W1

DEFINITION AND NATURE OF COMMUNICATION *

• The word communication is from the Latin words “communis” which means to share
and “communicare” which means “to impart”
What is the importance of communication to your life as a student?

• Communication is part of everyone's life, people from every walk of life communicate.
• They do so to express their feelings, opinions, aspirations, dreams, fears, apprehensions, or
regrets in life.
• Communication is a skill that needs to be developed.
• It is important to acquire good communication skills because this will help in the success of
one's career and life in general.
DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION

• “Communication is a tool that makes societies possible and distinguishes humans from other
societies” -Wilbur Schramm
• “Communication is the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills through the use of
symbols, words, pictures, figures, and graphs.” -Berelson & Steiner
• “Communication is a two-way process by which information is exchanged between or among
individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior.” -Martinez 2002
• “Communication is essentially the ability of one person to make contact with another and
make himself understood.” – John Adair
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

• Oral communication is a process that involves a sender, message, receiver, channel and
feedback.
• Oral communication is symbolic. We give meaning to what we say and this could be
enhanced through the use of nonverbal cues involving facial expressions, gestures, body
language, volume, tone, and pitch of the speaker’s voice.
• Oral communication is a verbal communication that uses words to share information
with others.
• Verbal communication includes sound, words, language, and speech.
• Oral communication could be one-way or maybe two-way process.
• Oral communication involves the flow of information from a sender to the receiver.
• Oral communication ensures appropriate enunciation, stress and tone of voice for
common understanding to take place.
• Oral communication employs readily understood spoken words. It mainly uses words to
express one’s self.

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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION *
COMMUNICATION
-exchange/expression of thoughts and ideas
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
SENDER
- encoder or source of information.
MESSAGE
- element relayed/transmitted in the communication process.
CHANNEL
-avenue of communication, the medium by which the sender uses to send or transmit his/her
message.
*MARTIN COOPER IS THE INVENTOR OF FIRST MOBILE PHONE*
RECEIVER
- decoder and to whom the message is directed.
FEEDBACK
-the response made by the receiver
*There are two types of feedback
Positive Feedback – It refers to feedbacks which are acceptable and satisfactory to the sender.
Negative Feedback – It occurs when recipient does not understand what the sender wants to
convey, the feedback must be poor and further communication becomes necessary to remove the
misunderstanding.
NOISE
-is a factor that influences the success of the communication process. It interferes the listener’s
ability to receive the message.
There are three (3) types of Noise. These are:
• Physical Noise- It is interference that is extended to both the speaker and listener. This type
of noise occurs in our physical surroundings. Examples are shouts of students along the
corridor, the sounds of footsteps, the barking of dogs, loud music, and your classmate
talking to you. *EXTERNAL*
• Physiological Noise-It is created by barriers within the sender or receiver. In other words, the
body becomes the hindrance to communication. Hunger, fatigue, headache, and medication
are examples of physiological noise. *INTERNAL*
• Psychological Noise- It is a noise that exists in the minds of the speaker and receiver.
Meaning to say, it is a mental interference. *MENTAL*
There are three (3) types of psychological Noise.
[Link]-conceived Ideas- This happens when someone refuses to listen because they believe they
already know something.
2. Wandering Thoughts – This happens when the speaker brings out a topic which is not
connected to what is being talked about.
3. Semantic Noise- This occurs when both speaker and listener have different definitions of a
specific term. Usually, this is the result of cultural differences among people.
For example:
Karlo (an Ilocano) felt disgusted when Miriam (a Ybanag) mentioned "takki" while he is eating.

