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ABSTRACT:

As the population is increases with the growth of the cities, the waste produced also increases. In 21st
century there is tremendous increase in garbage including plastic waste of households which is a threat
not only for human race but also for earth's environment. In today's sceanrio many cities are still lacking
in the area of waste management, particularly , the collection of garbage within the cities. Because of
this there is overspill of garbage [Link] provide a solution to this problem, a smart garbage monitoring
system is therefore to proposed to tackle the issues faced. Nowdays sanitariness & cleanliness are one
of the agitated issues by any state all over the world. This is possible only when the network of smart
bins which integrates cloud-based techniques to monitor & analyze data collected to provide predictive
routes generated through algorithms for garbage [Link] main purpose of this project is to develop an
IOT Based project which is cost-effective system that can monitor the everyday garbage in real time by
using smart technology.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1.1 Introduction Embedded Systems:-

Embedded
System

Software Hardware

ALP Processor
C Peripherals
VB memory
Etc.,

Figure 1.1: Block diagram of Embedded System

An embedded system is a system which is going to do a predefined specified task is the

embedded system and is even defined as combination of both software and hardware. A general-
purpose definition of embedded systems is that they are devices used to control, monitor or assist
the operation of equipment, machinery or plant. "Embedded" reflects the fact that they are an
integral part of the system. At the other extreme a general-purpose computer may be used to
control the operation of a large complex processing plant, and its presence will be obvious.

All embedded systems are including computers or microprocessors. Some of these

computers are however very simple systems as compared with a personal computer.

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The very simplest embedded systems are capable of performing only a single function or
set of functions to meet a single predetermined purpose. In more complex systems an application
program that enables the embedded system to be used for a particular purpose in a specific
application determines the functioning of the embedded system. The ability to have programs
means that the same embedded system can be used for a variety of different purposes. In some
cases a microprocessor may be designed in such a way that application software for a particular
purpose can be added to the basic software in a second process, after which it is not possible to
make further changes. The applications software on such processors is sometimes referred to as
firmware.
The simplest devices consist of a single microprocessor (often called a "chip”), which may
itself be packaged with other chips in a hybrid system or Application Specific Integrated Circuit
(ASIC). Its input comes from a detector or sensor and its output goes to a switch or activator
which (for example) may start or stop the operation of a machine or, by operating a valve, may
control the flow of fuel to an engine. As the embedded system is the combination of both
software and hardware

Software deals with the languages like ALP, C, and VB etc., and Hardware deals with
Processors, Peripherals, and Memory.

Memory: It is used to store data or address.

Peripherals: These are the external devices connected

Processor: It is an IC which is used to perform some task

1.2 Types of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on performance,

functional requirements and performance of the microcontroller.

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Figure 1.2: Types of Embedded System

Embedded systems are classified into four categories based on their performance and functional
requirements:

 Stand alone embedded systems

 Real time embedded systems
 Networked embedded systems
 Mobile embedded systems

Embedded Systems are classified into three types based on the performance of
the microcontroller such as

 Small scale embedded systems

 Medium scale embedded systems
 Sophisticated embedded systems

1.2.1 Stand Alone Embedded Systems:

Stand alone embedded systems do not require a host system like a computer, it works by
itself. It takes the input from the input ports either analog or digital and processes, calculates and
converts the data and gives the resulting data through the connected device-Which either controls
or drives and displays the connected devices. Examples for the stand alone embedded systems

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are mp3 players, digital cameras, video game consoles, microwave ovens and temperature
measurement systems.

1.2.2 Real Time Embedded Systems:

A real time embedded system is defined as; a system which gives required output in a
particular time. These types of embedded systems follow the time deadlines for completion of a
task. Real time embedded systems are classified into two types such as soft and hard real time
systems.

1.2.3 Networked embedded systems:

These types of embedded systems are related to a network to access the resources. The
connected network can be LAN, WAN or the internet. The connection can be any wired or
wireless. This type of embedded system is the fastest growing area in embedded system
applications. The embedded web server is a type of system wherein all embedded devices are
connected to a web server and accessed and controlled by a web browser. Example for the LAN
networked embedded system is a home security system wherein all sensors are connected and
run on the protocol TCP/IP.

1.2.4 Mobile Embedded Systems:

Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices like cell phones,
mobiles, digital cameras, mp3 players and personal digital assistants, etc. The basic limitation of
these devices is the other resources and limitation of memory.

1.2.5 Small Scale Embedded Systems:

These types of embedded systems are designed with a single 8 or 16-bit microcontrollers
that may even be activated by a battery. For developing embedded software for small scale

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embedded systems, the main programming tools are an editor, assembler, cross assembler and
integrated development environment (IDE).

