K.

RAMAKRISHNAN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

SAMAYAPURAM, TRICHY-621 112

EC8451-ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
TWO MARKS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

 UNIT-1

1. State Stoke’s Theorem.(K1/CO1)

The line integral of a vector around a closed path is equal to the integral of
curl of a vector over the open surface “S” enclosed by the closed path “L”

 [Link]   (XF ).ds

L S

2. State Divergence Theorem. (K1/CO1)

The integral of divergence of a vector field over a volume “V” is equal to the
surface integral of normal components of the vector over the closed surface
 (.F )dv   F .ds
V S

3. Explain the scalar & vector components.(K2/CO1)

a. Scalar Components:
It is a component which explains only the magnitude
Eg. Speed, Weight
b. Vector Components:
It is a components which explains both magnitude & direction.
Eg. Force
4. Define Unit Vector.(K1/CO1)

It is defined as the ratio of the vector to the magnitude of the vector. It is magnitude
is 1.
OA
aOA 
| OA |

5. Define Gradient. (K1/CO1)

It is defined as the rate at which the quantity varies with respect to distance.

6. Mention the criteria for choosing on appropriate co-ordinate system for

solving a field problem easily. Explain with example.(K2/CO1)
A Proper co-ordinate system selection is important for easily solving the
field problem. Depend on nature of field & the charge.
Point charges are located at points & the force Cartesian Coordinate
exerted on each other is along a line systems
cylindrical conductors & cylindrical surface , Cylindrical Coordinate
cable systems
Antenna, spherical conductors Spherical Coordinate
systems
7. What are the types of charge distribution? (K1/CO1)
1. Point Charge The dimension of the surface carrying charge is very
small when compared to region surrounding.
2. Line Charge The charge spread along the line
3. Surface Charge The charge distributed over the two dimensional
surface
4. Volume Charge The charge distributed uniformly over the volume

8. Explain the types charge densities in detail. (K2/CO1)

[Link]. Charge Density Definition Formula Unit
1. Line Charge Density Total number of charges per Q C/m
L 
total length in meter L
2. Surface Charge Total number of charges per Q C/m3
S 
Density total area in square meter A
3. Volume Charge Total number of charges per Q C/m3
V 
Density total volume in cubic meter V
 UNIT-2

1. State Coulomb’s Law.

It states that force between two point charges Q1 and Q2 is directly proportional to the
product of two charges & inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Q1Q2
F Q1 & Q2 are the charges
R2
kQ Q
F  12 2
R
1
k    o r
4
  Permittivity of the medium
 o  (8.854 x106 F / m) Permittivity of free space
 r  Re lative Permittivity

2. State the principle of Superposition.

If the system consists of n point charge namely Q 1,Q2,Q3…..Qn, then the force on
any other charge Q is given by the vector sum of all the individual forces produced by n
charges on the charge Q.
Q1Q Q2Q
FQ1Q  a1Q FQ2Q  a2Q
4 o R1Q
2
4 o R22Q
The total force is given as FQ  FQ1Q  FQ2Q
Q1Q Q2Q
FQ  a2Q  a2Q  ..........
4 o R1Q
2
4 o R22Q
n
Q Qi
FQ 
4 o
R
i 1
2
aiQ
iQ

3. Define Electric fields Intensity.

There exists a region around a change in which it exerts a forces on any other charge
is called electric field of that charge.
It is also defined as the force exerted /unit charge.
QQ
F  1 2 2 a12
4 o R12
F Q1
E  a12
Q2 4 o R122

4. Define Electric Flux.

It is defined as the total number electric field lines originate in the isolated points. It
starts from the positive charge & terminates at the negative charges.
It is denoted by   
5. Define the Electric Flux Density

It is defined as the total number electric flux per unit area

It is also defined as the product of the electric field intensity and the permittivity of the
Point.
D E
D   o r E
6. Mention any two sources of electromagnetic field.
The signal transmitted & the received by antenna
The signal used in optical fiber communication.

