Module 2
science, technology and society:
through the ages
Meso-American Civilization
01 ✓ Maya Civilization
✓ Inca Civilization
✓ Aztec Civilization
CRADLE
02 Developments of Science in Asia
OF ✓ Indian Civilization
✓ China Civilization
EARLY 03
Development of Science in Middle East
✓ Muslim Civilization
SCIENCE
04 Developments of Science in Africa
✓ African Civilization
✓ Egyptian Civilization
It is one of the regions of the world where the
01 agricultural revolution arose independently,
and the great civilizations of Mesoamerica were
built upon foods such as maize, beans and
Meso- squash. It consists of four cultures: Maya, Inca,
American Aztec, and Olmec.
Civilization It includes the entire area of Central America from
southern Mexico up to the border of south America.
Mesoamerica refers to the diverse civilizations that
shared similar cultural characteristics in the
geographic areas comprising the modern-day
countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize,
El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
1.1 Maya
Civilization
Maya Civilization and Astronomy
❖Lasted approximately 2,000 years.
❖Known for astronomical works.
❖ Incorporated astronomical knowledge
into temples and religious structures.
❖Pyramid at Chichén in Mexico, located at
the Sun during equinoxes.
TWO COMPLEX CALENDAR
SYSTEMS
HYDRAULICS SYSTEMS AND
SOPHISTICATED WATERWAYS.
1.1 Maya
Civilization
Mayan Innovations and Scientific Advancements
❖ Mayans developed looms for weaving cloth and
created glittery mica-based paints.
❖ Believed to be the first to produce rubber products.
❖ Known for their scientifically advanced society, Mayan
hieroglyphics.
❖ Developed a number system based on the numeral
20.
❖ Developed the concept of Zero and positional value
independently before the Romans.
MAYAN HIEROGLYPHICS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
LOOMS FOR WEAVING CLOTH AND
CREATED GLITTERY MICA-BASED PAINTS
NUMBER SYSTEM BASED
ON THE NUMERAL 20
&
CONCEPT OF ZERO AND
POSITIONAL VALUE
1.2 Inca Civilization
Inca Scientific Ideas and Technology
❑ Developed advanced scientific ideas and
tools to overcome limitations of old
civilization.
❑ Developed stone-paved roads and stone
buildings for earthquake and disaster
protection.
❑ Implemented an irrigation system for water
storage for crop growth.
STONE-PAVED ROADS AND STONE
BUILDINGS
INCA IRRIGATION SYSTEM
INCA TOOLS AND ARTEFACTS
1.2 Inca Civilization
Inca Scientific Ideas and Technology
• Created a 12-month calendar for
religious festivals and planting season
preparation.
• Developed the first suspension bridge,
Quipu, for expert interpretation.
• Specialized in Inca textiles, a prized
artistic achievement.
QUIPU
12-MONTH CALENDAR
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
TEXTILE
1.3 Aztec Civilization
Aztec Contributions to Science, Technology, and
Society
❑ Mandatory education- The Aztec puts value on
education; that is Why their Children are mandated to
get education regardless of their social class, gender,
or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive
education.
❑ Chocolates- The Aztec in Mexico developed
chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture, they
used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans
highly and made as part Of their tribute to their gods.
1.3 Aztec Civilization
Aztec Contributions to Science, Technology, and
Society
❑ Chinampa- It is a form of Aztec technology for
agricultural farming in which the was divided into
rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
CHOCOLATE
MANDATORY EDUCATION
CHINAMPA
Aztec
1.3
Civilization
Aztec Contributions to Science, Technology, and
Society
❑ Antispasmodic medication- they used a type of
antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle
spasms and relax muscles. which could help during
surgery.
❑ Aztec calendar -This enabled them to plan their
activities, rituals, and planting Season.
❑ Invention of the canoe - A light narrow boat used for
traveling in water systems.
AZTEC CALENDAR
ANTISPASMODIC MEDICATION
CANOE
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Asia is the biggest continent in the world
Asian and the home of many ancient
Civilization civilizations. These civilizations Were
incomparable in terms of their
contributions to the development of
knowledge during their time
2.1 Indian
Civilization
❑ Indians developed innovative ideas and technologies,
renowned for their IRON AND METALLURGICAL
WORKS, with their iron steel being highly regarded in
the Roman Empire.
