August 25, 2024
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The Derivative
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ARC1117: Module 3
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----------- History of Derivative: The Tangent Line Problem ----------- ----------- History of Derivative: The Tangent Line Problem -----------
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 Let 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 be the point of tangency. 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 The slope between these two points is:
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒎𝑺𝑳 =
Let 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ be a second point 𝒉
on the graph of 𝑓. As h approaches zero, the secant line
becomes the tangent line with 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥
secant line The slope between these two points is: secant line as the point of tangency.
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ Thus, the slope of the tangent line is:
𝒎𝑺𝑳 =
𝒉
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝒎𝑻𝑳 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
We can actually use this equation 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
tangent line to determine the slope of the tangent line This limit used to define the slope of a
tangent line (instantaneous rate tangent line is also used to define one
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
of change) by employing the idea of the two fundamental operations of
ℎ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ℎ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 calculus --- differentiation.
of Limits!
𝑥 𝑥+ℎ 3 𝑥 𝑥+ℎ 4
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August 25, 2024
--------------- Definition of the Derivative --------------- Using the Four-Step rule, answer the following:
The derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥 is the function 𝑓′(𝑥) and 1. Find the slope of the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 at the point 1,2 .
is defined as
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙) The Four-Step rule:
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 2. Find 𝑓’(𝑥) for 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and use the result to find the
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 slope of the graph of 𝑓 at the points (1,1) & (4,2). 1. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ
if this limit exists
2. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
We often read 𝑓′(𝑥) as “𝑓 prime of 𝑥”. 3. Find the derivative of the following functions.
( )
3.
The following are some other ways of writing the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). a. 𝑓 𝑥 =
( )
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝒅𝒇 𝒅 b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 20 4. lim
→
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒚 = = 𝒚 = = 𝒇 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 c. 𝑓 𝑥 =
5 6
5 6
Using the Four-Step rule, answer the following: Using the Four-Step rule, answer the following:
1. Find the slope of the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 at the point 1,2 . 2. Find 𝑓’(𝑥) for 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and use the result to find the
slope of the graph of 𝑓 at the points (1,1) & (4,2).
The Four-Step rule: The Four-Step rule:
1. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ 1. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ
2. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥) 2. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
( ) ( )
3. 3.
( ) ( )
4. lim 4. lim
→ →
7 8
7 8
August 25, 2024
Using the Four-Step rule, answer the following: Using the Four-Step rule, answer the following:
2. Find 𝑓’(𝑥) for 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and use the result to find the 3. Find the derivative of the following functions.
slope of the graph of 𝑓 at the points (1,1) & (4,2).
a. 𝑓 𝑥 =
The Four-Step rule: The Four-Step rule:
1. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ 1. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ
2. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥) 2. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
( ) ( )
3. 3.
( ) ( )
4. lim 4. lim
→ →
9 10
9 10
Using the Four-Step rule, answer the following: Using the Four-Step rule, answer the following:
3. Find the derivative of the following functions. 3. Find the derivative of the following functions.
b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 20 c. 𝑓 𝑥 =
The Four-Step rule: The Four-Step rule:
1. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ 1. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ
2. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥) 2. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
( ) ( )
3. 3.
( ) ( )
4. lim 4. lim
→ →
11 12
11 12