7. State Gauss Law.

The electric flux passing through any closed. Surface is equal to the total
charge enclosed by the surface.
 [Link]  Q
The integral form of Gauss Law:  [Link]   
S V
V dv

The Point form of Gauss Law: .D  V

8. State the applications of Gauss Law.

a. Alternative statement for the Coulomb’s Law.
b. Used to find E & D.
c. Used to find the charge enclosed (or) flux passing through the closed surface.

9. Define Potential.
The potential at any point in on electric field is defined as the work done in moving a
unit test charge from infinity to the point under consideration against the direction of
field.

10. State the principle of superposition as applied to on electric potential.

Consider the various point charges Q1 Q2…..Qn The potential due to all
there points charges at point A is to be determined As Potential is scalar According to
principle of superposition the net potential at point A is algebraic sum of potential at A
due to individual point charges.
VA= VA1+ VA2+….. Van =Q1/4π∑0R1+ Q1/4π∑0R2 + Q1/4π∑0Rn
= ∑ Qm/4π∑0Rm

11. Distinguish between potential & potential difference.

The potential at any point in on electric field is defined as the work done
in moving a unit test charge from the infinity to the point under consideration against
the direction of field .

While work done per unit charge in moving unit charge point B to A in the
field E is called as the potential difference between the points B to A.

It is the difference between the absolute potential of points B to A.

 12. Give the relation b/w electric field & potential.
The electric field is the negative gradient potential. E  V

13. What is an electric dipole?

The two point charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign separated by a very
small distance give rise to an electric dipole.

14. Define Conductors.

The distance between the conduction & valance band is minimum, the free electrons
move easily and initiate the flow of current.
Eg. Copper, Iron.

15. Explain the dielectric materials.

The dielectric materials are not having the free charges, they are having only the
bounded charges, which is similar to the insulator, but due to application of electric field
electron moves from the original position, which can able to produce the dipole. Such a material
is called as dielectric material.

16. Define Polarization.

The separation of bound charges results to produce the electric dipole under the
influence of electric field. It is also defined as the total dipole moment per unit volume.
PTotal  Q1d1  Q2 d2  ...............  Qn d n
PTotal  
i 1,2,...
Qi di

17. List out the properties of Dielectric materials.

a. It does not have any free charges, it has only bound charges.
b. Due to polarization, dielectric store energy.
c. When external E applied bound charges shift to relative positions.
d. Polarization occur volume charge density is formed inside dielectric surface charge
density is formed over the surface of dielectric.

18. Explain Dielectric Strength.

The minimum value of applied electric field at which the dielectric breaks down is called
dielectric strength of that dielectric.
Unit is V/m (or) KV/cm.
Dielectric strength of air is 3 KV/cm.

19. Define Capacitance

It is defined as the ratio of charge on the any one of the two conductors to the potential
difference between the conductors.

Ch arg e in the any one of the conductors  [Link]

C C s
Potential Difference between the conductors   [Link]
 20. What are the various combinations of capacitor?

1 1 1 1
In series:    In Parallel : Ceq  C1  C2  C3
Ceq C1 C2 C3

21. State the Law of conservation of energy.

The charge can neither be created nor be destroyed, it may change from one form to another
form.

22. State the continuity equation in integral & differential form?

Consider a closed surface “S” with current density “J”. The total current “I” crossing
the surface “S” is given by I   J .dS The current flow outwards from the closed surface;
S

According to principle, there may decrease of an equal amount of positive charge in closed
dQ
surface. Rate of decrease of charge inside a closed surface=  i
dt
dQ
I   J .dS   i (Integral form of Continuity Equation)
S
dt
v
.J   ( Point form of Continuity Equation)
t

23. State the equation to energy stored in the capacitor.

1
WE  CV 2
2
WE= Energy stored in the capacitor.
C = Capacitance in Farad
V= Potential difference

24. Define Ohm’s law at a point?

The point form of ohm’s law is given by for a metallic conductor
J =σE
σ = conductivity of material.