1.2.6 Medium Scale Embedded Systems:

These types of embedded systems design with a single or 16 or 32 bit microcontroller,

RISCs or DSPs. These types of embedded systems have both hardware and software
complexities. For developing embedded software for medium scale embedded systems, the main
programming tools are C, C++, and JAVA, Visual C++, and RTOS, debugger, source code
engineering tool, simulator and IDE.

1.2.7 Sophisticated Embedded Systems:

These types of embedded systems have enormous hardware and software complexities that
may need ASIPs, IPs, PLAs, scalable or configurable processors. They are used for cutting-edge
applications that need hardware and software Co-design and components which have to
assemble in the final system.

1.3 Overview of Embedded system Architecture

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central

Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is
loaded.

Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a
long time you don’t need to reload new software. Now, let us see the details of the various
building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system.

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Figure 1.3: Embedded System Architecture

1.3.1 Central Processing Unit:

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following:
microcontroller, microprocessor or Digital Signal Processing (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-
cost processor. Its main attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components
such as memory, serial communication interface, analog-to-digital converter etc. So, for small
applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external components required
will be very less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use
many external components with them. DSP is used mainly for applications in which signaling is
involved such as audio and video processing.

1.3.2 Memory:

The memory is categorized as Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The content of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, where ROM
retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the ROM.
When power is switched on, the processer reads the ROM. The program is executed.

1.3.3 Input Devices:

Unlike the desktop, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability.
There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no
easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a
specific command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded system used

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in process control do not have any input device for user interaction. They take inputs from
sensors or transducers produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other systems.

1.3.4 Output Devices:

The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some
embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of
the system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
may also be used to display some important parameters.

1.4 Memory Architecture:

There two different type’s memory architectures there are:

1. Harvard Architecture
2. Von-Neumann Architecture

1.4.1 Harvard Architecture

Computers have separate memory areas for program instructions and data. There are two or
more internal data buses, which allow simultaneous access to both instructions and data. The
CPU fetches program instructions on the program memory bus.

The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically separate storage and
signal pathways for instructions and data. The term originated from the Harvard Mark I relay-
based computer, which stored instructions on punched tape (24 bits wide) and data in electro-
mechanical counters. These early machines had limited data storage, entirely contained within
the central processing unit, and provided no access to the instruction storage as data. Programs
needed to be loaded by an operator, the processor could not boot itself.

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Figure 1.4.1: Harvard Architecture

1.4.2 Modern uses of the Harvard architecture:

The principal advantage of the pure Harvard architecture - simultaneous access to more
than one memory system - has been reduced by modified Harvard processors using modern CPU
cache systems. Relatively pure Harvard architecture machines are used mostly in applications
where tradeoffs, such as the cost and power savings from omitting caches, outweigh the
programming penalties from having distinct code and data address spaces.
 Digital signal processors (DSPs) generally execute small, highly-optimized audio or
video processing algorithms. They avoid caches because their behavior must be extremely
reproducible. The difficulties of coping with multiple address spaces are of secondary concern to
speed of execution. As a result, some DSPs have multiple data memories in distinct address
spaces to facilitate SIMD and VLIW processing. Texas Instruments TMS320 C55x processors,
as one example, have multiple parallel data busses (two write, three read) and one instruction
bus.
 Microcontrollers are characterized by having small amounts of program (flash memory)
and data (SRAM) memory, with no cache, and take advantage of the Harvard architecture to
speed processing by concurrent instruction and data access. The separate storage means the
program and data memories can have different bit depths, for example using 16-bit wide
instructions and 8-bit wide data. They also mean that instruction pre-fetch can be performed in
parallel with other activities.
Examples include, the AVR by Atmel Corp, the PIC by Microchip Technology, Inc. and the
ARM Cortex-M3 processor (not all ARM chips have Harvard architecture).

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Even in these cases, it is common to have special instructions to access program memory as data
for read-only tables, or for reprogramming.
1.4.3 Von-Neumann Architecture:

A computer has a single, common memory space in which both program instructions and
data are stored. There is a single internal data bus that fetches both instructions and data. They
cannot be performed at the same time

The Von Neumann Architecture is a design model for a stored-program digital computer
that uses a central processing unit (CPU) and a single separate storage structure ("memory") to
hold both instructions and data. It is named after the mathematician and early computer scientist
John von Neumann. Such computers implement a universal Turing machine and have a
sequential architecture.

A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps its programmed instructions, as well
as its data, in read-write, random-access memory (RAM). Stored-program computers were
advancement over the program-controlled computers of the 1940s, such as the Colossus and the
ENIAC, which were programmed by setting switches and inserting patch leads to route data and
to control signals between various functional units. In the vast majority of modern computers, the
same memory is used for both data and program instructions. The mechanisms for transferring
the data and instructions between the CPU and memory are, however, considerably more
complex than the original von Neumann architecture.