W3
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION *

Communication before was simple. People simply spoke to someone face to face. With time, there
was an advancement in terms of communicating with others. Today, communication already became
effortless. However, it also became complex. Due to the recent pandemic, our communication
encounters a big challenge which hinders people to physically talk or even being close with each
other. But, communication shouldn't be hindered at all. That’s where the different types of
communication are utilized in which different channels are also exemplified. But before we go on,
let's make one thing clear: there is a difference between types of communication and communication
channels.
• Take note that a communication channel is an actual tool we use to send information (ex.
instant messaging) while the type of communication is the category that the channel falls
under (ex. written communication)
FOUR TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
➢ Verbal Communication/Oral Communication refers to any communication that happens
orally between and among individuals or when engage in speaking. This type makes use of
words in the process of sending and receiving messages.
-It is considered the fastest and easiest to understand compared to all other types of
communication. The common examples of this type are speeches, debates, talking to oneself,
dialogue, telephone calls, and oral presentations.

➢ Non-Verbal Communication is the way we communicate without using words or the use of
wordless clues. While your posture, hands, and eyes can’t speak, they are saying more than
you think.
-There are certain characteristics that best describe this type:(1) doesn’t use any words, (2)
culturally determined, (3) has a different meaning, (4) vague and imprecise, (5) may conflict
with the verbal message, (6) largely unconscious, (7) shows feelings and attitude, and (8)
informal.

This type of communication can be categorized under various non-verbal cues:

1. Kinesics -It is the communication with the use of gestures like facial expressions, hand
gestures and movements, and posture. An example of this is the common hand signals like
waving of hand while saying hello, making a thumbs up or down, and many others.
2. Oculesics - This is the study of eyes and their movements and their relation to communication
like rolling of eyes to express disgust and other eye movements. This is applicable in
situations like when widening your eyes when you prompt someone of what they are doing.
3. Proxemics - It is the study of how people use distance and space in communicating like how
you want people or things to be close or far apart. The most relevant example of this is the
social distancing that we are now doing for safety precautions.
 4. Haptics - This is the touching behavior expressing range of feelings, exemplified in how you
touch/tap someone on the shoulder to show affection or sympathy. Another example is when
you hold someone’s hand to provide encouragement or safety.
5. Auditory - It is the use of hearing in communication. Silence is also considered as a
response. Paralanguage is the use of volume, pitch, and rate in communicating. An example
of this is when someone raises their voice to express anger.
6. Olfactory- This is the expression of communication with the use of smell. It is applied when
recognizing someone by just simply the scent of their perfume.
7. Gustatory- It is how the sense of taste is used in the context of communication. This is
shown when appreciating that a certain dish is delicious.
8. Chronemics - This is the study of time in communication. An example of is when you
are being punctual in attending classes that tells something about your personality.
9. Environmental factor - It is how the physical environment reveals the personality of a
person affecting the communication. This is shown in an example where someone is labeled
as innocent or naive just because she came from a rural area or province.
10. Physical Appearance - It is the way people communicate themselves like in the way they
dress tells something about them. An example of this is wearing your uniform or ID to show
that you are a student or teacher.

➢ Written Communication conveys information through printed texts. The best attribute of
written communication is that it can send large amounts of information without the risk of
someone forgetting because it can be referred back to for reminders. It is
also indispensable for formal business communications and issuing legal instructions.
-This includes traditional pen and paper letters and documents, typed electronic documents, e-
mails, text chats, SMS, and anything else conveyed through written symbols such as
language. Some examples of this communication are the messages transmitted through letters,
reports, papers, books, notes, memos, journals, and newspapers. The effectiveness of written
communication depends on the writing style, grammar, vocabulary, and clarity.

➢ Audio-Visual Communication refers to passing information in the form of sound and visual
components. Messages that can be seen and heard. It is useful when presenting data or objects
that are hard to describe.
-It can provide more communication accuracy between the individuals who make the
communication. Examples are objects, maps, traffic signals, advertisements, graphs,
pictures, and models.

