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Chapter 19: THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Problems: 43(41), 44(42), 48(46), 55(57), 61(63), 63(65), 64(66), 65(67), 69 (69)

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The First Law of Thermodynamics

Heat and work in thermodynamic processes:

Work: change volume

    A thermodynamic system has the potential to

dW  [Link]  [Link]  [Link]  pdV exchange energy with its surroundings by heat
V2
transfer or by mechanical work.
W  pdV
V1

Heat: dQ  CdT with C: heat capacity of system - Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the
T2
temperature of a given object by 1 kelvin (SI unit of heat capacity J.K−1).
Q   CdT
T1

The first law of thermodynamics: U  Q  W  dU  dQ  dW

m i m
U RT  C v .T The change in internal energy in any process depends only on
internal energy M2 M the initial and final states, not on the path. The internal energy
m
U  C v .T of an isolated system is constant
M
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Thermodynamic processes of an ideal gas

Q  U  W U - Internal energy of the system

W - Work done by (or on) one system on another system Q - Microscopic Energy flow into (or out of) the System

Process Equation W Q U

Isobaric V m m
 const p(V2  V1 ) C p (T2  T1 ) C V (T2  T1 )
p=const T M M
p m m
Isochoric T
 const 0 M
C V (T2  T1 )
M
C V (T2  T1 )
V=const
V2 V2
Isothermal pV=const p1V1 ln
V1
p1V1 ln
V1 0
T=const m
C V (T2  T1 )
PV Adiabatic pV=const (p1V1-p2V2)/(-1) 0 M
 const Q=0
T
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19.43(41) When a system is taken from state a to state b in Fig. along the path acb,
90.0 J of heat flows into the system and 60.0 J of work is done by the system. (a) How
much heat flows into the system along path adb if the work done by the system is 15.0
J? (b) When the system is returned from b to a along the curved path, the absolute
value of the work done by the system is 35.0 J. Does the system absorb or liberate
heat? How much heat? (c) If Ua = 0 and Ud = 8 J find the heat absorbed in the
processes ad and db.

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19.44(42). A thermodynamic system is taken from state a to state c in Fig. along either path
abc or path adc. Along path abc, the work W done by the system is 450 J. Along path adc,
W is 120 J. The internal energies of each of the four states shown in the figure are Ua = 150
J, Ub = 240 J, Uc = 680 J, and Ud = 330 J. Calculate the heat flow Q for each of the four
processes ab, bc, ad, and dc. In each process, does the system absorb or liberate heat

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19.48(46). Three moles of an ideal gas are taken around the cycle acb shown in. For this
gas, Cp = 29.1 J/mol.K. Process ac is at constant pressure, process ba is at constant
volume, and process cb is adiabatic. The temperatures of the gas in states a, c, and b are Ta
= 300 K, Tc = 492 K, and Tb = 600 K. Calculatethe total work W for the cycle.

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19.55(57). A Thermodynamic Process in an Insect. The African bombardier beetle

(Stenaptinus insignis) can emit a jet of defensive spray from the movable tip of its
abdomen (Fig.). The beetle’s body has reservoirs of two different chemicals; when the
beetle is disturbed, these chemicals are combined in a reaction chamber, producing a
compound that is warmed from 20°C to 100°C by the heat of reaction. The high pressure
produced allows the compound to be sprayed out at speeds up to 19 m/s (68 km/h),
scaring away predators of all kinds. (The beetle shown in the figure is 2 cm long).
Calculate the heat of reaction of the two chemicals (in J/kg). Assume that the specific heat
of the two chemicals and the spray is the same as that of water, 4.19 x 103 J/kg.K and that
the initial temperature of the chemicals is 20°C.

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19.61(63). A monatomic ideal gas expands slowly to twice its original volume, doing 300 J of work in the process. Find the
heat added to the gas and the change in internal energy of the gas if the process is (a) isothermal; (b) adiabatic; (c)
isobaric.

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19.63(65). A cylinder with a piston contains 0.250 mol of oxygen at 2.40 x 105 Pa and 355 K. The oxygen may be treated
as an ideal gas. The gas first expands isobarically to twice its original volume. It is then compressed isothermally back to
its original volume, and finally it is cooled isochorically to its original pressure. Compute (a) the work done by the gas,
the heat added to it, and its internal energy change during the initial expansion; (b) the work done, the heat added, and
the internal energy change during the final cooling; (c) the internal energy change during the isothermal compression.

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19.64(66). A cylinder with a piston contains 0.150 mol of nitrogen at 1.80 x 105 Pa and 300 K. The nitrogen may be treated as
an ideal gas. The gas is first compressed isobarically to half its original volume. It then expands adiabatically back to its
original volume, and finally it is heated isochorically to its original pressure. (a) Show the series of processes in a pV-
diagram. (b) Compute the temperatures at the beginning and end of the adiabatic expansion. (c) Compute the minimum
pressure.

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19.65(67). Use the conditions and processes of Problem 19.64(66) to compute (a) the work done by the gas, the heat added
to it, and its internal energy change during the initial compression; (b) the work done by the gas, the heat added to it, and
its internal energy change during the adiabatic expansion; (c) the work done, the heat added, and the internal energy
change during the final heating.

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19.69(69). The van der Waals equation of state, an approximate representation of the behavior of gases at high presure,
is given by Eq.: (p + an2/V2).(V - nb) = nRT, where a and b are constants having different values for different gases.
(In the special case of a = b = 0, this is the ideal-gas equation). (a) Calculate the work done by a gas with this
equation of state in an isothermal expansion from Vx to V2 . Show that your answer agrees with the ideal-gas result
found in Example 19.1 (Section 19.2) when you set a = b = 0. (b) For ethane gas (C2H6), a = 0.554 J.m3/mol2 and b =
6.38 x l0-5 m3/mol. Calculate the work W done by 1.80 mol of ethane when it expands from 2.00 x 10-3 m3 to 4.00 x
10-3 m3 at a constant temperature of 300 K. Do the calculation using (i) the van der Waals equation of state and (ii)
the ideal-gas equation of state. (c) How large is the difference between the two results for W in part (b)? For which
equation of state is W larger? Use the interpretation of the terms a and b given in Section 18.1 to explain why this
should be so. Are the differences between the two equations of state important in this case?

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[Link]

Thank you for your attentions!

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