The terms "von Neumann architecture" and "stored-program computer" are generally used
interchangeably, and that usage is followed in this article.

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Figure 1.4.3: Schematic of the Von-Neumann Architecture.

1.4.4 Basic Difference between Harvard and Von-Neumann Architecture

 The primary difference between Harvard architecture and the Von Neumann architecture
is in the Von Neumann architecture data and programs are stored in the same memory
and managed by the same information handling system.
 Whereas the Harvard architecture stores data and programs in separate memory devices
and they are handled by different subsystems.
 In a computer using the Von-Neumann architecture without cache; the central processing
unit (CPU) can either be reading and instruction or writing/reading data to/from the
memory. Both of these operations cannot occur simultaneously as the data and
instructions use the same system bus.
 In a computer using the Harvard architecture the CPU can both read an instruction and
access data memory at the same time without cache. This means that a computer with
Harvard architecture can potentially be faster for a given circuit complexity because data
access and instruction fetches do not contend for use of a single memory pathway.
 Today, the vast majority of computers are designed and built using the Von Neumann
architecture template primarily because of the dynamic capabilities and efficiencies
gained in designing, implementing, operating one memory system as opposed to two.
Von Neumann architecture may be somewhat slower than the contrasting Harvard
Architecture for certain specific tasks, but it is much more flexible and allows for many
concepts unavailable to Harvard architecture such as self programming, word processing
and so on.
 Harvard architectures are typically only used in either specialized systems or for very
specific uses. It is used in specialized digital signal processing (DSP), typically for video
and audio processing products. It is also used in many small microcontrollers used in
electronics applications such as Advanced RISK Machine (ARM) based products for
many vendors.

1.5 Features of Embedded systems:-

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 Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different

things.
 Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they
do not have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk.
 Embedded systems have to work against some deadlines. A specific job has to be
completed within a specific time. In some embedded systems, called real-time systems,
the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe- loss of life or
damage to property.
 Embedded systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems
 Operate through a battery, the power consumption has to be very low.
 Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as
very high temperatures and humidity.

1.6 Design process:-

Embedded system design is a quantitative job. The pillars of the system design
methodology are the separation between function and architecture is an essential step from
conception to implementation. In recent past, the search and industrial community has paid
significant attention to the topic of hardware-software (HW/SW) code sign and has tackled the
problem of coordinating the design of the parts to be implemented as software and the parts to be
implemented as hardware avoiding the HW/SW integration problem marred the electronics
system industry so long. In any large scale embedded systems design methodology, concurrency
must be considered as a first class citizen at all levels of abstraction and in both hardware and
software. Formal models & transformations in system design are used so that verification and
synthesis can be applied to advantage in the design methodology. Simulation tools are used for
exploring the design space for validating the functional and timing behaviors of embedded
systems. Hardware can be simulated at different levels such as electrical circuits, logic gates,
RTL, etc., using VHDL description. In some environments software development tools can be
coupled with hardware simulators, while in others 05 the software is executed on the simulated
hardware. The later approach is feasible only for small parts of embedded systems. Design of an
embedded system using Intel’s 80C188EB chip is shown in the figure. In order to reduce

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complexity, the design process is divided in four major steps: specification, system synthesis,
and implementation synthesis and performance evaluation of the prototype.

1.6.1 Specification:-

During this part of the design process, the informal requirements of the analysis
are transformed to formal specification using SDL.

1.6.2 System-Synthesis:-

For performing an automatic HW/SW partitioning, the system synthesis step translates
the SDL specification to an internal system model switch contains problem graph& architecture
graph. After system synthesis, the resulting system model is translated back to SDL.

1.6.3 Implementation-Synthesis:-

SDL specification is then translated into conventional implementation languages such as

VHDL for hardware modules and C for software parts of the system.

1.6.4 Prototyping:-

On a prototyping platform, the implementation of the system under development is executed

with the software parts running on multiprocessor unit and the hardware part running on a FPGA
board known as phoenix, prototype hardware for Embedded Network Interconnect Accelerators

1.7 Applications of embedded systems:-

 Consumer Applications
 Computer Networking
 Telecommunications
 Wireless technologies
 Security

1.7.1 Consumer Applications:

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At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital
diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner,
VCO player, video game consoles, video records etc. Today’s high-tech car has about 20
embedded systems for transmission control, engine spark control, air-conditioning, navigation
etc. Even wristwatches are now becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are powerful
embedded systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such as playing
games and word processing.

1.7.2 Computer Networking

Computer Networking products such as Bridges, Routers, Integrated Services Digital

Networks (ISDN) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are
embedded system which implemented the necessary data communication protocols. For
example, a router interconnects two networks. The networks may be running different protocol
stacks.

