc.

1. Neutralization Reaction: An acid and a base react with each other and neutralize
into salt and water in some reactions which are known as neutralization reaction. They
are also known as acid-base reactions. NaOH and HCl, for example neutralize each
other and convert to NaCl salt and water:

Heat always evolves from neutralization reactions. That is to say, neutralization

reactions are exothermic. When both the acid and base are strong, the evolved heat
amounts to ∆H = -57.34kJ. In this kind of reaction, acid provides the hydrogen ion
(H+) while the base provides the hydroxide ion (OH-). These two ions react then and
produce water. In NaCl solution, sodium ion is Na+ and chlorine ion is c1-.

In this solution, the two ions Na+, Cl- do not participate in the reaction. They are called
spectator ions. The actual equation of a neutralization reaction is:

Finally, neutralization reaction is the water producing reaction by means of H+ and

OH- ions. Whatever the strong of both the acid and the base we take in this kind of
reaction they will provide the same ions and produce water. The amount of heat that
evolves to produce 1 mole water is called neutralization heat. Calculation tells us that
it evolves 57.34 kJ heat.
Experiment:
Demonstration of Neutralization Reaction

Take 10 mL NaOH solution in a beaker. Take HCl solution in another beaker. Dip a
blue litmus paper in the solution. Now use your left hand to pour HCI solution with a
dropper in the NaOH solution. Simultaneously use a glass tube in your right hand to
stir mix the solutions. The moment the blue litmus paper turns red, you will
understand HCI has neutralized NaOH solution.

2. Precipitation Reaction: When two soluble compounds are mixed in a certain

solvent and if any new compound is produced that is insoluble or sparsely soluble in
that solvent, the compound settles at the bottom of the container as solid. This solid
new compound at the bottom is called precipitate. The reaction in which the produced
compound settles at the bottom of the container as precipitate is called the
precipitation reaction. For example, when silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is mixed
with sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, they react to produce silver chloride and sodium
nitrate. NaNO3 is highly soluble in water, so it remains dissolved in the solution. But
since solubility of AgCl is sparse, it settles at the bottom as precipitate:

When you add barium chloride (BaCl2) solution with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)
solution, they produce barium sulfate (BaSO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl). Barium
sulfate is precipitated.

However, there are some precipitation reactions in which there occurs electron
exchange. You will know about them in higher classes.

Experiment:
The precipitate is denoted by a bottom-faced arrow mark (↓) at its right.

7.3 Special Types of Chemical Reactions

There are some chemical reactions which do not fall in the redox and non-redox
classifications. Some of them are discussed below:

Hydrolysis Reactions: The chemical reactions, in which water as a reactant reacts

with other compounds and produce some new compounds is called hydrolysis.
Example:

Here, SiCl4 and H2O are participating in a reaction so it is a hydrolysis reaction. This
kind of reaction sometimes produces non-transparent soluble compounds. In that case,
the reaction may be considered as a precipitation reaction. The following reaction can
be classified as both hydrolysis reaction and precipitation reaction:

Here, Al(OH)3 is non- soluble water.

Hydration Reaction: One or more molecules of water combine with ionic compounds
during formation of crystal lattice. This kind of reaction is called hydration reaction.
Water molecules that combine with ionic compounds is called lattice water or
hydrated water. For example, 5 moles water (5H2O) combines with copper sulfate
(CuSO4) and produce pentahydrate copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O).

there are many such reactions:

Hydration reaction is basically similar to addition reaction. However, in addition
reaction, there is electron exchange while in hydration, it is not.

Isomerization Reaction: Two compounds with similar molecular formula and with
different properties are called isomer to each other. A chemical reaction in which
atoms in a molecule rearrange themselves to form one isomer from another isomer is
called isomerization. For example, H4N2CO molecular formula denotes two
compounds with varied structural formula: NH4CNO (ammonium cyanate) and urea
(H2N-CO-NH2). They are isomers to each other. When heat is applied on ammonium
cyanate, it produces urea.

Polymerization Reaction: A large number of molecules of the same compound

combine together to form a large molecule of heavy atomic mass under the effect of
high temperature and pressure and catalyst. This reaction is called polymerization. In
such case, the large molecule is called polymer and each of the smaller molecules that
combine together is called monomer. Under the effect of 1200 atm. pressure, 200°C
temperature and O2 catalyst, numerous smaller molecules of ethylene combine into
large polymer molecule of polythene. This reaction is polymerization reaction of
ethylene. Here, ethylene molecules are monomers while polythene molecule is
polymer. In the equation, n denotes numerous molecules.

