oM Pag No.

Date

6hearStoess and
and pressure
Pressuo
betoeen
. Felattonship

gradient

Z S d
ay
C

A
Z

t dy Here
a'
P Pressue
d C
9adi eNt
a
t Shear sess
a' b

shearinq force on the parallelo piped -

CTOt
ay
-T ôx

noD

Pressune torce acinq on

Pdy -(P+ de. paralleopiped -
d
,P_ y dr - - -
 Date

Flouo is stead and uniform and olth

no accel eratton .
20

from eqn O and (2

dy d -0

This 1S Ye abion between 8hear shress and

pre Sure radien
 Date

Define charattrisHcs OP Laminar Plow

flow dnd
-2. Plou.
turbulant
U Laminar Flou
O A plud flo in the Plud layes move
uluch The
do not Cross
paralel to each other and eath CHor.
t is Called aminar fBo.
The laminar Flo generad Occurs nn he PLuid
Puid
Flowinq ith ow velouty and Hgh vis coG it
viscoS i
aminar floD OCcurs
in he Small diameter ple
Lohich fluld Flouos with louD veou.
The Pluud Flols amin aar when he voalue c
REey holds number CRe) is less than 2ooo.
e h e a r tress in aminar floD depends Only on
viscosiy OP the luud ond indepen dant ofP
densi
23 Turbulent flod>
OA Plid Plow in allich the Fluud layers CrDss eac
Other and do not move parallel to each other. i t i
Called turbwent flo
OA hurtwet Flouo OCcur ohen Pluid. flow cojth
high velouty.
TUrbudentfloud OCcurs in large diameter pipeo
in ouich Pluid low Oith higu
The Fluid floois veloct
Turbutent ahen thevalue ot
Regolds number 'S STttr Hhan
400o ( Re >Ocoo)
shear Stress in urbuwent Flow depend upo)
he desi oP flud.
 Example 12.17. iwo reservoirs are connected by a pipeline consisting of two pipes, one of
15 cm diameter and length 6 m and the other of diameter 22-5 cm and 16 m length. f the dilference
of water levels in the two reservoirs is 6 m, calculate the discharge and draw the energy gradient
line. Take f=0-04. (Delhi University)
Solution. Refer to Fig. 12-10. Given : D, = 15 cm=0-15 m; L, = 6 m; D,=22-5 cm =0:225 m;

L= 16 m; total losses =6 m;f=0-04.

From the continuing equation, we have: A,V =4V2
x0.15x = x0.225 xV
or, V=225V .0)

Chapter 12: Flow Through Pipes 661

F.W.S h,=0.31 mn
h 3.97 m
0.19 m h 1.397m
EG ,0.122 m

D, = 15 cm D= 22.5 cm
Ly 6 m L2= 16 m

Fig. 12.10

Loss of head at entrance to a pipe, h, = 05

2g
Loss of head due to friction in pipe AB,

h 4/ 4x0.04
x6x- 64L
D,x 28 0.15x 2g 2g
Loss of head due to sudden enlargement,

h 2g
5030s
28
Loss of head due to friction in the pipe, BC,
4x0.04 x16 x
h 4/LP
D, x 2g
*(2.25 =2.2
0.225 x 2g
Loss of head due to friction in the pipe BC,

225x0.197
Applying Bermoulli's equation to free water surface (F.W.S.) in the two tanks , we have:

i.e., Pa P 0, Va=V =0, 4-8=6m

Total losses = 6 m
Hence,
ie., h + h, +h, + h +h = 6

0.5/+64+0.308+225+0.197=6
28 2 8 8

V =
3-49 m

Discharge, = AV =x 0.15 x 3.49 =0.0617 m/s (Ans.)

Energy gradient line is shown in the Fig. 1210

F r o m n l a 1? 18 RCcomacting i diom otor Ero 4 to R
11.2. LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO FRICTION IN PIPE FLOw-DARCY
EQUATION
In case of turbulent flow through pipes it has been observed through experiments that the
viscous friction effects associated with luid are proportional to:
9The length ofthe pipe,L
(ii) The wetted perimeter, P, and
(i) , where V'is the avetage velocity of ow and n is an index varying from 1-5 to2
(depending on the material and nature of the pipe surface); for commercial pipes = 2
(with turbulent flow).
Fig. 112. shows a horizontal pipe having steady flow. Consider control volume enclosed
between sections I and 2 of the pipe.
Pipe

Fig.112. Forces on a control volume in a pipe flow.