25. What is the difference between homogeneous & non homogeneous medium?
The medium is called homogenous ; when the physical characteristics of the
medium do not vary from point to point; but remain same every where through at the
medium. If the characteristics vary from point to point then the medium is called as non
homogenous (or) heterogeneous.
26. What are the components used in the analysis of boundary conditions?

The electric field components & flux components are resolved into two components, they
E  Etan  EN
are of normal component & tangential component.
D  Dtan  DN
Etan  Tangential component of electric field
EN  Normal component of electric field
Dtan  Tangential component of electric flux
DN  Normal component of electric flux

27. What are the elements used to analyze the boundary conditions?

Closed Path , which is used to analyze the field intensity of the components.
Gaussian Surface, which is used to analyze the flux density of the components.

28. State the boundary conditions between conductor & free space.
i) The tangential components of electric field intensity & flux density is equal to zero.
Etan  Dtan  0
ii) The normal component of electric flux density is equal to the surface charge density.

DN  S

iii) The normal component of electric field intensity is equal to the ratio of surface charge

density to the permittivity of free space. EN  S
o

29. State the boundary conditions between two perfect dielectrics.

i) The tangential component of field intensity at the boundary in both dielectrics remain
same; E is continuous across the boundary. Etan1  Etan 2
ii) The tangential components of D undergoes some change across the interface; So D is
D 
discontinuous across boundary. tan1  r1
Dtan 2  r 2
iii) The normal components of flux density D is continuous at the boundary between two
dielectrics. DN1  DN 2
iv) The normal component of E are inversely proportional to the relative permittivity of
E 
two media. N 1  r 2
E N 2  r1
30. Write the procedure to calculate the capacitance using Laplace equation.
i) Laplace equation analysis(  2 v  0 )
ii) Write the Laplace equation for particular coordinates.
iii) Calculate the potential by taking double integration.
iv) Substitute the boundary conditions & calculate the constant value.
v) Determine the electric field intensity E  V
vi) Determine the electric flux density. D   o E
vii) Determine the charge value. Q  l * L ; Q  s * A ; Q  v *V
Q
viii) Determine the capacitance C 
V

31. Explain the electric field distribution inside and outside conductor?

It is known that current must flow when potential exists. When a certain amount of
electric charge exists inside a conductor , then mutual reputation between the charge takes
place and its gives rise to an electric field E. this produces the current according to ohm’s
law. But as the charges get distributed uniformly, E vanishes and the current leases.
Thus E is every where zero inside a conductor and all points inside the conductor are
equi-potential in nature. When motion of the charges inside the conductor stops. E & D is
zero every where inside the conductor . if a gaussion surface is sselected just inside the
surface of conductor.
∫ [Link] = 0
Thus in the entire volume occupied by the conductor no charge exists . if somehow
charge is released inside the conductor , it immediately flows out and reside on the surface
of conductor hence electric charge can reside only on the surface of conductor.
 UNIT-3

1. Define magnetic field intensity & its unit?

It is a quantitative measure of strongness (or) weakness of the magnetic field.
It is also defined as the force experienced by a unit north pole of one weber strength, when placed
at that point. Unit of Magnetic Field Intensity is N/Wb (newton/ weber).

2. Define magnetic flux density & its unit.

It is defined as the flux crossing per unit area, it is denoted as “B”. Its unit is Tesla (Wb/m2)

B  H
B  o  r H  r  1
o  4 X 107

3. Define Magnetic field & magnetic lines of force?

a) The region around a magnet with in which the influence of magnet can be experienced is
called as magnetic field.
b) Such a field represented by imaginary lines around the magnet called as magnetic lines of
force.
c) Such a lines of force are called as magnetic lines of flux/ magnetic flux lines.

4. What is the relation between magnetic flux density & field intensity?

The magnetic flux density B & magnetic field intensity h are related to each other through
the property of region in which current carrying conductor is placed called as the permeability (µ)

B =µH; B= µ0 µr H

5. State right hand thumb rule?

It states that hold the current carrying conductor in right hand such that thumb pointing in
the direction of current and parallel to the conductor then, curled fingers point in the direction of
magnetic lines of flux around it.