7.4 Examples of a Few Real Life Chemical Reactions:

7.4.1 Chemical Reactions in Reality

We observe many happenings around us everyday which are caused by chemical

reactions. Examples:

1. Rust on Iron: We use various instruments made of iron everyday like knife,
scissors, machete etc. If we keep them exposed in open air, they undergo rusting.
Here, iron undergoes reaction with oxygen and water vapor and produces ferric oxide.
Since rust is fragile in nature, oxygen and water vapor from air pass through it and
continue to corrode the iron. Thus the whole object of iron is spoiled.
The number of moles of water in rust is not fixed. That is why, the formula of rust is
Fe2O3.nH2O Here, the value of n can be 1, 2, 3, 4……etc. integers.

2. Prevention of Corrosion of Copper and Aluminum: We also use copper-

aluminum products in our day to day life. When products made of Cu and Al come in
touch of open air, there produce a layer of CuO and [Link] layer acts to prevent
the air to come in direct contact with Cu and Al and no more reaction take place. Thus
the decay of Cu and Al is prevented.

3. Relief from the bite of ants and Bee: When ants or bee bite us, we feel pain in the
spot of the wound. We use lime on that spot to get relief from the pain. The ant in its
mouth or the bee in its sting carries an acid which is the cause of our pain. The lime
(base) reacts with that acid and neutralizes that. As a result, we are relieved of the
pain.

4. Energy Produced through Respiration: Respiration occurs in every cell of our

body. In respiration, basically, glucose (C6H12O6) molecule is oxidized by O2 and in
the process CO2, H2O and energy is produced.
The digestion system in human body forms excess HCl in many of us. To neutralize
this acid, many doctors prescribe us to take antacid type medicine. Antacid is a
mixture of Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)3. These two bases neutralize excess HCl and the
patient feels relieved. The equation of the reaction is:

5. Natural Gas as Fuel: Natural gas is used as fuel. Maximum percentage of natural
gas is composed of methane. When this methane gas is burnt in oxygen, it produces
CO2, H2O and heat. When we burn CNG, diesel, petrol, kerosene and octane, they
produce the same products.

7.4.2 Ways of Prevention of Some Harmful Reactions

Many products around us are continuously being decayed or eroded due to some
chemical reactions. We can make use of our knowledge of chemistry to prevent such
decaying and save many of them.

(i) To prevent corrosion of rust on iron, one can paint the outside of iron products so
that it does not come in contact with air. A coating of a comparatively less active
metal on iron through electrolysis, which is called electroplating, can also save iron
from rusting. The process which lays a coating of zinc on other metals is called
galvanizing and the process of tin plating lays a tin coating. The process which lays a
coating of a metal on other metals through electrolysis is called electroplating. This
way we can save metals from corrosion.

(ii) The roof and yard of our houses become slippery during the rainy season. Then,
we spread sand on those slippery spots. The slippery substance is alkaline. Therefore,
it requires some acidic substance to be neutralized. Sand (SiO2) is acidic. This sand
neutralizes the alkaline there.

(iii) Sewing needles are kept in coconut oil. The reason is to prevent it from any
reaction with oxygen and water vapor of air and get corroded.

7.5 Rate of Reaction

We know, in any reaction, reactants convert to products. Some reactions take the time
of less than 1 second while, some take quite a lot of time.

The amount of product produced from reactant per unit time is called the rate of
reaction.

Fig 7.03: Reactions with Different Rates, Rust on iron, combustion of candle, Exploration of bomb

For example, whenAgNO3 is added to NaCl solution, it takes less than 1 second to
create the white precipitate of AgCl. On the other hand, it takes years together for a
bridge to rust. Reactions that take less time have a higher rate of reaction and reactions
that take more time have a lower rate of reaction.

Investigation
Experiment on Rate of Reaction

Take four test tubes and mark them 1, 2, 3, 4. Take an approximate amount of 0.5 mg
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) or washing soda in each of them. Then add normal water
to tube 1 and 2 and hot water to 3 and 4. Now add 1 mL lemon juice (citric acid) or
vinegar (4-10% acetic acid) to tube number 2 and 4. Observe the following changes:
1. Which of the test tubes produces gas bubbles?

2. Which of the test tubes does not produce gas bubbles?

3. Which test tube produces the maximum number of gas bubbles?

4. Which test tube produces the minimum number of gas bubbles?

Think: Why does gas come out in larger amount from one of the tubes of number 2
and 4?

