HISTORY  Scientific Techniques: Physical and

 Past events Chemical Tests

 Written accounts/Records of the past TEST OF AUTHENCITY OF
 Issues of the past EXTERNAL CRITICISMS
 Provide multiple views and perspectives 1. Determine the date to see
 Oral stories from generation to generation whether they are
 Perspective of continuity anachronistic - Ex: Pencil did
not exist before the 16th
 defined as a documented record of man and his society. Century
 In field of study is a study of man and his achievements 2. Determine the author – Ex:
from the beginning of the written records to the present Signature and Seal
time (Gray, 1956 in De Viana, 2015). 3. Anachrostic Style – Ex: Idiom,
 It is a record of events that shows the evolution of man Orthography, and Punctuation
and his society from the primitive form to the present. 4. Anachrostic reference ro
events – Ex: Too late, too early,
HISTORICAL METHOD too remote.
Historians have to verify sources, locate their place of 5. Provenance or Custody – Ex:
origin, and identify their intended function. Determine it’s genuineness.
6. Semantic – Ex: determining the
 the process of critically examining and analyzing meaning of text or a word
the records and survivals of the past.
7. Hemeneutics – Ex: determining
ambiquities
HISTORICAL SOURCES 2. INTERNAL CRITICISM -
 foundation of understanding the past analyzing the content of primary sources
 originators of information and data (records, to establish the accuracy.
narratives, materials in which historians use to  Problem: Credibility, often ask “Is it
understand the past deeper) credible?”
TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES ➢ It examines the truthfulness of the
1. Written Materials content of the evidence.
2. Not Written Materials  Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy and
3. Living Sources the worth of the data.
TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF  Technique: Verisimilar – as close as
what really happened from a critical
HISTORICAL SOURCES examination of the best available sources
1. Primary Sources TEST OF CREDIBILITY
 life blood of the history, direct, firsr hand,
and original evidence. created during a
1. Identification of the Author
historical event or time period. Examples: 2. Determination of
Minutes of meetings, diaries/journals, Approximate Date
autobiographies, speeches, etc. 3. Ability to tell the truth
2. Secondary Sources 4. Willingness to tell the truth
 documents or records made by individuals 5. Corroboration
who are NOT directly involved in the
events, records that are based on primary
sources, and analysis, evaluation, and
interpretation from the primary source.
 which is at a later date.
 authors or historians provide second-hand
information through interpretation, their
own commentary and analysis based on
primary sources.
Examples: Textbooks, encyclopedia
entries, newspaper accounts of
meetings, magazine articles about a
subject, etc