W4
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION *
-Language experts believe that communication is a systematic and dynamic process; the stream of
message transmission follows an orderly flow in the different elements of communication; therefore,
it is ever-changing and ever-moving. There is no such thing as a pattern that fits all the different
contexts of communication, thus, making way to communication models. Communication Models are
concepts exemplifying the process of human communication. They depict how communication
transpires in varied instances. These models attempt to help communicators to obtain a deeper
understanding of the whole communication process, thus improving their own communication skills.
➢ THREE MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
 The proponents of this model are Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, but originally proposed
by Aristotle. It is a one-way process that's why it was named linear communication. The sender
sends a message with or without any effect. The elements present are sender, message, channel,
and receiver. It is designed to show the functions of radio and telephone communications. Some
examples of linear communication are mass media, radio, and television. Noise is present in the
form of faulty signals that may occur in telephone conversations and other channels.
Advantages - In this model, communication is viewed as simply a means of sending and receiving
information. This model is simple general and quantifiable.
Disadvantages- Because of the one-way process, speakers only speak and never listen. It also distorts
understanding between the speaker and the listener and some messages are not accurately transmitted.
In addition, it assumes that communication is isolated individuals
➢ INTERACTIVE MODEL COMMUNICATION
An interactive model is proposed by Wilbur Schramm. In this model, the sender channels
a message to the receiver, and the receiver then becomes the sender and channels a message
to the original sender, making it a two-way communication. Feedback is added as an element
in the communication process. Examples of this model are everyday conversation and
classroom discussions. There should also be a field of experience that refers to the common
knowledge and ideas that the communicators share. Misunderstandings may also occur in the
presence of physical noise and signal problems.

Advantages- Speakers and listeners communicate better if they have a common field of
experience. With added feedback, it indicates that communication is not one way but a two-
way process.

Disadvantages- It does not indicate that communications can both send and receive messages
simultaneously. It also fails to show that communication is a dynamic process that changes
over time. Again, there is feedback but it is not simultaneous and may cause a delay.

➢ TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

The proponent of this model is Dean C. Barnlurd. Unlike the Interactive model,
communication occurs continuously. (Simultaneously or at the same time between or among
people). It is a two-way process (constantly receiving /sending messages). The elements
present in this model are sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback. An example of a
transactional model of communication is a debate/argument and in public places where a lot
of people are talking at the same time.

Advantages- With this context, communication elements are interdependent.

Communication happens within systems that both communicators share. It takes into
account the changes that happen in the communicator's field of personal and common
experience.
Disadvantages- In the presence of communication noise, the transmission channel,
reception, and decoding of content may be faulty. It also appears chaotic ineffective. The
speech act may not achieve the desired effect.
 W5
FEATURES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION *

7CS OF COMMUNICATION
-There are 7 features of effective communication also labeled as 7 cs of communication.
These Cs of communication help us to communicate successfully and effectively with other
people.

➢ CONCISENESS
-It is a strategy in communication where you communicate what you want to convey in
the least possible words.
-It is also making communication straight to the point by including only significant
information.
-In conciseness going around the bush is avoidable.
-Example:
In talking to someone, you just need to be direct to the point and tell them your real purpose
or intention as to why you started the conversation.
➢ CONSIDERATION
-the speaker should also consider relevant information that would cater to the recipients’
interest, and
-the speaker should also be able to step into the shoes of others so he/she can reflect on the
proper way to communicate on a certain situation.
-Example:
Today’s learning system is very challenging. Education amidst the pandemic needs a lot of
effort and determination to flow smoothly. Teachers and students need to reflect and ponder
on each other’s situation.
➢ CLARITY
-It is achieved when the speaker focuses only on a single objective in his/her speech so as not
to confuse the audience.
-It implies emphasizing a specific message or goal at a time.
-Take note that in clarity, the message must be clear or easy to understand.
➢ COMPLETENESS
-The communication process that uses completeness as a feature of effective
communication must convey all the needed facts.
-Communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for him/her to
respond properly.
-Example:
In making an announcement, you give the desired and significant needed information.
In giving an announcement, we do not forget the why, what, where, when, and how. We
should include all information needed by the one who receives it.
➢ CORRECTNESS
-It implies that there are no grammatical errors in communication.
-Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the
credibility and effectiveness of the message.
Example:
Gaining someone’s trust is important almost in all aspects of living, business in particular.
Both parties are required to build trustworthiness and standing. One way to achieve it is to
have a zero-errored way of communicating with each other.
These are some of the tips in attaining correctness in communication:
-Avoid misspellings of all types, even if some call it a typographical error.
-Consider every rule in subject-verb agreement.
 -Confusing possessive pronouns with contractions, like whose and who’s, your and you’re.
-Missing punctuations for written communication.
➢ CONCRETENESS
-In concreteness, the message or information to be given must go and be supported with
facts, figures, and real-life experiences.
Example:
In proving a point, vivid facts are very important. Statistics may help to attest and verify
someone’s innocence.
Instead of saying, “You need to hire him. He is a very brilliant manager to be.”
We can say, “It is an excellent idea to hire him because he graduated as a cum laude, and
here are his credentials.”
➢ COURTESY
-It makes use of terms showing respect for the receiver of the message.
-The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the cultural values and
beliefs of his/her receivers.
-Courtesy is politeness that grows out of respect and concern for others.
Example:
-Utmost reverence and admiration must be given to everyone whom we talked and
communicate to. There will be no successful and effective communication without respect.
-Take note that courtesy builds relationships with other people.
W6
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION *

➢ REGULATION or CONTROL
-As a function of communication, it is used to control the participants’ behavior.
-This simply means that through communication, we are able to know and follow rules and
regulations or policies in the society. In general, communication may control events,
regulate encounters among people, approves and disapproves behavior. It is somehow
controlling the behavior of people in a way that they are mandated to follow a certain rule or
policy.
-people are mandated to follow the instructions provided in each scenario. That is how
the regulation or control function of communication works. It is restricting people under
controlled events.
Examples:
-When employees are subject to company rules and regulations, they tend to follow
everything.
-Doctor’s prescription as to how we should take our medicine, if it’s three (3) times a day
when we get sick then we get to take medicine three times a day.
➢ SOCIAL INTERACTION
-communication acts as a form of interacting with members of the society to establish
camaraderie, mutual trust and become a significant member of the society. It may function in
shared attention with others where there is the social aspect of interaction. It also functions to
create and maintain interpersonal communication.
Examples:
When we are having a conversation with friends, family, acquaintances, etc., we tend to
establish a relationship that is grounded by camaraderie and trust.
- They tend to mingle, socialize and interact with other people. That is the main objective
of social interaction as a function of communication, to build acquaintances and relationships.
 ➢ INFORMATION
-communicating with other people is done by providing information for individuals to
make decisions, identify and evaluate choices.
-Information is also vital to ensure that individuals are informed of rules and procedures
to eliminate uncertainties in the workplace.
Examples:
When you are letting someone know that there’s a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel
Tower to someone who has not gone to Paris
-Information as a function of communication provides learning opportunities. People
become aware of the unknown and unfamiliar because of the information provided
during the communication process.

➢ EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
-Communication provides a channel for a person to release, talk or express his/her
feelings, thereby fulfilling his or her social needs.
-In emotional expression as a function of communication, it specifically includes behavioral
expression. It helps people determine how to respond especially that it comes with facial
expression.
-their feelings and emotions are facilitated in which it is the focus of emotional
expression as a function of communication.
➢ MOTIVATION
-It is used to encourage people for better performance and to encourage them to live
better.
-Motivation as a function of communication is seen in a process wherein its purpose is to
persuade another person to change his/her opinion, belief, and decision.
-Motivation directs others to embrace a certain idea. It influences the attitudes and
behavior of people involved in the communication process. Sometimes, people use
incentives or rewards to encourage someone.