The router’s function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the
packets and send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most
networking equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the
networks, are embedded systems.

1.7.3 Telecommunications:

In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as subscriber

terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones, ISDN
phones, terminal adapters, web camera are embedded systems. The network equipment includes
multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assembler Dissembler (PADs), satellite modems
etc… IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc… are the latest embedded systems that are provide
very low-cost voice communication over the Internet.

1.7.4 Wireless Technologies:

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Advances in mobile communication are paving way for many interesting applications using
embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last decade of the 20th
century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice communication while we are
on the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access
multimedia services over the internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station
controllers, mobile switching centers are also powerful embedded systems.

1.7.5 Security:

Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect our
homes and offices, and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded
systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses now-a-days. Security
devices at homes, offices, airports etc… for authentication and verification are embedded
systems. Encryption devices are nearly 99 percent of the processors that are manufactured end up
in embedded systems. Embedded systems find applications in every industrial segment –
consumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing process
control and industrial automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security
etc…

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Device-to-device communication, which allows data access across a short distance, has yet to find an
efficient solution. Moreover, the garbage is collected by corporation, once or twice in a week or on
alternated days or on a daily basis. Though the garbage stinks and overflows, the garbage meets the
roads and cause malady to kith and kin. It results in lot of traffic and noise and also an unsanitary

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environmental condition. As the price of the hardware and software system programs are valuable, it is
highly tough to implement and also the existing systems consumes lot of power.

CHAPTER 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND HARDWARE DISCRIPTION

3.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

POWER LCD
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HCSR04
 ARDUINO

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IR sensor
WEBSERVER

WiFi

POWER SUPPLY
All digital circuits require regulated power supply. In this article we are going to learn how to get
a regulated positive supply from the mains supply.

Figure 1 shows the basic block diagram of a fixed regulated power supply.

Let us go through each block.

TRANSFORMER

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A transformer consists of two coils also called as “WINDINGS” namely PRIMARY &
SECONDARY. They are linked together through inductively coupled electrical conductors also
called as CORE. A changing current in the primary causes a change in the Magnetic Field in the
core & this in turn induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. If load is applied to the
secondary then an alternating current will flow through the load. If we consider an ideal
condition then all the energy from the primary circuit will be transferred to the secondary circuit
through the magnetic field.

So

The secondary voltage of the transformer depends on the number of turns in the Primary as well as
in the secondary.

Rectifier

A rectifier is a device that converts an AC signal into DC signal. For rectification purpose we use
a diode, a diode is a device that allows current to pass only in one direction i.e. when the anode
of the diode is positive with respect to the cathode also called as forward biased condition &
blocks current in the reversed biased condition.

Rectifier can be classified as follows:

1) Half Wave rectifier.

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This is the simplest type of rectifier as you can see in the diagram a half wave rectifier consists
of only one diode. When an AC signal is applied to it during the positive half cycle the diode is
forward biased & current flows through it. But during the negative half cycle diode is reverse
biased & no current flows through it. Since only one half of the input reaches the output, it is
very inefficient to be used in power supplies.

2) Full wave rectifier.

Half wave rectifier is quite simple but it is very inefficient, for greater efficiency we would like
to use both the half cycles of the AC signal. This can be achieved by using a center tapped
transformer i.e. we would have to double the size of secondary winding & provide connection to
the center. So during the positive half cycle diode D1 conducts & D2 is in reverse biased
condition. During the negative half cycle diode D2 conducts & D1 is reverse biased. Thus we get
both the half cycles across the load. One of the disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifier design is
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the necessity of using a center tapped transformer, thus increasing the size & cost of the circuit.
This can be avoided by using the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier.

3) Bridge Rectifier

As the name suggests it converts the full wave i.e. both the positive & the negative half cycle
into DC thus it is much more efficient than Half Wave Rectifier & that too without using a center
tapped transformer thus much more cost effective than Full Wave Rectifier. Full Bridge Wave
Rectifier consists of four diodes namely D1, D2, D3 and D4. During the positive half cycle
diodes D1 & D4 conduct whereas in the negative half cycle diodes D2 & D3 conduct thus the
diodes keep switching the transformer connections so we get positive half cycles in the output.

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If we use a center tapped transformer for a bridge rectifier we can get both positive & negative
half cycles which can thus be used for generating fixed positive & fixed negative voltages.

FILTER CAPACITOR

Even though half wave & full wave rectifier give DC output, none of them provides a constant
output voltage. For this we require to smoothen the waveform received from the rectifier. This
can be done by using a capacitor at the output of the rectifier this capacitor is also called as
“FILTER CAPACITOR” or “SMOOTHING CAPACITOR” or “RESERVOIR CAPACITOR”.
Even after using this capacitor a small amount of ripple will remain. We place the Filter
Capacitor at the output of the rectifier the capacitor will charge to the peak voltage during each
half cycle then will discharge its stored energy slowly through the load while the rectified
voltage drops to zero, thus trying to keep the voltage as constant as possible.