HISTORICAL CRITICISM
 In order for a source to be used as evidence in
history, basic matters about its form and content
must be settled.
TWO TYPES OF CRITICISM
1. EXTRERNAL CRITICISM -
establish the authenticity of a primary source.
 Purpose: Ensure that documents are
notforged or invented. To spot
fabricated and fake documents.
 Problem: Sources that are relatively
old and which authenticity is NOT
necessarily given.
 (Moluccas) with the Armada de Molucca,
FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD consisting of five ships and crews.
- The ships sailed down the Guadalquivir River
Reason why they conduct expedition to Sanlúcar de Barrameda for final
- Magellan aimed to reach South-East Asia, known preparations before venturing into the Atlantic
for spices and gems, by sailing west across the Ocean.
Atlantic Ocean. SEPTEMBER 20, 1519
- He sought a passage through South America to - After about a month of final preparations in
reach the Pacific Ocean. Sanlúcar de Barrameda, the fleet embarked
- Spain, following the Treaty of Tordesillas, had into the open Atlantic, officially starting the
rights to territories found west of a specified line, historic expedition.
aligning with -Magellan's westward expedition. SEPTEMBER 26, 1519
- The expedition was driven by the desire to find a - Magellan's fleet stopped at Tenerife in the
new route to the lucrative spice trade in the East Canary Islands to restock fresh vegetables and
Indies. conduct repairs at a lower cost than in Spain.
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA - Diogo Barbosa, Magellan's father-in-law, sent
- The author of first voyage around the world a secret letter warning of a mutiny plot by Juan
- One of the survivor of the expedition de Cartagena, the captain of the San Antonio
- Travelled with F. Magellan ship.
- historians estimate his birth year to be between - King Manuel of Portugal thought Magellan
1480 and 1491 was a traitor because he was sailing for Spain
FERDINAND MAGELLAN instead of Portugal. So, the King sent two
- Fernando De Magallanes groups of ships to catch Magellan and stop him
- A Portuguese explorer and led the expedition under from going on his journey.
the banner of Spain OCTOBER 5, 1519
- born in northern Portugal around 1480. - The fleet left the Canary Islands and sailed
ENRIQUE DE MALACCA south along the African coast. Magellan chose
- a slave interpreter, was on board Magellan's to go this way to avoid the Portuguese ships
Trinidad ship. that were chasing him.
- He later aided in communication with the locals in NOVEMBER 29 1519
Cebuano and Malay during Magellan's expedition - the fleet reached the approximate latitude of
to the Philippines in 1521. Cape Saint Augustine which the coasttline of
THE 5 SHIPS ARE: Brazil
 Concepcion DECEMBER 13 1519
- Commanded by Gaspar de Quesada with 45 men. - the fleet reach Rio De Janeiro
- burned and left in the Philippines after the death of - Enrique talked with the locals for trading
Magellan (kase d na nila kayang mag operate ng DECEMBER 27 1519
tatlong ship). - The fleet left the Rio De Janeiro and hoping t
 San Antonio reach the strait allowing them to pass South
- Commanded by Juan De Cartagena with 60 men. America to the Spice Island
- The largest ship MARCH 31 1520
- the ship turned and fled across the Atlantic Ocean - The fleet found a harbor which is the Port St.
back to Spain. Julian.
 Santiago - Fleet remained at St. Julian for 5 months
- Commanded by João Serrão, the smallest before resuming for the strait
ship with 32 men. AUGUST 24 1520
- wrecked in a storm in 1520 while exploring the - Fleet left for Sta. Cruz
South American coast. OCTOBER 21 1520
 Victoria - Spotted headland called Cape Virgenes
- Commanded by Luis de Mendoza, with a - After the Cape, found a large bay
crew of 42 men. NOVEMBER 28 1520
- Successfully circumnavigated the earth and - Remaining 3 ships completed the journey to
returned to spain Pacific.
 Trinidad - Magellan named as “ mar pacifico “ (Pacific
- Commanded by Magellan with 55 men Ocean)
- was caught in a storm and smashed to pieces. MARCH 6 1521
- Fleet reached Mariana Islands
TOTAL MEN ABOARD = 270 (group of sailors, soldiers, MARCH 16 1521
officers, navigators, and tradesmen) - They arrived in the island of Philippines called
now as Samal
AUGUST 10, 1519 - Then landed on the island of homonhon
- Magellan led an expedition from Seville to MARCH 28 1521
find a westward sea route to the Spice Islands - The fleet spotted a fire on an island and
stopped nearby.
 - A small boat with eight men came towards globe with the inscription "Primus circumdedisti me,"
them, and the Spanish used a slave interpreter meaning "You were the first to encircle me."
to talk to them. King Raja Colambu then
arrived in his big boat, known as a balanghai,
to meet the Spanish.
MARCH 31 1521
- The first Easter Mass was held on the shore
with 50 Spanish men present.
- Magellan instructed Father Pedro Valderrama,
the fleet's Andalusian chaplain and the only
priest at the time, to officiate the Mass.
- Both kings, Raja Colambu and Rajah Siagu,
took part in the ceremony, and a cross was
placed on a hill as a sign of peace and
friendship.
APRIL 6 1521
- They sighted the Cebu but they landed after
the day (April 7)
- To impress the ruler of Cebu, Magellan
showcased his weapons and talked about
Christianity with the island's leader, Rajah
Humabon.
APRIL 14 1521
- Rajah Humabon and his entire family were
baptized and received a sculpture of the baby
Jesus, known as "Santo Niño De Cebu".
APRIL 27 1521
- Magellan met his death in the Battle of
Mactan, fighting against Lapu-Lapu and his
warriors.
- A Portuguese fleet, sent to capture Magellan,
found the Trinidad near Tidore. The ship's
crew was too weak to fight back and the
Portuguese easily took control. The Trinidad
was taken to Ternate, a Portuguese-controlled
island, where it was destroyed in a storm and
sank to the ocean floor.
MAY 6, 1522,
- the Victoria, the only remaining ship from
Magellan's fleet, rounded the Cape of Good
Hope, the southern tip of Africa.