6. State Biot- savart’s law?

The magnetic field intensity dH produced at a point p due to a differential current element IdL is
i) Proportional to the product of the current I and differential length dL
ii) Proportional to the sine of the angle between the element and the line joining point “P”
to the current element.
iii) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between point “P” and the element
“R”.
IdLSin KIdLSin 1 IdLSin
dH  dH  ; K dH 
R 2
R 2
4 4 R 2
7. State ampere’s circuital law?
The line integral of the magnetic field intensity H around a closed path is exactly equal to
the direct current enclosed by the path.
 H .dL  I
8. What are the types of magnetic potential?
a. Scalar Magnetic Potential (Vm)
b. Vector Magnetic Potential. (A)

9. State the applications of ampere’s circuital law

It is used to obtain H due to
a) Infinitely long straight conductor
b) Co-axial cable
c) Infinite sheet & current
d) Circular conductor carrying current I

10. What is the scalar magnetic potential?

The scalar magnetic potential Vm can be defined for source free region where current
density is equal to zero.
H  Vm ; J=0
Magnetic scalar potential can be expressed in terms of H
Vm    H .dL

11. Define vector magnetic potential & state its unit?

The vector magnetic potential A is defined such that curl of vector magnetic potential is
flux density. B  X A where as .B  0
The vector magnetic potential A serves an intermediate quantity from which magnetic flux
density B is obtained & hence H can be obtained.

12. Can a static magnetic field exist in a good conductor, Explain?

A static magnetic field can exist in good conductor, when conductor carries current , it
produces the flux which can exist inside the conductor. Due to this flux, magnetic fields intensity
exists at a point inside a good conductor.
13. Plane y= 0 carriers a uniform current of 30 a z mA/m. Calculate the magnetic field
intensity at (1, 10, -2)m in rectangular co- ordinate system.
1
H  KxaN
2
1
H  (30az xa y )
2
1
H   30ax
2
H  15ax

14. Define magnetic flux & flux density?

The total no. of lines of force existing in a particular magnetic field is called as magnetic flux
(φ).The flux per unit area in a plane at right angles to the flux called as magnetic flux density (B).
B= φ /A.

15. State the classification of Magnetic materials

a. Dia-magnetic materials ( Lead, Copper, Diamond)

b. Para-magnetic materials(Potassium, Tungsten)
c. Ferro-magnetic materials(Iron, Nickel)
d. Anti-ferro magnetic materials(Oxides, Chlorides)
e. Ferri-magnetic materials(Nickel Ferrite, Nickel Zinc Ferrite)
f. Super-magnetic materials
16. Define Domain.
The region in which large number of magnetic moments lined in parallel.

17. Define Residual Field.

If the external field is applied, the domain size increases. If the field is removed the original
dipole moment is not achieved, such a moment remain in small region that is called as
Residual field (or) Remnant field.

18. Define Hysteresis.

The effect of retaining residual field after the removal of external field, is called as the
Hysteresis.

19. Define Magnetization.

The charges bounds the nucleus is called as the bound charges. The field produced due to
the movement of bound charges is called as the Magnetization(M). It is also defined as the
magnetic dipole moment per unit volume
 1 nv
M  lim
v 0 v

a 1
ma

20. Write the basic expression used in the analysis of magnetic boundary conditions.
 H .dL  I
 [Link]  0
21. State Kirchhoff’s Flux Law.
It states that “The total magnetic flux arriving at any junction in a magnetic circuit is equal
to the total magnetic flux leaving.
  0
22. State Kirchhoff’s MMF Law.

The resultant MMF around a closed magnetic circuit is equal to algebraic sum of
the product of flux & the reluctance of each part of the closed circuits.

 (mmf )  
23. Define Inductance.

It is defined as the ratio of total flux linkage to the current producing that flux.

N  Number of turns
 N
L ; L   Flux Linkage
I I
I  Current flowing in the coil

24. Define the self inductance & mutual inductance.

Self inductance : The flux produced by the current flow through the same coil.
Mutual Inductance: The flux produced in the coil-1 due to flow of current in the
coil-2
25. Write the expression for energy stored in the inductor.

