1.

Definition of Novell Directory client

 Novell Directory is also known as Netware Directory Services.

 Novell Directory Services (NDS) is a popular software product for managing access to
computer resources and keeping track of the users of a network, such as a company's
intranet, from a single point of administration.

 Using NDS, a network administrator can set up and control a database of users and manage
them using a directory with an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI).

 Users of computers at remote locations can be added, updated, and managed centrally.
Applications can be distributed electronically and maintained centrally.

 NDS can be installed to run under Windows NT, Sun Microsystems's Solaris, and IBM's
OS/390 as well as under Novell's own NetWare so that it can be used to control a multi-
platform network.

 NDS is generally considered an industry benchmark against which other products, such as
Microsoft's Active Directory, must compete.

2. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

 LDAP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.

 LDAP is a software protocol for enabling anyone to locate organizations, individuals, and
other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on
a corporate intranet.

 LDAP is a "lightweight" (smaller amount of code) version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP),
which is part of X.500, a standard for directory services in a network.

 LDAP is lighter because in its initial version it did not include security features.

 LDAP originated at the University of Michigan and has been endorsed by at least 40
companies.
  Netscape includes it in its latest Communicator suite of products.

 Microsoft includes it as part of what it calls Active Directory in a number of products

including Outlook Express.

 Novell's NetWare Directory Services interoperates with LDAP.

 Cisco also supports it in its networking products.

 In a network, a directory tells you where in the network something is located. On TCP/IP
networks (including the Internet), the domain name system (DNS) is the directory system
used to relate the domain name to a specific network address (a unique location on the
network). However, you may not know the domain name.

 LDAP allows you to search for an individual without knowing where they're located
(although additional information will help with the search)

3. DSL.

 DSL means Digital Subscriber Line.

 DSL is a high-speed Internet service like cable Internet.

 DSL provides high-speed networking over ordinary phone lines using broadband modem
technology.

 DSL technology allows Internet and telephone service to work over the same phone fine
without requiring customers to disconnect either their voice or Internet connections.

 DSL technology theoretically supports data rates of 8.448 Mbps, although typical rates are
1.544 Mbps lower.

 DSL Internet services are used primarily in homes and small businesses.

 DSL Internet service only works over a limited physical distance and remains unavailable in
many areas where the local telephone infrastructure does not support DSL technology.

 Stands for "Digital Subscriber Line." DSL is a communications medium used to transfer digital
signals over standard telephone lines. Along with cable Internet. DSL is one of the most
popular ways ISPs provide broadband Internet access.

 Some DSL modems now have built-in wireless routers, which allows you to connect to your
DSL modem via Wi-Fi.
  A DSL kit may also include a splitter and filters that you can connect to landline phones.

4. CATV
 CATV is a shorthand term for cable television service.
 Many providers offer cable Internet service together with television to their customers over
the same CATV links.
 Community Access Television (CATV) is also commonly known as Cable TV. This is one of the
most common methods of transmitted television signals to a consumer's home, using radio
frequency signals transmitted through coaxial cable.
 More recently, CATV can also be transmitted using optical fiber, which utilizes pulses of light
to transmit a signal.
 CATV origins date back to 1924 when some cable broadcasting was done using cable
in European cities.
 In 1948, community antennas were built where over-the-air signal reception was limited.
 The community antenna received the over-the-air signal and then transmitted it to many
households by use of cables.
 The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed by
çable in some European cities as far back as 1924.
 Earlier cable television was analog, but since 2000s all cable operators have switched to or
are in process of switching to digital cable television.
 CATV is a shared cable system that uses a tree-and-branch topology in which multiple
households within a neighbourhood share the same cable.

[Link] protocol
 There are a number of VPN protocols in use that secure the transport of data traffic over a public
network infrastructure. Each protocol varies slightly in the way that data is kept secure.

 IP security (IPSec) is used to secure communications over the Internet. IPSec traffic can use
either transport mode or tunneling to encrypt data traffic in a VPN The difference between
the two modes is that transport mode encrypts only the message within the data packet
(also known as the payload) while tunnelling encrypts the entire data packet, IPSec is often
referred to as a "security overlay" because of its use as a security layer for other protocols.
Hoth
 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) use cryptography to secure
communications over the Internet. Both protocols use a "handshake" method of
authentication that involves a negotiation of network parameters between the client and
server machines. To successfully initiate a connection, an authentication process involving
certificates is used. Certificates are cryptographic keys that are stored on both the server
and client.
 Point-To-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is another tunneling protocol used to connect a
remote client to a private server over the Internet. PPTP is one of the most widely used VPN
protocols because of its straightforward configuration and maintenance and also because it
is included with the Windows operating system.
 Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a protocol used to tunnel data communications traffic
between two sites over the Internet. L2TP is often used in tandem with IPSec (which acts as
a security layer) to secure the transfer of L2TP data packets over the Internet. Unlike PPTP, a
VPN jmplementation using L2TP/IPSec requires a shared key or the use of certificates.

6. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

 RARP means Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is the opposite of (ARP).
 The address resolution protocol used on every TCP/IP System.
 While ARP converts network-Layer IP addresses in to Data Link- Layer hardware addresses.
 RARP works by broadcasting a system's hardware address and receiving an IP address return
from a RARP Server.
 RARP server can supplied IP addresses to all of the system on a network segment.

7. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

 The address resolution protocol (arp) is a protocol used by the Internet Protocol (IP).
 Specifically IPv4, to map IP network addresses to the hardware addresses used by a data link
protocol.
 The protocol operates below the network layer as a part of the interface between the OSI
network and OSI link layer. It is used when IPv4 is used over Ethernet.

 The term address resolution refers to the process of finding an address of a computer in a
network.

 The address is "resolved" using a protocol in which a piece of information is sent by a client
process executing on the local computer to a server process executing on a remote
computer.
 The information received by the server allows the server to uniquely identify the network
system for which the address was required and therefore to provide the required address.
  The address resolution procedure is completed when the client receives a response from the
server containing the required address.
 An Ethernet network uses two hardware addresses which identify the source and
destination of each frame sent by the Ethernet.
 The destination address may also identify a broadcast packet (to be sent to all connected
computers).

8.) IP Address assignments.

 The primary function of DHCP to assign IP addresses and to accommodate the needs of all
types of client systems. The standard defines three types of address assignments, which are
as follows.

: Manual allocation

 The administrator configures the DHCP server to assign a specific IP address to a given
system, which will never change unless it is manually modified. This is equivalent in
functionality to RARP and BOOTP.
 Manual allocation is suitable for Internet servers and other machines that require static IP
addresses because they rely on DNS name resolution for user access.
 This form of address allocation is nothing more than remote configuration solutions because
the end result is no different than if the administrator manually configured the TCP/IP client.
 As an organizational aid, however, this method of address assignment is recommended over
manual system configuration on a network that uses DHCP for its other machines.
 Keeping all the address assignments in one database makes it easier to track the
assignments and reduces the likelihood of duplication.
 Duplicate IP addresses can occur accidentally if you configure a TCP/IP client by hand with an
address that is included in a DHCP scope. Using DHCP for all address assignments, even
manual ones, helps to minimize the chance that this can occur.

Automatic allocation:

 The DHCP server assigns permanent IP addresses from a pool (called a scope), which do not
change unless they are manually modified by the user or the administrator.
 Automatic allocation is useful on stable, single-segment networks or multi segment
networks where machines are not routinely moved to other segments.
 This method reduce the network traffic by eliminating the address lease renewal
procedures. In your organization is working with a limited supply of registered IP.

Dynamic allocation:

 The DHCP server assigns IP addresses from a pool using a limited-time lease, so the address
can be reassigned if the client system does not periodically renew it.
 Once configured, dynamic allocation provides the greatest amount of flexibility with the
least amount of administrative intervention.

9.) Introduction to Domain Name Systems (DNS)

  Computers are designed to work with numbers, while humans are more comfortable
working with words. Which is the most reason, introduced the domain name system (DNS).
Back in the past days of the 1970s, when the Internet was the ARPANET and the entire
experimental network consisted of only a few hundred systems, a need was recognized for a
mechanism that would permit users to refer to the network's computer by name, rather
than by address. The introduction of the TCP/IP protocols in the early 1980s led to the use of
32-bit IP addresses, which even in dotted decimal form were difficult to remember.

DNS Objectives
 A hierarchical name space that divides the host system database into discrete elements
called domains.
 Domain name services that contain information about the host and sub domains within a
given domain.
 Resolvers that generate requests for information from domain name servers.

10.) Sharing Locally Attached Print Devices

Perform following step to share a print device for any operating system.

Step-1-Open the Printers folder. (Select Start Settings^ Printers.)

Step-2. In the Printers folder, right-click the printer you want to share, and select Sharing from the
menu that appears.

Step-3. The printer's Properties dialog box appears with the Sharing tab on top, as shown in Figure

Step-4. To share the printer, select the "Shared as" option. Then, either accept the default name for
the shared printer or type in the name you want to use for this shared printer

Step-5- If you don't want to install additional drivers, click OK. Windows 2000 shares the printer.
Close the Printers folder, and stop here.