W7
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXTS *
-You can be an effective and competent communicator when there is a successful transmission of
information from you, as part of the communication process, to another. However, according to Dell
Hymes in 1966, communicative competence is not only the ability to form correct sentences but to use
them at appropriate times. That’s why, there are three types of speech context and we can distinguish
these types as Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Public.
Context
-context refers to the situation or environment involved in communication. It involves factors such
as your relationship with your audience.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
➢ INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
-This occurs when we engage in communication with ourselves; hence, "self-talking". It
rarely happens but only occurs in our heads as we think through our choices, strategies, and
the possible consequences of our actions. We talk to ourselves when we reflect on certain
events, ideas, and experiences.
CHARACTERISTICS
 -It is silent talking which every person is doing.
-This takes place subconsciously.
-It is communication within oneself.
-The sender and the receiver are the same.
WHAT IT IS FOR?
-It is for clarifying ideas or analyzing situations.
-It is undertaken to reflect upon or appreciate something.
EXAMPLES
-You spent the night thinking about why you got a low score in your examination.
-You reflect about your past decisions in life which made you to where you are right now.
THREE ASPECTS OF INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
• SELF-CONCEPT
-It is your self-perception or the view you have of yourself. It is the person you
THINK you are, formed in your BELIEFS and ATTITUDES.
• PERCEPTION
-Perception is how you view the outside world which is also rooted in your
BELIEFS, VALUES, and ATTITUDES.
• EXPECTATION
-This is your FUTURE-ORIENTED MESSAGE dealing with long-term memories
or life scripts.
-These sometimes are projections of learned relationships within the family or
society.

➢ INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
-This type of speech context refers to the communication process that involves another
person or a small group of persons.
CHARACTERISTICS
-It is an interactive communication.
-It is done between sender and receiver.
-It is a two-way communication between two or more people.
-It is a quick exchange of information.
EXAMPLES
-You listen and participate in the discussion of your lesson during class hours.
-You had a small talk with your friend after you saw her in a milktea shop.
FOUR TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL
• DYAD
-The word “dyad” came from a Greek word, “dyas”, which denotes the number
two or a pair. In dyadic exchange, the two interactants or communicators take
turns making assertions or responding and reacting to what the other says. They
both contribute to the dialogue using short utterances.
EXAMPLES
-Guidance counseling
-Heart to heart talk
-Consulting with a teacher

• SMALL GROUP
 -This requires from 3 to 15 people to study an issue, discuss a problem, and come up
with a solution or a plan. This is not just a gathering of people with no goal in
mind but to pass time.
-The group has an agenda, a leader, and an outcome to accomplish. Because
everyone can be both speaker and listener in this setting, rules must be followed to
facilitate an order. The order allows for a full discussion, which leads to a
compromise and the hope for a result: a solution or a plan.
EXAMPLES
-Study sessions with friends or classmates
-Team Planning
-Meeting
-Panel Discussion
-Symposia
• PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
-This is different from dyadic or small group communication in that one speaker
addresses many listeners in a formal event. These listeners are collectively known
as an audience. The speech is well prepared, the speaker has dressed
appropriately, and the listeners are set to listen to the message. Moreover, there
is usually a stage, a lectern, and a microphone coupled with a sound system and,
sometimes, spotlights. Usually, the programs are formally structured, with a master
of ceremonies or MC (emcee), a welcome address, an introduction of the keynote
speaker, the speech by the keynote speaker or paper presenter, and closing remarks.
-The informal version of the public communication does not necessarily have a
stage, the speaker may be dressed informally, and there may or may not be a
microphone, sometimes just a megaphone. With no sound system at all, the speaker
has to project his voice to be heard by the audience. This informal form of public
communication happens when the gathering is impromptu such as family
reunions and is most often seen during protest rallies, especially while
participants are moving through the streets.
EXAMPLES
-Graduation Speech
-Toast Speech
-TED Talk
CHARACTERISTICS
-Only a single person is the source of information that is received by an audience.
-There is no mutual feedback between the source and the receiver.
-Communication is focused only on the speaker
• MASS COMMUNICATION
-This refers to any of the above human interactions carried out with the aid of mass
media technology. Mass media refers to television, radio, newspapers, magazines,
billboards, internet, and the worldwide web. It is called mass communication
because there is an exchange of information on a large scale or a number of
people.
-With the advent of the internet and the worldwide web, mass communication now
includes social media, which allowed technology to be used by everyone, not just
journalists, broadcasters, and technical crew. Social media cover videos that go
viral on the internet as well as webcasts/podcasts which reach millions of views and
plays, more than radio or TV ever could. In fact, radio and TV have joined social
media by putting up their own websites to communicate to a larger audience.
EXAMPLES
 -Internet lets you have access to information that you want to know anytime and
anywhere.
-Through watching the news on television, we become updated with the current
events around us.