1 2
Wm  LI
2

L – Inductance
I – Current flowing in the coil

26. State the Lorentz Force Equation.

According to Newton, he stated that two or more forces that they act independently of
each other, but their net resultant effect is sum of the effects of all the forces.
 F  Fe  Fm
F  QE  Q(vxB)
F  Q  E  (vxB) 

The electric force is independent of velocity

The magnetic force is dependent on velocity of moving charge.
27. Write the applications of Lorentz Force Equation.

The solution of the equation is useful in determination of

a) Electron orbits in magnetron

b) Proton path in cyclotron
c) Plasma characteristics in magneto-hydro dynamic generator.

28. What is the effect of force between the differential current element?

In parallel conductors

a) If the current flows in the same direction, then there is a force of

attraction.
b) If the current flows in the opposite direction, then there is a force of
repulsion.

29. Define the Magnetic Torque.

It is defined as the rotational force.

It is also defined as the vector product of moment arm(R) and the force (F)
Its unit is N/m
T  RxF

30. Define Magnetic Dipole Moment.

It is defined as the product of current through the loop and the area of the loop, it is
directed normal to the current loop. m  IS

31. Define Coefficient of coupling.

It is defined as the total flux produced by one coil linking a second coil 12 21
K 
1 2

M
K
L1 L2

32. Write the expression for inductance in different aiding.

a) Series Aiding : L  L1  L2  2M
b) Series Opposing : L  L1  L2  2M

: L  L1L2  M
2
c) Parallel Aiding
L1  L2  2M
d) Parallel Opposing: L  L1L2  M
2

L1  L2  2M
 UNIT-4 & 5

1. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

The electromotive force induced in a closed path is proportional to rate of change of

magnetic flux enclosed by the closed path

d
e  N
dt
2. State Lenz Law

The direction of induced electro-magnetic force is such that it opposes the cause
producing it. It is also called as the changes in the magnetic flux.

3. What is the significance of displacement current?

The displacement current is associated with the time varying electric fields. It always
exists in all imperfect conductors which carry time varying conduction current.

4. Discuss the condition under which conduction current is equal to displacement

current

The ratio indicate the nature of a medium : Then the ratio of magnitudes of the
conduction current density to the displacement current density is given by

| Jc | 

| J D | 
5. Write the Maxwell’s Equation in Point or Differential form
xE   B
t
xH  J  D
t
.D   v

.B  0
6. Write the Maxwell’s Equation in phasor form
xE   j H
xH  (  j ) E
.D   v

.B  0

7. Write the Maxwell’s equation derived from Faraday’s law

 Point Form: xE   B
t

Integral Form  [Link]    B ds

t
L S

8. Write the Maxwell’s Equation in the integral form

 [Link]   B tds

L S

 H .dl  I   D tds
L S

 [Link]    .dv

S v
v

 [Link]  0
S

9. Write the Maxwell’s equation derived from Ampere’s law

Point Form: xH  J  D

t

Integral Form  H .dl  I   D ds

t
L S

10. Give the situations when the rate of change of flux results in a non-zero value
i) There exists a relative motion between conductor & flux
ii) Plane of flux & motion of conductors should not be parallel
iii) An alternating flux linking with coils of N-turns

11. Define Poynting Vector ; What is its unit?

If E & H are the time varying electric & magnetic fields respectively then the cross
product of E & H is called as the pointing vector

P=EXH

Unit : V.A/m2 (or) Watts/m2

12. State Poynting Theorem

It is based on law of conservation of energy in electromagnetism . The pointing

theorem states that the net power flowing out of a given volume V is equal to a time rate of
decrease in energy stored with in volume V minus Ohmic power dissipated.

