Solution to Tutorial 4

Question 1
Part a) Transmission lines

For a transmission line made of parallel metal ribbons:

σ
E = z
^
ϵ0

where σ is the surface charge density on the ribbon, and the field points in the z
^ direction
(perpendicular to the surface of the ribbons).

μ0 I
^ =
B = μ0 Kx ^
x
w

where K is the surface current density, and I is the current, spread uniformly over the width w of the
ribbon.
The Poynting vector is:

1 σI
S = (E × B) = ^
y
μ0 ϵ0 w

and thus the power transported is:

σI h
P = ∫ S ⋅ da = Swh =
ϵ0

where h is the separation between the ribbons.

The voltage V between the ribbons is:

σ
V = ∫ E ⋅ dl = h
ϵ0

As a quick check we also see that the following relation holds :

P = IV

Part b) Coaxial Cable

For a coaxial cable, we are given the electric field E , the magnetic field , and the Poynting vector S.
B

λ 1
E = ^
s
2πϵ 0 s

where λ is the linear charge density, and s is the radial distance from the center axis.

μ0 I 1
B = ^
ϕ
2π s

where I is the current flowing in the coaxial cable.

The Poynting vector S

1 λI 1
S = (E × B) = z
^
2 2
μ0 4π ϵ 0 s
This is the power flowing down the cable in the z
^ direction.

The total power transported along the cable can be found by integrating the Poynting vector over the
surface area:

b b
λI 1
P = ∫ S ⋅ da = ∫ S 2πs ds = ∫ ds
a
2πϵ 0 a
s

Solving the integral:

λI b
P = ln ( )
2πϵ 0 a

The potential difference V between the inner and outer conductors of the coaxial cable is:

b b
λ 1 λ b
V = ∫ E ⋅ dl = ∫ ds = ln ( )
a
2πϵ 0 a
s 2πϵ 0 a

Similar to the previous case we find the following relation holds :

P = IV

Question 2
(a) Electric and Magnetic Fields

Electric Field

The electric field E is given by:

σ
E = z
^
ϵ0

where (σ) is the surface charge density:

Q(t) It
σ = =
2 2
πa πa

Thus,

It
E(t) = z
^
πϵ 0 a 2

Magnetic Field

Using a circular Amperian loop of radius s in the plane midway between the plates

∂E
∮ B. dl = ∫ (μ 0 J + μ 0 ϵ 0 ). dS
C
∂t

Since (E z
= I t/πϵ 0 a
2
), we have:

I 2
B.2πs = μ 0 πs
2
πa

Thus, the magnetic field is:

μ0 I s
^
B = ϕ
2
2πa
(b) Energy Density and Poynting Vector

Energy Density

The energy density (u ) is:

em

1 2
1 2
u em = (ϵ 0 E + B )
2 μ0

Substitute (E) and (B):

It
E =
2
πϵ 0 a

μ0 I s
B =
2
2πa

Thus:

2 2
1 It 1 μ0 I s
u em = [ϵ 0 ( ) + ( ) ]
2 2
2 πϵ 0 a μ0 2πa

2 2
μ0 I s
2
u em = [(ct) + ]
2 4
2π a 4

Poynting Vector

The Poynting vector (S) is given by:

1
S = (E × B)
μ0

2
It μ0 I s μ0 I t
E × B = ( z
^) × ( ^
ϕ) = − s^
s
2 2
πϵ 0 a 2πa 2π ϵ 0 a 4
2

Thus,
2
I t
S = − s^
s
2π ϵ 0 a 4
2

Verifying Power Conservation

2 2
∂u em μ0 I I t
2
= 2c t =
2 4 2 4
∂t 2π a π ϵ0 a

2 2
1 ∂ I st I t
−∇ ⋅ S = − (−s ) =
s ∂s 2π 2 ϵ 0 a 4 π2 ϵ0 a4

Both sides match, confirming:

∂u em
= −∇ ⋅ S
∂t

(c) Total Energy and Power Flow

Total Energy

Consider a volume of cylinder of radius b < a and height w,

We already know the energy density of electromagnetic field inside the gap as
 b

U em = ∫ u em ⋅ w2πs ds
0

Substitute u em :

2 b 2
μ 0 wI 2
s
U em = ∫ [(ct) + ]sds
4
πa 0
4

b
2 2 4
μ 0 wI 2
s 1 s
U em = [(ct) + ]
4
πa 2 4 4
0

2 2 4
μ 0 wb I b
2
U em = [(ct) + ]
4
2πa 8

Power Flowing into the Gap

The power flowing into the gap is:

2
I t
P in = − ∫ S ⋅ da = ( b) × 2bw
2π ϵ 0 a 4
2

2 2
I b tw
P in =
4
πϵ 0 a

The rate of increase of energy in the gap:

2 2
dU em μ 0 wI b 2
= c t
4
dt πa

2 2
dU em I wb
= = P in
4
dt πϵ 0 a

Thus, the power input equals the rate of increase of energy.

Question 3.