❑ India is renowned for its medicine, particularly
AYURVEDA, a traditional system of medicine that
originated in ancient India before 200 BC and is still
practiced as an alternative medicine.
❑ SUSRUTA SAMHITA, describe different surgical and
other medical procedure famous in ancient India.
IRON AND METALLURGICAL
WORKS
AYURVEDA
SUSRUTA SOMHITO
Sushruta is the father of surgery
2.1 Indian
Civilization
❑ Ancient India is also notable in the field of
ASTRONOMY. They developed theories on the
configuration of the universe, the spherical self-
supporting Earth
❑ and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30
days each.
❑ Ancient India is also known for their MATHEMATICS,
with the Indus Valley Civilization being the first to
establish a high degree of accuracy in length
measurement and design the Mohenjo-daro ruler.
2.1 Indian
Civilization
❑ ARYABHATA, in his Aryabhatiya, introduced a number
of Trigonometric function, tables, and techniques, as
well as algorithm of Algebra.
❑ BRAHMAGUPTA, also suggested the gravity was force
of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as
both a place holder and a decimal digit along the
Hindu Arabic
❑ MADHAVA OF SANGAMAGRAMA, is also consider as
the founder of mathematical analysis (Joseph, 1991)
ARYABHATA INDIAN ASTRONOMY
Chinese
2.1
Civilization
❑ - The four great inventions of ancient China are the
COMPASS, GUNPOWDER, PAPERMAKING, and
PRINTING. These four discoveries had an enormous
impact on the development of Chinese civilization
❑ - They also invented tools like IRON PLOUGH,
WHEELBARROW, and PROPELLER, design for
different models of BRIDGES.
❑ - Invented the first SEISMOLOGICAL DETECTOR and
developed a DRY DOCK FACILITY.
CHINESE COMPASS
CHINESE GUN POWDER CHINESE PAPER
CHINESE WHEELBARROW
CHINESE PRINTING CHINESE IRON PLOUGH
CHINESE PROPELLER
CHINESE BRIDGES
CHINESE DRY DOCK
CHINESE SEISMOLOGICAL
DETECTOR
Chinese
2.1
Civilization
❑ ACUPUNCTURE, ancient Chinese medical
technique for relieving pain, curing disease, and
improving general health.
❑ made significant advances in SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, MATHEMATICS, AND ASTRONOMY.
The first recorded observations of comets, solar
eclipses, and supernovae were made in China.
❑ SILK ROAD, a great trade route linking China to other
Roman Empire where it allowed transport and
exchange of goods in these regions
SILK ROAD
CHINESE PROPELLER
CHINESE SEISMOLOGICAL
DETECTOR
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Muslims: Islam’s golden age in science,
Middle East technology and intellectual culture
Civilization spanned about 500 years, from the ninth
until the 14th centuries. The scientific
method, as it has been developed in
modern western science, was indeed
invented by Muslims and first practiced
by them on a large scale.
MUSLIM
3.1
Civilization
❑ AL-HASAN IBN AL-HAYTHAM was a pioneering
scientific thinker who made important contributions to
the understanding of vision, optics and light. Also
regarded as the Father of Optics. Especially for his
empirical proof of the intromission Theory of Light.
❑ IBN SINA'S pioneered the science of experimental
medicine and was the first physician to conduct
clinical trials 2 most notable works used as a standard
medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe
during the 17th century :
“The Book of Healing” & “The Canon Of Medicine,”.
Contagious nature of infection of the clinical pharmacology
MUSLIM
3.1
Civilization
❑ MUHAMMAD IBN MUSAAL- KHWARISZMI gave his
name to the concept of the algorithm while the term
algebra is derived from Al-jabr, the beginning of the tittle
of one of his publication.
❑ JABER IBN HAYAN considered as the Father of
Chemistry.
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Africa is blessed with natural and
AFRICAN mineral resources. Science also
Civilization emerged in this part of the planet
long before the Europeans
colonized it
4.1 African ❑ They used three types of calendars: LUNAR,
Civilization SOLAR, AND STELLAR.
❑ - Many advances in METALLURGY and tool
making were made across the entirety of ancient
Africa.