The above experiment tells you all test tubes do not give the same amount of product
at a certain time

7.5.1 Le Chatelier's Principle

In some reactions products react and turn into reactants again. When the reactants
react and produce new substance that is called forward reaction. When the products
again react and revert back to reactants that are called backward reaction. At the start
of reaction, the forward reaction has a higher rate. It decreases gradually with the
progress of time. Again, at the start, the rate of backward reaction remains slow but it
increases gradually with the progress of time. At a stage, both the rates become equal.
This state is known as equilibrium of the reversible reaction.
Both forward and backward reactions continue in the equilibrium, the amount of
reactants that have already turned into products in forward reaction, is equal to the
reactants that has been produced in backward reaction at this state. Therefore, it
appears that the reaction has stopped but in reality it has not. However, in equilibrium,
if we change factors of reaction such as temperature, pressure and concentration etc.
the equilibrium also changes. Increase and decrease of products in equilibrium of
reversible reaction is controlled by Le Chatelier's principle. The principle is:

At the equilibrium of reversible reaction, if any of the factors (temperature, pressure

and concentration of reactant) is changed, the equilibrium position will shift in such a
way that the effect of factor is neutralized.

Explanation of Le Chatellier's Principle:

The effect of temperature, pressure and concentration of reactants in equilibrium can

be explained by Le Chatellier's principle.

Effect of Heat

Let us consider a reversible reaction:

The forward part of this reaction is exothermic; when reactants N2 and H2 react to
produce NH3, they also evolve heat. Conversely in the backward part, when NH3
converts to N2 and H2, it absorbs heat. Therefore, heat is required to be applied. Now
we shall see according to Le Chatellier's principle, what will happen as we apply heat
on this reversible reaction. According to the principle, if heat is applied, the effect due
to that heat has to be neutralized. Application of heat will increase the forward
reaction, increasing production of heat and that will not neutralize the heat. If the
reverse reaction is increased, that will absorb more heat and neutralize the excess heat.
Therefore, according to Le Chatellier 's principle, we can say that, if heat is increased,
the reverse reaction will also increase. In other words, the effect of application of heat
in exothermic reaction will drive the equilibrium state to the left side, meaning, NH3
converts into N2 and H2.

In the same way, we can say, decrease of temperature in equilibrium will increase the
exothermic forward reaction and neutralize the effect of lesser heat.

The equilibrium will shift from left to right. Reactions that are not affected by
temperature will not have any effect on its equilibrium too.
Let us consider another reaction:

Application of heat on this reaction will increase the forward endothermic reaction or
the equilibrium will shift left to right; N2 and O2 will react and produce NO. In
equilibrium, if heat is decreased, the reverse exothermic reaction will increase
reversing the equilibrium right to left; NO will convert into N2 and O2.

Effect of Pressure

In equilibrium of gaseous reaction, equilibrium of the reaction will change with the
change of pressure. In equilibrium, change of the total number of moles of reactants
and of products will create effect of pressure. Example:

According to Le Chatellier, if pressure is applied, the effect of increased pressure has

to be neutralized. In the same volume, the gas with greater number of moles has
greater pressure and gas with smaller number of moles has smaller amount of
pressure. In the above reversible reaction, the gaseous product has greater number of
moles (1 +3 = 4) whereas the right side has smaller number (2). So, to neutralize the
effect of increased pressure, the gaseous substance has to shift from larger number to
smaller number. The forward reaction will increase and N 2 and H2 will produce NH3
In other words, the equilibrium will shift from greater moles to smaller moles. So, if
pressure is decreased in equilibrium, according to the principle, to neutralize the effect
of decreased pressure, the equilibrium state will shift toward greater moles from
smaller moles.

We can consider another reversible reaction:

In this reaction, mole number of reactants is (1 + 1) = 2 and mole number of product is

also 2. Since this reaction has no change in the number of moles, there is no change in
pressure too. The reaction does not evidence any effect of pressure on its equilibrium.

Effect of Concentration

Equilibrium of all reactions are effected by the concentration of reactants. If in the

equilibrium state of the reaction, the concentration of any reactant is increased, Le
Chatellier says the concentration of the reactant has to be decreased in order to
neutralize the effect of increased concentration. Similarly, if the concentration of any
product is increased, the amount of product is neutralized as the reaction reverts and
the concentration of reactants is increased. That means, the equilibrium shifts toward
left.