If we go on increasing the value of the filter capacitor then the Ripple will decrease. But then the costing will
increase. The value of the Filter capacitor depends on the current consumed by the circuit, the frequency of
the waveform & the accepted ripple.

Where,

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Vr = accepted ripple voltage.( should not be more than 10% of the voltage)
I = current consumed by the circuit in Amperes.
F = frequency of the waveform. A half wave rectifier has only one peak in one cycle so F=25hz

Where as a full wave rectifier has Two peaks in one cycle so F=100hz.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A Voltage regulator is a device which converts varying input voltage into a constant regulated

output voltage. Voltage regulator can be of two types

1) Linear Voltage Regulator Also called as Resistive Voltage regulator because they
dissipate the excessive voltage resistively as heat.
2) Switching Regulators They regulate the output voltage by switching the Current
ON/OFF very rapidly. Since their output is either ON or OFF it dissipates very low
power thus achieving higher efficiency as compared to linear voltage regulators. But
they are more complex & generate high noise due to their switching action. For low
level of output power switching regulators tend to be costly but for higher output
wattage they are much cheaper than linear regulators.

The most commonly available Linear Positive Voltage Regulators are the 78XX series where the
XX indicates the output voltage. And 79XX series is for Negative Voltage Regulators.

After filtering the rectifier output the signal is given to a voltage regulator. The maximum input
voltage that can be applied at the input is [Link] there is a 2-3 Volts drop across the
regulator so the input voltage should be at least 2-3 Volts higher than the output voltage. If the
input voltage gets below the Vmin of the regulator due to the ripple voltage or due to any other
reason the voltage regulator will not be able to produce the correct regulated voltage.

3. Circuit diagram:

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Fig 2.3 Circuit Diagram of power supply

IC 7805:

7805 is an integrated three-terminal positive fixed linear voltage regulator. It supports an input
voltage of 10 volts to 35 volts and output voltage of 5 volts. It has a current rating of 1 amp
although lower current models are available. Its output voltage is fixed at 5.0V. The 7805 also
has a built-in current limiter as a safety feature. 7805 is manufactured by many companies,
including National Semiconductors and Fairchild Semiconductors. The 7805 will automatically
reduce output current if it gets too [Link] last two digits represent the voltage; for instance, the
7812 is a 12-volt regulator. The 78xx series of regulators is designed to work in complement
with the 79xx series of negative voltage regulators in systems that provide both positive and
negative regulated voltages, since the 78xx series can't regulate negative voltages in such a
system. The 7805 & 78 is one of the most common and well-known of the 78xx series
regulators, as it's small component count and medium-power regulated 5V make it useful for
powering TTL devices.

SPECIFICATIONS IC 7805

V out 5V

V - V Difference
ein out 5V - 20V

Operation Ambient Temp 0 - 125°C

Output I max 1A

Table 2.1. Specifications of IC7805

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IR SENSOR:

Introduction

IR technology is used in daily life and also in industries for different purposes. For example, TVs
use an IR sensor to understand the signals which are transmitted from a remote control. The main
benefits of IR sensors are low power usage, their simple design & their convenient features. IR
signals are not noticeable by the human eye. The IR radiation in the electromagnetic
spectrum can be found in the regions of the visible & microwave. Usually, the wavelengths of
these waves range from 0.7 µm 5 to 1000µm. The IR spectrum can be divided into three regions
like near-infrared, mid, and far-infrared. The near IR region’s wavelength ranges from 0.75 –
3µm, the mid-infrared region’s wavelength ranges from 3 to 6µm & the far IR region’s infrared
radiation’s wavelength is higher than 6µm.

Infrared technology addresses a wide variety of wireless applications. The main areas are sensing
and remote controls. In the electromagnetic spectrum, the infrared portion is divided into three
regions: near infrared region, mid infrared region and far infrared region. The wavelengths of
these regions and their applications are shown below.

 Near infrared region — 700 nm to 1400 nm — IR sensors, fiber optic

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 Mid infrared region — 1400 nm to 3000 nm — Heat sensing

 Far infrared region — 3000 nm to 1 mm — Thermal imaging

The frequency range of infrared is higher than microwave and lesser than visible light. For
optical sensing and optical communication, photo optics technologies are used in the near
infrared region as the light is less complex than RF when implemented as a source of signal.
Optical wireless communication is done with IR data transmission for short range applications.
An infrared sensor emits and/or detects infrared radiation to sense its surroundings.

What is an IR Sensor/Infrared Sensor?