➢ An effective communicator is a person who knows how to communicate interpersonally

in any oral interchange. Being a part of a group indicates a person’s active life. The
main purpose of group interaction is mainly for sharing information, finding facts, and
decision making.
GENERALIZATION
Two Main Types of Speech Context:
1. Intrapersonal Communication occurs when we engage in a communication with
ourselves; hence, "self-talking".
2. Interpersonal Communication refers to the communication process that
involves another person or a small group of persons.
Four Types of Interpersonal Communication:
1. Dyadic Communication occurs when two interactants or communicators take turns
making assertions or responding and reacting to what the other says.
2. Small Group Communication requires from 3 to 15 people to study an issue, discuss a
problem, and come up with a solution or a plan. The discussants in a small group play
different roles such as Initiator, Clarifier, Energizer, Facilitator, Process-Observer,
Recorder, and Time-Keeper.
3. Public Communication is different from dyadic or small group communication in that
one speaker addresses many listeners in a formal or can an informal event.
4. Mass Communication refers to any of the above human interactions carried out with the
aid of mass media technology.

W8
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE *
-The formality level of the language you use to encode the message must be appropriate to the
person you are addressing – the receiver of the message and to the context of the situation and
culture. You use, for example, an informal style in parties and with close friends of your age. But
you use a formal style in academic discussions and with your teachers and elders.
-There are five formality levels of communication or speech styles according to Martin Joos
(1962), depending on your relationship with the person you address, the topic being discussed,
and the occasion when the exchange takes place. These include the following:
➢ FROZEN STYLE
-This style occupies the highest rank in Joos’ classification. It is a style which is used in very
formal setting such as in rituals, church rites, speeches for state ceremonies, and some
other occasions. This style makes use of stock expressions that have not changed through
the years.
EXAMPLES
 -Judicial sentencing
-Marriage Ceremonies
-Oath-taking ceremonies
➢ FORMAL STYLE
-This style is used in extended one-way communication, like speeches in formal situations
such as in a graduation ceremony. The sentence structures are complex and the words
chosen are not used in casual conversation. Hence, the speaker plans ahead and frames what
he/she is to say before it is delivered. Specifically, there are two defining features of formal
styles: modulated intonation, which is the highest importance, and cohesion and organization
of the message. It gives clear intention to inform and uses explicit pronunciation and
grammar.
EXAMPLES
-Speeches
-Seminar
-Lectures
➢ CONSULTATIVE STYLE
-This style is used in semi-formal communication situations where, as its name goes, a
transaction of some sort takes place (e.g., when a patient goes to a doctor for
checkup). The interaction that takes place has two features:
a) One speaker supplies background information and he/she does not assume that he/she
will be easily understood; and
b) The addressee participates continuously.
EXAMPLES
-Dialogue
-Interview
-Teacher-Student
-Doctor-Patient
-Expert-Apprentice
➢ CASUAL STYLE
-This is used among friends and acquaintances in informal situations like in the canteen or
when the students chat. It can also be used to address a stranger if the speaker wants to
treat him or her as an insider.
There are two defining features of the casual style:
a) ellipsis (omission of some words in utterances);and
b) slang
-An example of ellipsis or omission in the consultative style as compared with the casual
style is as follows: “I believe that I can help you with that” is consultative. On the other
hand, “Of course, I can help you” is casual.
-Slang refers to non-standard words or expressions, which are known and used by certain
groups: teenager groups, student groups, jazz music players, etc. A young female is called
“a girl” in standard language but in slang, she may be referred to as “a chick.”
EXAMPLES
-chat with a friend, classmates, or acquaintance.
➢ INTIMATE STYLE
-This is a completely private language that is used within the family and with very close
friends. Usually, the intimate group is a pair. It excludes public information and shows a
very close relationship between or among the interactants.
There are two features of intimate style:
a) Extraction
the speaker extracts a minimum pattern from some conceivable casual sentence.
 b) Jargon
defined as any professional, technical, or specialized language; associated with special
activity or group; and
-the secret language between people with same profession or orientation and could not be
understood by those who are not in the same group.
EXAMPLES
-conversation with close friends and family
-heart to heart talk