Electric Field Due to a Charge (q ) e

The electric field due to the charge (q ) is:

e

qe r
E =
4πε 0 r 3
Magnetic Field Due to a Monopole

The magnetic field due to a magnetic monopole (q ) is: m

′
μ0 r
B = qm
4π r ′3

where (r ′
= r − d^
z ), and the magnitude of ( r' ) is:

′
= √ r + d − 2rd cos θ
2 2
r

Thus, the magnetic field becomes:

μ0 q m (r − d^
z)
B =
3
4π 2 2 2
(r + d − 2rd cos θ)

Momentum Density in the Electromagnetic Fields

The momentum density in the electromagnetic field is given by:

g = ε 0 (E × B)

Substituting the expressions for E and B :

1 qe μ0 q m (r − d^
z)
g = ε0 ( r × 3
)
3
4πε 0 r 4π
(r 2 + d 2 − 2rd cos θ) 2

This simplifies to:

μ0 qe qm −d(r × ^
z)
g = 3
2
(4π) 3 2 2 2
r (r + d − 2rd cos θ)

Angular Momentum Density

The angular momentum density is given by:

l = r × g

Substitute g to get:

μ0 qe qm d r × (r × z
^)
l = − 3
(4π) 2 3 2 2 2
r (r + d − 2rd cos θ)

Using the identity r × (r × z

^) = r(r ⋅ z
^) − r z
^
2
, we get:
2 2
r × (r × z
^) = r cos θ^
r − r z
^

This can be further written in Cartesian coordinates as :

2 2
r cos θ(sin θ cos ϕx
^ + sin θ sin ϕy
^ + cos θ^
z) − r z
^

2
r
2 2
⇒ r (cos θ − 1)^
z + sin 2θ(cos ϕx
^ + sin ϕy)
^
2

Convince yourselves that the x and y components would integrate out and you would be left with :

Total Angular Momentum

The total angular momentum L is:

2 2 2
−μ 0 q e q m d r (cos θ − 1)r sin θ dr dθ dϕ
L = ^∫
z 3
(4π) 2 3 2 2 2
r (r + d − 2rd cos θ)

Let (u = cos θ), then du = − sin θ dθ , and the angular momentum becomes:

1 ∞ 2π 2
μ0 qe qm d r(1 − u ) du dr dϕ
L = z
^∫ ∫ ∫
3
2
(4π) −1 0 0
(r 2 + d 2 − 2rdu) 2

This simplifies to the total angular momentum is:

μ0 qe qm
L = z
^
4π

Question 4.
a)

The force between two charged particles separated by a distance r is,

1 q1 q2
F = .
2
4πϵ 0 r

Given that the charge q is at rest and

1 q2 is at a distance x(t) from q1 at time t, the force between the
two charged particle is

1 q1 q2
F2 =
2
4πϵ 0 x

Substituting √ b 2 + (ct) 2 for x(t) , the force due to q1 on q2 at time t is

1 q1 q2 1 q1 q2
F2 = =
2 2
4πϵ 0 2 2 2 4πϵ 0 b + (ct)
(√ b + (ct) )

b)

Then, total impulse delivered is the integration of F2 over the range of t,

∞

I2 = ∫ F 2 dt
−∞

Substituting

1 q1 q2
F2 =
4πε 0 b 2 + (ct) 2

( )
 ∞
1 q1 q2
I2 = ∫ ( )dt
−∞
4πε 0 b 2 + (ct) 2
∞
q1 q2 1 ct
−1
= ( tan ( ))
4πε 0 bc b
−∞

q1 q2 1 π π
= ( − (− ))
4πε 0 bc 2 2
q1 q2 π
=
4πε 0 bc

q1 q2 1
= (Ans.)
4ε 0 bc
c)

Remember from tutorial 3 we did solve for the electric field due to a point charge q constrained to move
along the x-axis, similarly for charge q we have :2

q2 1 c − v(t r )
E = − ^
x
4πϵ 0 x(t r ) 2 c + v(t r )

(The sign has now changed because the charge is approaching the origin)

Similarly as in the previous tutorial we now use the relation

x(t r ) = c(t − t r )

to form a quadratic equation which we solve for tr to find

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c t − b
⇒ c t − 2ctt r + c t r = b + c tr ⇒ tr =
2
2c t

For q to detect q , a signal from q must reach q . Observe the light cone given below that shows the
1 2 2 1

trajectory of q also, now an observer at x first observes q

2 2

when x = ct or t = x/c

For our specific case we find q1 (located at the origin) first detects q2 at t = 0

and this there is no force on q1 due to q before that

2

Using this we find the following quantities (for t > 0 )

2 2 2
b + c t
x(t r ) = c(t − t r ) =
2ct

and
2 2 2 2
1 2c t c t − b
v(t r ) = = c
2 √ (b 2 + c 2 t 2 ) c2 t2 + b2

Thus

2
q2 4b
E = − ^
x
4πϵ 0 (b 2 + c 2 t 2 ) 2
 0, t < 0
F1 = { q1 q2 4b
2

− 2
x,
^ t > 0
4πϵ 0 2 2 2
(b +c t )

d)

The total impulse delivered is,

∞

I1 = ∫ F 1 dt
−∞

Substituting
2
q1 q2 4b
F1 = − (f or t > 0)
4πε 0 b 2 + c 2 t 2

∞ 2
q1 q2 4b
I1 = ∫ (− )dt
−∞
4πε 0 b 2 + c 2 t 2
∞ 2
q1 q2 4b
= − ∫ ( )dt
2 2 2
4πε 0 −∞ b + c t

q1 q2 1 π π
= − ( − (− ))
4πε 0 bc 2 2

q1 q2 1
= −
4ε 0 bc