Exercise
Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following acids is present in vinegar?

a. Citric acid b. acetic acid

c. tartaric acid d. ascorbic acid

2. Which can be used in the wound of bee stinging?

a. lime b. acetic acid

c. table salt d. water

3. What type of reactions occurs when antacid medicine is taken?

a. neutralization b. combustion

c. addition d. substitution/displacement

4. In the reaction H2SO4 + MgO →

i. heat is produced

ii. electron transition occurs

iii. precipitation occurs

which is correct?

a. i b. ii and iii

c. i and iii d. i, ii and iii

5. The reaction 2FeCl2+ Cl2 → 2FeCl3

i. Isomerization reaction

ii. addition reaction

iii. redox reaction

Which is correct?

a. i and ii b. i and iii

c. ii and iii d. i, ii and iii

6. What is the oxidation number of Sulfur in H2SO4?

a. +2 b. +4

c. +6 d. +8

Creative Questions
I .Both Opu and Setu use natural gas for cooking. Although there
are black shades at the bottom of pans in Opu' s house, there is
none on the pans at Setu.' s house.
a. What is irreversible reaction?
b. What is meant by chemical equilibrium?
c. What type of reactions occur during cooking in their house?
Explain.
d. In your opinion, in which of the houses of the stem, gas is
wasted during cooking? Give reasons for your opinion.

2. Pb(NO3)2 +2Kl →

The table below is filled up in the light of the above reaction [K=39, I=127]

a. What is exothermic reaction?

b. Why aren't periodic number and valency same things? Discuss

c. What is the total amount of KI used in the period? Determine.

d. Which container will contain more yellow solution? Explain with reasons.

3.

a. What is isomerization reaction?

b. What do you understand by reversible reaction?

c. Determine the oxidation number of sulfur in product substance of 2nd reaction.

d. In the first reaction of the stem, redox- occurs simultaneously. Analyze.

 Board Questions
Chapter Seven
Chemical Reaction
1.

i. H2S + Cl2 → S + 2HCl

ii. CH3CH2COOCH3 + H2O → CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH

a. What is crystal water?

b. How does sodium hydrogen carbonate inflate cakes?

c. Explain the reason behind calling reaction no. (ii) a hydrolysis reaction.

d. Can reaction no. (i) be called both redox and displacement reaction? Analyze using
equations.

2.

i. Mg(OH)2+ 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O

ii. CaO + CO2 → CaCO3

iii. Ca + F2 → CaF2

a. What is oxidation number?

b. Why concentrated HNO3 kept in brown colored bottle?

c. Explain with role of like (i) reaction in our daily life.

d. All synthesis reactions are addition but all addition reactions are not synthesis –
analyze it.
3.

A is a gas with pungent smell. Compound B is produced by heating liquid CO2 with A
at high pressure and 130℃ -150℃

a. What is covalent bond?

b. Write the importance of neutralization reaction in dental care.

c. Write the preparation of soda ash from A with equation.

d. How the plants suck up the main plant nutrient from B? analyze with equations.

4.

i. AlCl3(s) + 3H2O → Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl (aq)

ii. FeCl2 + Cl2 → FeCl3

a. What is oxidant?

b. Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state –explain it.

c. Show that by electronic concept oxidation reduction reaction occurs simultaneously

in the reaction no (ii).

d. Will the reaction no (i) be called both precipitation and hydrolysis? Analyze with
logic.

5.

i. H2(g) +I2(g) → 2HI(g); ∆H = +52kJ

ii. AgNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → AgOH (s) + NaNO3(aq)

a. What is molar volume?

b. How does spectrum create in atom?

c. Explain the effect of temperature on reaction no. (i) according to the Le Chatelier’s
principle.
 d. Mention the preparation of Tollen’s reagent from one of the product of reaction no.
(ii) of the stem and write the reaction with aldehyde.

6.

Observe the following reactions and answer the related questions:-

i. Zn(s) + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + ‘X’

ii. Zn(s) + H2SO4(conc.) → ZnSO4 + ‘Y’ +H2O

a. Write down the formula of rust.

b. Why lime is used to the affected spot stung by bee? Explain.

c. Describe the reduction process of reaction (i).

d. Compare between the rate of diffusion of X and Y.

7.

Mixture of
NH4Cl and
20g
Ca(OH)2

a. What is endothermic reaction?

b. Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state –explain.

c. Determine the amount of produced basic gas in gram of the stem.

d. Write down the adsorption of nitrogenous fertilizer which is obtained from the
produced gas of the stem. – explain with reactions.
8.