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.
These types of sensors measure only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called
a passive IR sensor. Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal
radiation.

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These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, which can be detected by an infrared sensor.
The emitter is simply an IR LED ( Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR
photodiode that is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED.
When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output voltages will change in
proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The working principle of an infrared sensor is similar to the object detection sensor. This sensor
includes an IR LED & an IR Photodiode, so by combining these two can be formed as a photo-
coupler otherwise optocoupler. The physics laws used in this sensor are planks radiation,
Stephan Boltzmann & weins [Link] LED is one kind of transmitter that emits IR
radiations. This LED looks similar to a standard LED and the radiation which is generated by
this is not visible to the human eye. Infrared receivers mainly detect the radiation using an
infrared transmitter. These infrared receivers are available in photodiodes form. IR Photodiodes
are dissimilar as compared with usual photodiodes because they detect simply IR radiation.
Different kinds of infrared receivers mainly exist depending on the voltage, wavelength,
package, etc. Once it is used as the combination of an IR transmitter & receiver, then the
receiver’s wavelength must equal the transmitter. Here, the transmitter is IR LED whereas the
receiver is IR photodiode. The infrared photodiode is responsive to the infrared light that is
generated through an infrared LED. The resistance of photo-diode & the change in output
voltage is in proportion to the infrared light obtained. This is the IR sensor’s fundamental

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working principle. The working of any Infrared sensor is governed by three laws: Planck’s
Radiation law, Stephen – Boltzmann law and Wien’s Displacement law.

Planck’s law states that “every object emits radiation at a temperature not equal to 00K”. Stephen
– Boltzmann law states that “at all wavelengths, the total energy emitted by a black body is
proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature”. According to Wien’s
Displacement law, “the radiation curve of a black body for different temperatures will reach its
peak at a wavelength inversely proportional to the temperature”. The basic concept of an Infrared
Sensor which is used as Obstacle detector is to transmit an infrared signal, this infrared signal
bounces from the surface of an object and the signal is received at the infrared receiver.

There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection system: an infrared source, a
transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or receivers and signal processing.
Infrared lasers and Infrared LED’s of specific wavelength can be used as infrared sources. The
three main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere and optical
fibers. Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or to limit the spectral
response. Optical lenses made of Quartz, Germanium and Silicon are used to focus the infrared
radiation. Infrared receivers can be photodiodes, phototransistors etc. some important
specifications of infrared receivers are photosensitivity, detectivity and noise equivalent power.
Signal processing is done by amplifiers as the output of infrared detector is very small.

Types of IR Sensors

Infrared sensors can be passive or active. Passive infrared sensors are basically Infrared
detectors. Passive infrared sensors do not use any infrared source and detects energy emitted by
obstacles in the field of view. They are of two types: quantum and thermal. Thermal infrared
sensors use infrared energy as the source of heat and are independent of wavelength.
Thermocouples, pyroelectric detectors and bolometers are the common types of thermal infrared
detectors.

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Quantum type infrared detectors offer higher detection performance and are faster than thermal
type infrared detectors. The photosensitivity of quantum type detectors is wavelength dependent.
Quantum type detectors are further classified into two types: intrinsic and extrinsic types.
Intrinsic type quantum detectors are photoconductive cells and photovoltaic cells.

Ultrasonic sensor:
The sensor is primarily intended to be used in security systems for detection of moving objects,
but can be effectively involved in intelligent children’s toys, automatic door opening devices,
and sports training and contact-less-speed measurement equipment.

Introduction
Modern security systems utilize various types of sensors to detect unauthorized object access
attempts. The sensor collection includes infrared, microwave and ultrasound devices, which are
intended to detect moving objects. Each type of sensor is characterized by its own advantages
and drawbacks. Microwave sensors are effective in large apartments because microwaves pass
through dielectric materials. But these sensors consist of expensive super-high frequency
components and their radiation is unhealthy for living organisms.

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Infrared sensors are characterized by high sensitivity, low cost and are widely used. But, these
sensors can generate false alarm signals if heating systems are active or temperature change
speed exceeds some threshold level. Moreover, infrared sensors appreciably lose sensitivity if
small insects penetrate the sensor lens. Ultrasound motion detection sensors are characterized by
small power consumption, suitable cost and high sensitivity. That it why this kind of sensor is
commonly used in home, office and car security systems. Existing ultrasound sensors consist of
multiple passive and active components and are relatively complicated for production and
testing. Sensors often times require a laborious tuning process.

The ultrasound transmitter TX is emitting ultrasound waves into sensor ambient space
continuously. These waves are reflecting from various objects and are reaching ultrasound
receiver RX. There is a constant interference figure if no moving objects are in the placement.