 Unfortunately, when the Portuguese inspected the

Victoria's cargo, they discovered 26 tons of cloves and
cinnamon spices from the East Indies. The crew quickly
got ready to leave before their ship could be seized.
Although 13 men were captured, Elcano and the rest of
Magellan's crew evaded capture and fled with the
Portuguese chasing them.

 The Victoria swiftly sailed along the African coast and

arrived at Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain on
September 6, 1522. Nearly three years after departing
Europe, the lone ship with 18 men accomplished the
first circumnavigation of the globe. The Victoria
brought back spices from the East Indies and some very
weak Moluccan slaves.

 On September 8th, the Victoria sailed upriver to Seville.

The Magellan expedition covered around 60,000 miles,
becoming the first Europeans to cross the Pacific Ocean
and establishing new trade paths for Spain. Sadly, over
80% of the crew perished during the journey. When
Elcano met Emperor Charles of Spain, he received a
KKK -was led by General Mariano Alvarez.
- KATAASTAASANG, KAGALANGGALANGAN, They emphasized a more decentralized
KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN (Supreme approach to governance and favored a
and Honorable Society of the Children of the Nation) gradualist strategy for achieving
- crucial role in the Philippine History independence.
- contribution in the freedom or independency of the 2) MAGDALO
Philipines - Established in Kawit, Cavite on April
- July 07 1892 by Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Piala 3, 1896
- was led by General Emilio
4 AIMS OF KKK Aguinaldo. [4] They advocated for a
- Develop a stong alliance more centralized government and a
- Unite filipinos into one solid nation more aggressive approach to fighting
- Win Philippine Independence by means of the Spanish
conflict for revolution
- Establish a republic after independency THE UPRSIING OF 1896
- also known as Philippine Revolution
LA LIGA FILIPINA ( July 3 1872) - marking the beginning of their struggle for
 "The Philippine League," independence from Spanish colonial rule.
 was a reformist organization founded by Dr. José AUGUST 21 1896
Rizal in Manila - went to kangkong
 It aimed to unite Filipinos and advocate for - Melchora Aquino’s House
peaceful reforms within the Spanish colonial - First Cry in the Balintawak
government.
The Eight Provinces Revolted Against Spanish Rule.
PROCESS OF RECRUITMENT - Manila
 TRIANGLE METHOD or HASIK - Cavite
1. Questions - Bulacan
2. Pledge/Oath - Pampanga
3. Blood Compact (Sanduguan)
- Nueva Ecija
 MEMBERSHIP
- Tarlac
1. KATIPON (associate)
o 1st degree or the lowest degree) - Laguna
o Black Hood wit white triangle - Batangas
containing ZLIB (lower)
FEBRUARY 17 1897
o Password: Anak ng Bayan
- The Zapote Bridge War, the Bloodiest Spanish and
2. KAWAL (soldier)
Filipino
o They wore a green hood with a
MARCH 22 1897
white triangle, the letters
- Tejeros Convention (First Election)
"Z.L.B." at the corners, along
with a green ribbon and a medal
with the letter.
o "Ka" (in Baybayin script) and a
crossed sword and flag.
o Their password was "Gomburza,"
a reference to the three martyred
priests Mariano Gomez, José
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora.
3. BAYANI (hero or patriot)
o This was the highest rank,
representing, most dedicated and
trusted members.
o They wore a red mask with a
white triangle containing the
letters "K.K.K." and "Z.L.B."
o They also wore a red sash with
green borders. Their password
was "Rizal," honoring the
Filipino national hero.

THE 2 FACTIONS
1) MAGDIWANG
- Founded in Noveleta, Cavite on April 2,
1896