Let. P Intensity of pressure at section 1,

P2Intensity of pressure at section 2,
L Length of the pipe, between sections l and 2,
D = Diameter of the pipe,

S = Non-dimensional factor (whose value depends upon the material and nature of

the pipe surface), and

h= Loss of head due to friction.
Propelling force on the flowing fluid between the two sections is
P-P) A
(where, A = area of cross-section of the pipe)

Frictional esistance force =f PLI

where, P = Wetted perimeter, and

=
Average flow velocity.

Chapter II: Turbulent Flow in Pipes 607

Under equilibrium conditions:
Propelling force = Frictional resistance force

i.e. PP) Af PLI?

Dividing both sides by weight density w, we have:

A=
W PLV
,

(11-1)

The ratio i s called the bydraulic mean depth or hydraulie radius, denoted by m (or R)

The termhasd
- has dimensions of h, and thus the term i s a non-dimensional quantity
)
and let us replace it by another constanty.

- f 1.1a))
In case of a circular pipe,

Hydraulic mean depth, m = DD 4

iubstituting this value in eqn. (11-1 (a)), we get:

x 4/L
h,SDI4 28 Dx28 (11-2)

(The factorfis known as Darcy coeficient of friction.)

Eqn. (11 2) is known as Darcy-Weisbach equation and it holds good for all ypes offlows
provided a proper value off is chosen.
Sometimes eqn. (11-2) is wTitten as:

, L
Dx 28

where, S is known as friction factor =4)

fficient of friction in terms of sbear stress::
 Example 12.1. in a pipe ofdiameter 350 mm and length 75 m wateris flowing at a velocity of
2-8 m/s. Find the head lost due to friction using:
(i) Chezys formula for which C= 55.
Darcy-Weisbach formula:
Assume kinematic viscosity of water as 0-012 stoke.

640 Fluid Mechanics

Solution. Diameter of the pipe, D = 350 mm =0-35 m
Length of the pipe, L = 75 m

Velocity of flow, V = 2:8 m/s

Chezy's constant, C = 55

Kinematic viscocity of water, v = 0:012 stoke = 0-012 x 10 mi/s.

Head lost due to friction, h,:
) Darcy-Weisbach fomula:
Darcy-Weisbach formula is given by:

Dx 2g
where, = coefficient of friction (a function of Reynolds number, Re)

Re = xD__28x035 x 10
0-012 x10-4=8167
0.0791 0.0791
UA=0.00263
(Rea (8.167 x

. Head lost due to friction,

h 4x0.00263x75 x(2.8)
0.35 x2 x 9.81
= 0.9 m (Ans.)

(ii) Chezy's formula:

V= Cymi

where, C-55, m - 4 0.087

2.8 55 0.0875x i

0.0875x i =| =0.00259
or, = 0.0296

But, i==0.0296
"f = 0.0296
Or, h - 7 5 x 0-0296=2-22 m (Ans.)
 in Fig. 11.34, The pipe
Problem 11.56 Calculate the discharge in each pipe of the network shown values
network consists of 5 pipes. The head loss h, in a pipe is given by h=rQ4. The ofr for various
nipes and also the inflow or outflows at nodes are shown in the figure.
2

20 r2 C 40
D

r4 1 1

90 r2
B30
Fig. 11.34

Solution. Given
Inflow at node A = 90, outflow at B 30, at C = 40 and at D =20.
Values of r for AB = 2, for BC 1, for CD = 2, for AD = 4 and for BD = 1
Forthe first trial, the discharges are assumed as shown in Fig. 11.34 (a) so that continuity is satisfied
at each node (i.e., flow into a node = flow out of the node). For this distribution of discharge, the
corrections AQ for the loops ABD and BCD are calculated.