Any moving object changes the level and phase of the reflected signal, which modifies the
summed received signal level. Most low cost sensors (car security systems, for instance) perform
reflected signal amplitude analysis to detect moving objects. In spite of implementation
simplicity, this detection method is characterized by a high sensitivity to noise signals. For
example, heterogeneous airflows, sensor vibrations, room window and door deformations, and
gusts can change the interference figure and generate false alarm signals.

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Better noise resistance may be obtained if the receive sensor is performing reflected signal
frequency analysis instead of amplitude examination. The reflected signal spectrum emulates a
Doppler Effect. Frequency components of the moving object speed vector have a component in
the direction of ultrasound radiation propagation. Because ultrasound waves reflect from the
windows, walls, furniture etc., the sensor can detect object movements in any direction. To
implement this principle, the sensor must perform selection and processing of Doppler Effect
frequency shift to detect moving objects.

The air condition systems, heat generators, and refrigerators typically include movable parts,
which can cause device vibrations that generate high-frequency Doppler components in the
reflected ultrasound signal. The heterogeneous variable temperature airflows are characterized
by different ultrasound propagation speed that can raise low-frequency Doppler components in
the reflected signal. That is why the noise resistant motion detection sensor should limit the
Doppler signals’ frequency range from lower and upper bounds to satisfactory false-alarm free
operation.

The ultrasound motion detection sensor has been developed in compliance with operation
principles considered above.

CHAPTER 4

CONTROLLER

NODE-MCU

NODE MCU:

NodeMCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform. It initially included firmware which runs on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which was based on the ESP-12 module.[6]
[7] Later, support for the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added

OVERVIEW:

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NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board designs are available.
The name "NodeMCU" combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-controller unit).[8]. The term "NodeMCU"
strictly speaking refers to the firmware rather than the associated development kits.[citation needed]

Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.

The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua project, and built on the
Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-cjson[10] and
SPIFFS.[11] Due to resource constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for their project and
build a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been implemented.

The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-line package (DIP)
which integrates a USB controller with a smaller surface-mounted board containing the MCU and
antenna. The choice of the DIP format allows for easy prototyping on breadboards. The design was
initially was based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with a
Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT applications

HISTORY:

NodeMCU was created shortly after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30, 2013, Espressif
Systems[6] began production of the ESP8266.[12] NodeMCU started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong
committed the first file of nodemcu-firmware to GitHub.[13] Two months later, the project expanded to
include an open-hardware platform when developer Huang R committed the gerber file of an ESP8266
board, named devkit v0.9.[14] Later that month, Tuan PM ported MQTT client library from Contiki to the
ESP8266 SoC platform,[15] and committed to NodeMCU project, then NodeMCU was able to support
the MQTT IoT protocol, using Lua to access the MQTT broker. Another important update was made on
30 Jan 2015, when Devsaurus ported the u8glib[16] to the NodeMCU project,[17] enabling NodeMCU to
easily drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even VGA displays. In the summer of 2015 the original creators
abandoned the firmware project and a group of independent contributors took over. By the summer of
2016 the NodeMCU included more than 40 different modules.

INTRODUCTION TO NODEMCU:

NodeMCU is an open source LUA based firmware developed for ESP8266 wifi chip. By exploring
functionality with ESP8266 chip, NodeMCU firmware comes with ESP8266 Development board/kit i.e.
NodeMCU Development board. Since NodeMCU is open source platform, their hardware design is open

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for edit/modify/build. NodeMCU Dev Kit/board consist of ESP8266 wifi enabled chip. The ESP8266 is a
low-cost Wi-Fi chip developed by Espressif Systems with TCP/IP protocol. For more information about
ESP8266, you can refer ESP8266 WiFi Module. There is Version2 (V2) available for NodeMCU Dev Kit
i.e. NodeMCU Development Board v1.0 (Version2), which usually comes in black colored PCB.

NodeMCU Development Kit/Board consist of ESP8266 wifi chip. ESP8266 chip has GPIO pins,
serial communication protocol, etc. features on it.

ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip developed by Espressif Systems with TCP/IP protocol. For
more information about ESP8266, you can refer ESP8266 WiFi Module.

The features of ESP8266 are extracted on NodeMCU Development board. NodeMCU

(LUA based firmware) with Development board/kit that consist of ESP8266 (wifi enabled chip)
chip combines NodeMCU Development board which make it stand-alone device in IoT
applications.

Let’s see 1st version of NodeMCU Dev Kit and its pinout as shown in below images.

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NodeMCU Development Board v0.9 (Version1)

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NodeMCU Dev Kit v0.9(V1) Pinouts

2nd version of NodeMCU Dev Kit and its Pinout as shown in below images.