W9
TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS *

➢ LOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACT

-Everything that a person says or does definitely comes from somewhere. Locutionary is
the rawest act of speech for it contains the exact wordings, utterances, or structure of what
has been said. The locution of statements must not be misconstrued as it doesn’t contain the
meaning. It only acts as the vessel where the message lies.
-This speech act occurs when the speaker performs an utterance (locution), which has a
meaning in the traditional sense. According to J.L. Austin, a locutionary act is an act of
making a meaningful utterance, this is also known as an utterance act; in other words,
this is the act of "saying something" in the full normal sense.
-So, the most basic sense of locutionary is that the message or utterance is in itself the
speech act.
EXAMPLE 1:
Before the class started, Teacher Warren said, “It’s hot.”
The sentence “It’s hot” is the actual utterance. That means that sentence is a locution.
EXAMPLE 2:
Arriving from school, Almira said her mother: “I’m hungry.”
The statement “I’m hungry.” is a locution of what Almira told her mother.
EXAMPLE 3:
During the homily, father Neil mentioned “We must partake in Jesus’ examples.”
“We must partake from Jesus’ examples.” contains the exact words that Father Neil
mentioned in his homily. Therefore, the quoted statement is the locution.
➢ ILLOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACT
-In illocutionary speech act, the objective of the speaker must be highlighted. It may be
that he or she intends to achieve a specific target that in end result to action. Moreover, it
is what the speaker actually meant when he/she said the message (speaker’s intention).
-This is an act using a sentence to express an attitude with a certain function or force. J.L.
Austin describes illocutionary act by " saying something, we do something. Davis (1994) also
states that an illocutionary act can be made explicit by the use of a performative verb formula;
 additionally, Boisvert (2014) says that sentences can be used in illocutionary acts to warn,
congratulate, complain, predict, command, apologize, inquire, explain, describe, request, bet
and adjourn.
EXAMPLE 1.1:
Before the class started, Teacher Warren said, “It’s hot.”
The sentence “It’s hot” means that Teacher Warren intends to deliver a message which is the
description of the weather or the state of the temperature inside the class.
EXAMPLE 2.1:
Arriving from school, Almira said her mother: “I’m hungry.”
By stating “I’m hungry.”, Almira is manifesting her need for food after a tiring day at school.
EXAMPLE 3.1:
During the homily, father Neil mentioned “We must partake in Jesus’ examples.”
The statement of Father Neil implies that there is a need to follow Jesus’ footsteps for our
betterment.
➢ PERLOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACT
-Perlocutionary refers to the effect that the speech has on the context of the participant’s
world. This is an act that consists in the bringing about of certain consequences for the
audience to whom the utterance is directed.
-According to Martinich (1984), a perlocutionary act is performed by saying something, and
not in saying something. Persuading, angering, inciting, comforting, and inspiring are often
perlocutionary acts, in contrast with locutionary and illocutionary acts which are governed by
conventions; perlocutionary is not conventional but natural acts (Austin, 1995).
EXAMPLE 1.2:
Before the class started, Teacher Warren said, “It’s hot.”
After Teacher Warren said the sentence, “It’s hot!”, a student opened the windows. The act of
opening the windows is the perlocutionary act.
EXAMPLE 2.2:
Arriving from school, Almira said her mother: “I’m hungry.”
Upon saying “I’m hungry.”, Almira’s mother ordered some pizza for her. That act is
perlocutionary.
EXAMPLE 3.2:
During the homily, father Neil mentioned “We must partake in Jesus’ examples.”
After the mass, the entire Lousian Gem community donated cash to an orphanage. By being
kind, the perlocutionary act of donating set an example just like Jesus.