20 C
D 20 40
40

30 10
20

A
90 60 B 30
Fig. 11.34()
550 Fluid Mechanics

First Trial Loop DCBB

Loop ADB
ip h,= r 2r0
Pipe h hr r 2rQ
DC 2 20 2x20 =800
30 4x 30
3600 2x4x 30 240 2x2x20=
AD 4
10 =20 2x1x CB I20 -x20=-.400 2x1x 20
Ix10-100 10 1x 10 =100 40
DB 10
=240 BD I 2x1x 10=20
2 60-2x60-7200 2x2x60 2 Q=500
AB
E0-3700, 2r 500, 2r= 140
Er-500
Er -(-3700)74 AQ= -2 r -3.57 -36
AQ 500
140
2rQ The head loss in pipe BC for loop DCB is negati
in pipes DB
in the loop ADB, the head loss h, is negative
is as the direction of discharge in pipe BC
and AB as the direction of discharges in these pipes
anticlockwise.
anticlockwise.
As AQ is positive for loop ADB, hence it should be added As AQ is negative for loop DCB, hence it shoukd
to the flow in the clockwise direction and subtractedfrom subtracted from the flow in the clockwise direct
the flow in the anticlockwise direction. Hence the corrected and added to the flow in the anticlockwise directiom
now for second trial for loop ADB will be as follows: Hence corected flow for second trial for loop DCa
will be as follows
PipeAD= 30+7.4 = 374 (flowisclockwise) Pipe DC = 20-3.6 = 16.4
Pipe AB = 60 -7.4 52.6 (flow is anticlockwise) Pipe BC 20+3.6 23.6
Pipe BD= 10-74 2. 6 (flow is anticlockwise) Pipe BD* = 2.6-3.6 =-1

Note. The pipe BD is common to two loops (i.e., loop ADB and loop DCB). Hence this pipe will
get two corections
After the two corrections, the resultant flow in
pipe BD is negative in loop DCB. Hence the direction of flow will b
anticlockwise in pipe BD for loop DCB.

20
D 16.4 C
40
r2

37.4 1
23.6
4
r 1

2
90 52.6 B 30
Fig. 11.34 (b)
he
distribution of
correction AQ discharges in various
pipes for second trial
for loops ADB and DCB is shown in Fig. 11.34 (b). ror
second tri
are
çalculated as follows
 Flow Through Pipes
Loop ADB
Loop DCB
Pipe
hrO 2r0 Piper h rQ 2rQ0
37.4 4x 37,45595 2x 4x
AD 4 37.4 299.2 DC 2 16.4 2x 16.4= 537.9 2x2x 164 =65.6
1Ix1=1
2x1x1=2 CB 23.6 - 1x 23.6-5569 2x1x23.6 47.2
AB 2 52.6-2x
52.6 52.6-5533.5 2x2x 52.6=210.4 BD 1 1 -

1x1= -1 2x1x1=2
Er-62.54. 2rQ=5116 Er = - 20, L2 114.8

62.54 AQ- --20)

AQ= . AQ=
- 511.6
114.8
2
= -

0.122 -0.1 20=0.174

114.8
0.2
As AQ is negative, hence it should be subtracted from the As AQ is positive, hence it should be added to the
ffow in the clockwise direction and added to the flow in the flow in the clockwise direction and subtracted from
anticlockwise direction the flow in the anticlockwise direction.
is small (i.e., AQ As the correction (AQ) is small (i.e., AQ =0.2), this
Asthe correction (4Q) =-
0.1), this
corection is applied and further trials are discontinued. correction is applied and further trials are discontinued.
Hence corrected flow for Hence corrected flow
loop ADB will be as follows forloop DCB will be as follows:
For pipe AD. 2o = 37.4-0.1 = 37.3 (as flow is clockwise) For pipe DC, O 164 + 0.2 = 16.6 (clockwise flow
1 0.1 0.9 (as flow is clockwise) For pipe CB, 2 23.6-0.2 23.4 (anticlockwise
For pipe DB, = -
= =

flow)
52.7 (as flow is anti- For pipe BD, Qo = 0.9 -0.2 = 0.7 (anticlockwise
Forpipe AB, Q, = 52.6 +0.1 =

clockwise) flow)

The final distribution of discharges in each pipe is as follows

Discharge in pipe AD 37.3 from A to D =

AB 52.7 from A to B
DB = 0.7 from D to B
DC = 16.6. from D to C
BC 23.4 from B to C
The final discharge in each pipe is shown in Fig. 11.34 (c)

20 C
D
166 40

37.3 0.7 23.4

A
B 30
90 52.7
Fig. 11.34 (c)
 OMS Page No.