13. Define wave.

 A wave is defined as the phenomenon which occurs at one place at a given time & gets
reproduced at other places a later time where the time delay being proportional to the
separation between first & other place in space

14. Define Intrinsic Impedance

It is defined as the ratio of permeability to the permittivity of the medium . it is
denoted as 



0 4 *107
   120  377
0 8.854*1012

15. Define skin depth

The distance through which the amplitude of the travelling wave decreases t0 37%
of its original value is called as the skin depth/ depth of penetration . it is denoted by 

1 1 1
  
  f 

16. Write down the expression for velocity , attenuation constant , plane constant ,
intrinsic impedance , in perfect dielectric .
c
i) Velocity V 
r  r
ii) Attenuation constant   0
iii) Phase Constant    
r
iv) Intrinsic impedance   0
r
2
v) Wave length  


17. Determine the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave travelling in free space at

30GHz
c 3*108
   0.1m
f 30*109
 [Link] COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
SAMAYAPURAM, TRICHY-621 112

EC8451-ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
COURSE HAND OUT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Coordinate Systems:

a) Cartesian Coordinate Systems

i) A constant plane at the value of X
ii) A constant plane at the value of Y
iii) A constant plane at the value of Z
b) Cylindrical coordinate Systems
i) A cylinder with a radius r with z-axis as the axis of cylinder
ii) A half plane perpendicular to XY plane & at an angle of with respect to XZ-plane.
iii) A constant plane at the value of Z.
c) Spherical Coordinate Systems
i) A sphere of radius r origin as a centre.
ii) A right circular cone with its apex at the origin & its origin as Z-axis, its half angle is .
iii) A half plane perpendicular to XY-plane; making an angle with XZ-plane.

Coordinate Differential Unit Limits

Differential Surface Differential Volume
Systems Elements Vectors

Cartesian
Coordinate
Systems

Cylindrical
Coordinate
Systems

Spherical
Coordinate
Systems

Relation between coordinate systems:

1. Between Cartesian & cylindrical coordinate systems.

&

2. Between Cartesian & Spherical Coordinate Systems.

 Scalar Product Vector Product

Parameters Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical

h1 1 1 1
h2 1 r r
h3 1 1 rsin
u1 x r r
u2 y
u3 z z
h = Indicates the coefficient of the differential element.

u = Indicates the element.

Gradient:

Divergence:

Curl:

Divergence Theorem:

Stokes Theorem:

Coulomb s Law :

Gauss Law: &

Procedure to find the Electric Field Intensity:

1. Basic equation is

2. Determination of dQ based on the type of the charge.

3. Determination of unit vector.

4. Determination of dE & integrate over the particular limits & then we obtain the

electric field intensity.

Force between two charges

Electric Field Intensity

Electric Flux Density

Electric Potential
 dQ
Current: I  ( Amphere)
dt

Relation between the current & current density I  J .ds 

dQi
Continuity Equation:
 J .ds  I   dt
[Integral form]

 v
.J   [Point Form]
t

 
 2v  Divergence  Gradient  v    .  v 

Laplace Equation :  2 v  0

v
Poisson Equation :  2 v  

Procedure to Calculate Capacitance using Laplace Equation :

i) Laplace Equation :  2 v  0
ii) Write the Laplace Equation for the particular coordinate system.
iii) Calculate the potential by taking double integration.
iv) Substitute the boundary conditions & calculate the constant value
v) E  v
vi) D  oE
vii) Q   L xL Q  S xA Q  V xV
Q
viii) C
A

Capacitance: C 
Q


  [Link]
v   [Link]

Combination of Capacitance:

Series 1 1 1
   ...
Ceq C1 C 2
Parallel Ceq  C1  C2  .....

Energy Stored in the Capacitor :

1
WE  CV 2
2
Various Geometries of Capacitance:

Electric Field
Geometries Potential Capacitance
Intensity
Parallel Plate  s d  o r A
E  s az v C
Capacitor   d
2 L
L L  b  C
Co-axial cable E ar v ln   b
2 r 2  a  ln  
a
4
Q Q 1 1 C
Spherical capacitor E ar v  a  b  1 1
4 r 2 4  a  b 
Single isolated
---- ---- C  4 a
Sphere
1 1
C 
  4 0 r1
Isolated Sphere Q Q  1 1  1 1   
coated with E ar v       41 
dielectric 4 r 2 4   o r1 1  a r1   1 1
    
  a r1  
Composite Parallel A
Plate Capacitor( Dd D d C
----- v  1 1  2 2 +….. d1 d 2 d3 d 4
Boundary Parallel to 1 2     ....
1  2  3  4
plates)
Dielectric Boundary  A  A  A 
perpendicular to ---- ---- C   1 1  2 2  3 3  ...
plates  d1 d2 d3 