❑ - A structure known as the AFRICAN
STONEHENGE in present-day KENYA
(constructed around 300 B.C.) was a remarkably
accurate calendar. Several ancient African
cultures birthed discoveries in astronomy. Many
of these are foundations on which we still rely,
4.2 Egyptians Civilization
❑ The development of GEOMETRY was a
necessity to preserve the layout and ownership
of farmlands for Egyptians along the Nile River,
and was used to build rectilinear structures,
the post of lintel architecture.
❑ The EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS and early DAMS
DEMONSTRATE their advanced civilization,
demonstrating their development of science to
improve the quality of life for Egyptians,
particularly in building homes and cities,
despite the challenges posed by the Nile River.
❑ Egypt was a CENTER OF ALCHEMY, a medieval
precursor to CHEMISTRY, focusing on HUMAN
4.2 ANATOMY AND PHARMACOLOGY, and applying crucial
components like examination, diagnosis, treatment, and
Egyptians prognosis for disease treatment.
Civilization ❑ Ancient Egyptians are good in the FOUR
FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
AND OTHER MATHEMATICAL SKILLS. They have
knowledge Of the basic concepts of algebra and
geometry. The Islamic regions in Africa during
the medieval period was also benefiting from
mathematical learning, which is considered
advanced during those times, such as ALGEBRA,
GEOMETRY, AND TRIGONOMETRY.
The prehistoric and ancient era
technologies
1st technological event in the Old Stone Age-
CRUDE STONE
✪ stone, horn, bone, and wood reached high
standards
✪ most significant - fire
✪ introduction of metals (gold, copper, bronze,
iron)
BRONZE AGE (3500BC-1200BC)
primarily used - copper and tin alloy
1st Bronze Age people - Mesopotamia(now
called Iraq), Sumerians
PeRIOD OF INNOVATION
wheel
cuneiform - system of writing
Heiroglyphics
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“SIGNIFICANT
CONTRIBUTIONS
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potter's wheel
ziggurat
SUMERIANS
canals
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Babylonian
sundial
s
1st map made of clay
cartography
abacu
windwheels first
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s calendar
Akkadians/phoenicians
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ASSYRIANS
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egyptian
42
CHINESE
INDU
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PERSIAN
45
LYDIAN
46
GREEK
47
ROMAN
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The Middle Ages Technologies
The Middle Age era (5th century-15th century)
❖ A Period Of Ferment And Chaos For Europe After
The Fall Of Roman Empire.
❖ The First Glimmerings Of The Renaissance (14th –
17th Ad)
❖ Dramatic Technical & Cultural Advances In Asia
❖ The Expansion And Contraction Of The Muslim
Empire
❖ The Pinnacle Of The Mayan And Incan Civilizations
❖ Most Of The Mechanical Technology Originated
From Europe But Had Its Influence From The Ancient
Chinese Inventions.
❖ Important Developments In Agriculture, New Power
Sources, Military Weapons, Transportation, &
Construction Led To Medieval Industrial Revolution.
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Some Middle age era
inventions
Warfare
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Power sources
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Nautical
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Agriculture
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General Inventions
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Renaissance and the Modern Era
The invention of the Gutenberg The modern era is characterized by: rise of the
printing press in 1455 marked the nation state, growth of tolerance as a political&
beginning of the Renaissance period. social belief, industrialization, rise of mercantilism
& capitalism, emergence of socialist countries,
discovery & colonization of the non-western world,
New paradigms were posed – the rise of representative democracy, increasing role of
Scientific revolution. The changes science and technology, urbanization, mass literacy,
that happened paved the way to a
proliferation of mass media. With the Scientific
modern era.
Method introduced by Francis Bacon in 1621, a
sudden leap of advancement in science occurred,
like advocating inductive reasoning as the
New ideas in art, science, foundation off scientific thinking, this clear system
astronomy, religion, literature, of scientific inquiry would assure man’s mastery
mathematics, philosophy, & politics over the world, applying the method to all technical
were developed and advanced. areas from astronomy to farming
Industrial Revolution (18
To th 19th
Century AD)- Started In
Great Britain - Was The Era That Led Handmade
Production To Machine & Factory.
Three Important Development During This Era:
1. Transportation Was Expanded.
2. Electricity Was Effectively Harnessed.
3. Improvements Were Made To Manufacturing And
Communication.
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Thank you
for
listening!
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