Date

6
Derivre
Sud dern expression or o89
los9. Of
o had due td
enlaraomeul in ppe

PV -

A,v =AzVa --- O

gF0 momentum equation
P.A+e, CA2-A,) A : YCva-V,)
-

P,A+ PiAz- PyA -hA2 Y Az V2 (V2-V

9 (- AzV)
CP-Pa) YV2 (V-v.) ---
P- V2 CV-v,)

Apeying bernoudl's eguaion

-

Y29
a h
2
v
P
Prom and
V2CY2-V)V-V h2

ha=_CV-v)

known
as5ord-CarnotBord Carnot equau
iS
This equatio
 FLOW OF VISCOus FLUID BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL PLATES
9.3

a this also. the shear stress distribution, the velocity distribution across a section : the ratio of
case also,
case
0
In
nt velocity
maximum velocity to average velocity and difference of pressure head for a given length of parallel
are to
be calculated.
plates,
Y PARALLEL PLATE
DIRECTION i uuuuiuuuuu
OF FLOWV
(Ay)Ax x1
ay Pxdyx1
B C ( (p+Ax)Ayx1
X
77
PARALLEL PLATE
AX

Fig. 9.6 Viscous flow between two

parallel plates.
Considertwo parallel fixed plates kept at a distance'r' apart as shown in Fig. 9.6. A viscous fluid is
flowing between these twO plates from left to right. Consider a fluid element of length Ar and thick-
ness Ay at a distance y from the lower fixed plate. If p is the intensity of pressure on the face AB of the

fluid element then intensity of pressure on the face CD will beP+ArLet t is the shear stress
dx

acting on the face BC then the shear stress on the face AD will be T+Ay|. If the width of the

element in the direction perpendicular to the paper is unity then the forces
are
acting on the fluid element
The pressure force, p x Ay x I on face AB.

2. The pressure force, p+Ar

dx
Ay x I on face CD.
3. The shear force, t x Arx I on face BC.
4.
The shear force, T+ay|ArxI on face AD.
dy
Forsteady and uniform flow, there is no acceleration and hence the resultant force in the direction
of flow is zero.

pAy x1-p+a Ayx1 - tArx l + |T+ Ay| Ar x I =0

dy
or
Ardy
dx
+AyAr=0
dx
Dividing by ArAy, we get -topvdt0 or d=
ox dy dx dy .(9.7)
398 Fluid Mechanics
e l o c i t y Distribution. To obtain the velocity distribution across a section, the valuc of shear

stress t =
u du Trom Newton's law of viscosity for laminar flow is substituted in cquation (9.7).
dy

au
Integrating the above equation w.r.t. y, we get
du
dy
dPdx y+C Ois constant
Integrating again Cy + C2 ..(9.8)
Hdr 2
where C and C constants of
are
integration. Their values are obtained from the two boundary condi-
ions that is (i) aty =0, 0 (ii)
u
at y t, u =0.
=

The substitution of y =0, u =0 in equation (9.8) gives

0
0+Cx0+ C2 or C2 =0
The substitution of =t, 0 in
y u =
equation (9.8) gives
dr 2 +Cxr+0o

C D_12
C dx 2 x 2u dx
Substituting the values of C and C2 in equation (9.8)

2u or
or Op [ty -M
24 O r y - v ..(9.9)

In the above equation, u, dx and are constant. It means u varies

with the square of y. Hence
equat (9.9) is a equation of a parabola. Hence
velocity distribution
plate is parabolic. This velocity distribution is shown in
Fig. 9.7 (a)
across a section of the paralel
o

max
(a) (b)
m
Fig. 9.7 Velocity distribution and shear
stress
across a section
of parallel plates. distribution