Boundary Conditions:

The electric field components are E  Etan  EN

The electric flux components are D  Dtan  DN

The boundary conditions are studied using following Maxwell’s equations

 [Link]  0 &  [Link]  Q

Right Hand Thumb Rule:
- Thumb indicates the direction of current
- Curled fingers shows the direction magnetic lines of flux.

Magnetic Flux: Total number of magnetic lines of force.

Biot Savart Law:

Idl sin 
dH  ( Normal form)
4 R 2
IdlxR
dH  (Vector form)
4 R 3
IdlxR
H 
 4 R3 ( Integral form)
Magnetic Field intensity & flux density:

Types of Conductors Magnetic Field Intensity Magnetic Flux Density

Infinite Long Straight I I
H a B a
Conductor 2 r 2 r
Finite Long Straight I I
Conductor
H sin  2  sin 1  a B sin  2  sin 1  a
2 r 2 r
Circular Loop at Z= some Ir 2  Ir 2
H az B az
value 3
2(r 2  z 2 ) 2
3
2(r 2  z 2 ) 2
I I
Circular Loop at Z=0 H  az B az
2r 2r
Ky  Ky
Infinite Sheet H ax B ax
2 2
Ir  Ir
r<a H a r<a B a
2 a 2 2 a 2
I I
a<r<b H a a<r<b B a
Co-axial cable 2 r 2 r
 c2  r 2   c2  r 2 
b<r<c H  I  2 2  a b<r<c B   I  2 2  a
 c b   c b 
r>c H 0 r>c B0

Ampere’s Circuital Law:  H .dL  I

b
Scalar Magnetic Potential (Vm) : x(Vm )  0 ; Vm   H ; Vm    H .dL
a
Vector Magnetic Potential (A) : x(xA)  0 ; .B  0 ; xA  B
Lorentz Force Equation:

F  Fe  Fm
Force due to electric field : Fe  QE
Force due to magnetic field: Fe  Q(vxB)

Force on a differential current element:

dF  dQ (vxB)
dQ   L dL ; dF   L dL(vxB) ; dF  IxBdL
dQ   S dS ; dF   S dS (vxB) ; dF  KxBdS
dQ  V dV ; dF  V dV (vxB) ; dF  JxBdV

Force between different current elements:

Two parallel current conductors

i) If the current flow in the same direction= Force of attraction.
ii) If the current flows in the opposite direction= Force of repulsion.

Magnetic Torque: T  RxF

Torque of Planar Coil: T  BIS (a y )

Magnetic Dipole Moment: m  ( IS )an

Magnetic Boundary Conditions:

The magnetic field components: H  H tan  H N

The magnetic flux components : B  Btan  BN

The boundary conditions are studied using the following Maxwell’s equations

H .dL  I & 
[Link]  0

 N
Inductance: L L [N indicates no. of turns in the coil]
I I
N2A
Inductance of Solenoid: L 
l
 N 2 h  r2 
Inductance of Toroid: L ln  
2  r1 
d  b 
Inductance of Co-axial cable: L  ln  
2  a 
Important Laws:
Faraday s Law:

Ampere s Circuital Law:

Gauss Law for Electric Field:
Gauss Law for Magnetic Field:

Maxwell Equations:

Equation Point Form Integral Form

I Equation

II Equation

III Equation

IV Equation

Poynting Theorem:

Wave equation:

&

Various Conditions
i) For Static Fields:

ii) For free space:

iii) For Good Conductor:

 iv) Harmonically Varying Fields:

Conduction Current Density:

i) If the ratio is greater than 1 is CONDUCTOR.

ii) If the ratio is lesser than 1 is DIELECTRIC.