Amica NodeMCU Dev Kit v1.0(Version2)

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NodeMCU Dev Kit v1.0(V2) Pinouts

NodeMCU Dev Kit v1.0 pin descriptions

GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) Pins:

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NodeMCU has general purpose input output pins on its board as shown in above pinout
diagram. We can make it digital high/low and control things like LED or switch on it.
Also, we can generate PWM signal on these GPIO pins.

For more information about NodeMCU GPIO

For more information about NodeMCU PWM

ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) channel (A0):

NodeMCU has one ADC channel/pin on its board.

For more information about NodeMCU ADC

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Pins:

NodeMCU based ESP8266 has Hardware SPI (HSPI) with four pins available for SPI
communication. It also has SPI pins for Quad-SPI communication. With this SPI interface,
we can connect any SPI enabled device with NodeMCU and make communication
possible with it.

For more information about NodeMCU SPI

I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) Pins:

NodeMCU has I2C functionality support on ESP8266 GPIO pins. Due to internal
functionality on ESP-12E we cannot use all its GPIOs for I2C functionality. So, do tests
before using any GPIO for I2C applications.

For more information about NodeMCU I2C

UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) Pins:

NodeMCU based ESP8266 has two UART interfaces, UART0 and UART1. Since UART0 (RXD0 &
TXD0) is used to upload firmware/codes to board, we can’t use them in applications while uploading
firmware/codes

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CHAPTER-5

SOFTWARE

Software introduction:

Arduino IDE Software. You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page
on the Arduino Official website. You must select your software, which is compatible with your
operating system (Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your file download is complete, unzip the file.

Fig. 3.1 Opening [Link]

Launch Arduino IDE. After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the
folder. Inside the folder, you can find the application icon with an infinity label ([Link]).
Doubleclick the icon to start the IDE.

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Fig:3.2 Launch Arduino IDE

Open your first project. Once the software starts, you have two options:

 Create a new project.

 Open an existing project example.

To create a new project, select File --> New

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Fig:3.2 Create a new project

Fig: 3.3Open an existing project example

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Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the LED on and off
with some time delay. You can select any other example from the list Select your serial port.
Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools -> Serial Port menu. This is likely to
be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find
out, you can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu, the entry that disappears
should be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.

Fig:3.4 Select your serial port

Before explaining how we can upload our program to the board, we must demonstrate the
function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar.

A- Used to check if there is any compilation error.

B- Used to upload a program to the Arduino board.
C- Shortcut used to create a new sketch.
D- Used to directly open one of the example sketch.
E- Used to save your sketch.
F- Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the board and send the serial data to the
board.
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment.

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Wait a few seconds; you will see the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload
is successful, the message "Done uploading" will appear in the status bar.

Fig 3.5 function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar

In this chapter, we will study in depth, the Arduino program structure and we will learn more
new terminologies used in the Arduino world. The Arduino software is open-source. The source
code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ microcontroller libraries
are under the LGPL. Sketch: The first new terminology is the Arduino program called “sketch”.
Structure Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: Structure, Values (variables and
constants), and Functions. In this tutorial, we will learn about the Arduino software program,
step by step, and how we can write the program without any syntax or compilation error. Let us
start with the Structure. Software structure consist of two main functions:

Setup( ) function

Loop( ) function

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Fig: 3.6 Bare minimum code

Data types in C refers to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of
different types. The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in the storage and
how the bit pattern stored is interpreted. The following table provides all the data types that you
will use during Arduino programming.

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CODING:

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CONCLUSION

All observations and experimental tests prove that this project will be a complete solution to the
field activities irrigation problems. Implementation of such a system in the field can definitely help to
improve the yield of the crops and aids to manage the water resources effectively reducing the wastage

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REFERENCES:

[1] Prakash Kanade, Prajna Alva, Jai Prakash Prasad, Sunay Kanade, “Smart Garbage Monitoring System
using Internet of Things(IoT),” 5th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and
Communication (ICCMC), 2021.

[2] Abhishek Maheshwari, Abhishek Tyagi and Neeraj Joshi, “To Improve Efficiency of Garbage Collection
System for Smart Cities,” International Conference of Advance Research & Innovation (ICARI) 2020.

[3] Ayodeji Noiki, Sunday A. Afolalu, Abiodun A. Abioye, Christian A. Bolu and Moses E. Emetere, “Smart
waste bin system,” Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd, 2019.

[4] Twinkle Sinha, K. mugesh Kumar, P. Saisharan, “Smart Dustbin,” In International Journal, 2019.

[5] N. Sathish Kumar B. Vuayalakshmi, R. Jenifer Prarthana and A. Shankar, “IOT based smart garbage
alert system using Arduino UNO,” IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), 2016.

[6] Saadia Kulsoom Faisal Karim, Naeem Ahmed and Abdul Aziz, “IoT Based Smart Garbage Monitoring &
Collection System Using WeMos & Ultrasonic Sensors,” iCoMET, 2019.

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