Observe the following table and give the answer of the related questions;-

Element Electronic
Configuration
A 1
B 2,5
C 2, 8, 5
3A2(g) + B2(g) → 2BA3(g); ∆H = -92kJ

[Here A, B and C used as symbols]

a. What is symbol?

b. Why CH3COOH is a weak acid? Explain.

c. Element B shows variable valency –explain according to the number of unpaired

electrons.

d. What will be happened by increasing heat and pressure at equilibrium state of the
reaction of the stem? Analyze according to Le Chatelier’s Principle.

9.

X a compound that is the main ingredient of toilet cleaner. This compound is produced
by the electrolysis of Brine.

a. Write the formula of phenol.

b. Explain the Le Chateliers’ Principle.

c. How much X will be needed to prepare 750 mL 0.25M X solution?

d. By using X compound in two steps with CH3COOH methane can be prepared –

explain with equation.
11.

2FeCl2 + Cl2 → 2FeCl3

a. Write the composition of brass.

b. Why heat is produced when lime is mixed with water? Explain with equation.

c. Explain with equation that stem reaction is an oxidation reduction reaction.

d. Explain the usage of dilute basic solution to identify the two salts of the above stem.

12.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) + 92kJ

a. Write the molecular formula of sulphur.

b. Explain that water is a polar compound.

c. How much nitrogen is required to prepare 102gm product of the stem?

d. Explain the effect of Le Chatelier’s Principle on stem reaction.

13.

i. HgCl2 + Hg → Hg2Cl2

ii. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

a. What is brine?

b. Why does MnO4 use in the dry cell?

c. Show that oxidation reduction occurs simultaneously in the light of stem reaction no
(i).

d. The percent composition of the element of the reactant and product of the stem
reaction no (ii) are different. Analyze it.
14. NH4Cl + Ca (OH)2 → A(g) + B + H2O

a. In which year the structure of the atom was given by Neils Bohr?

b. “Atom is natural for electricity” –explain the statement.

c. Determine the mass of 105 molecules of the compound A.

d. Analyze, what type of reaction will be occurred if silver nitrate solution is added
with the B compound.

15.

Mixture of
NH4Cl and
20g Ca(OH)2

a. What is hydration reaction?

b. Chemical equilibrium is dynamic state –explain.

c. How much basic gas will be produced from the stem? Determine.

d. Write down the adsorption of nitrogenous fertilizer with reactions which is obtained
from the produced gas of the stem? Explain with reaction.

16.

Three reactions are given below:

i. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + X(g)

ii. X(g) + H2O(l) → M compound

iii. K2O + H2O(l) → N compound

[Here X, M and N are the symbols]

a. What is effusion?

b. What type of reaction of the first reaction of the stem is? Explain.

c. Determine the oxidation number of Carbon in the compound M.

d. The produced salt by M and N of the stem is basic. – analyze it.

18.

i. H2S + Cl2 → S + 2HCl

ii. AlCl3 (s) + 3H2O (l) → Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(aq)

a. What is heat of reaction ?

b. How does sodium hydrogen carbonate blow up cake?

c. Show that oxidation and reduction occurs at the same time in reaction (i).

d. In how many types of reactions could reaction number (i) be included? Explain.

19.

i. FeCl3 + H2O → Fe(OH)3 + HCl

ii. CaCl2 + 6H2O → CaCl2.6H2O

a. Write the modern period law.

b. Though graphite is non-metal but it is good conductor –explain it.

c. How will you identify the metallic ion of (i) no. reaction? Write it with reaction.

d. Though both reactions of the stem occur in presence of water but their types are
different- analyze it.
20.

i. NaOH+ HCl → NaCl + H2O

ii. Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu

iii. SO3(g) + H2O(l) → ?

a. What is an isomer?

b. Why is lime used to relieve the pain of the spot stung by a bee?

c. Complete the reaction no. (iii) and determine the oxidation number of central
element of the product.

d. Oxidation Reduction occurs in a reaction between (i) and (ii) but in the other , it
does not occur –analyze it.

22.

i. HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)

ii. H2S + Cl2 → S + HCL

iii. Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu

a. What is tin plating?

b. “All minerals are not ores” –explain.

c. Determine oxidant and reductant of reaction (ii) in the stem.

d. In the stem in between (i) and (iii) which one is oxidation reduction reaction and
which one is not oxidation reduction reaction? Analyze.