PHYSICS .

3 NUMBER
EXACT ,
CONVERSION ,
CONSTANTS
deals with numbers which are product of ↑ all have no effect on the final result

experimental measurements c R C + (3 48cm) 21 865 CM

+
2 +
9
= = = .
.

MEASUREMENTS &

I considered to be affected by errors . When

doing series of computations on calcu ,
round off

there is no absolute measurement must be done on final result not intermediate steps .
ERRORS RULE FOR STATING ERRORS
·
associated with several factors
[environment, ↑ experimental error must be expressed to 1 SF.

measuring processes ,
limitations of devices , 20 . 7 10 25 . >
-
28 .
7 10 3 .

human biases] & last SF in any measurement be same place wh uncertainty

minimized - adjust
36 +300 (m2
measure .
· can be but never eliminated . 1457 ·
>
-
1400 1300 cm2 ment to
placement
of error
PERCENT ERROR
X = X I DX
E :
Experimental Value ; A :
Accepted Value
ERROR ESTIMATE IDX ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE
* rests on precision of measurement ,
the AD = /E -

Al

degree of confidence one has in measurement FRACTIONAL FRROR

HIGH PRECISION FE =
-high confidence that measurement lies PERCENT ERROR

within narrow range of values by AX

. & PE =
(FE)(100 %)
-
IOW XX-range of values LEAST COUNT (1 2).

LOW PRECISION smallest division marked on instrument

-
lies within wider range of values SCALF ERROR

-high DX-range of values * estimated to " of IC

TYPES OF ERRORS ERRORS IN DIGITAL MEASUREMENT

SYSTEMATIC ERROR -
digital has high precision but has a limit.

/ associated with measuring device & margin usually the back but if N/A,
technique un of error at
-
incorrect experiment
procedure or method in performing measurement error is the
significant figure.
lowest
-used up devices
other basic sources :
improperly "ceroed" device , a MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION (MAD)
-wrong reading defective personal bias of absolute deviations & is
apparatus ,
a
average a measure

> can be detected by comparing measurement of the dispersion/variability of the measurement

with known value performing measurement several times.

RANDOM ERROR & + : time ; t :

are time ; d ;: deviation ;
< reflects reality that if measurements are It1 : absolute deviation ; At :
MAD

repeated several times ,

readings always vary .
di =
ti -
Ej(t) =
(ti
-
)
> Conditions : Poor instrument sensitivity fluctuation dil
E
Exi;
,
: D +=
in line voltage , room temperature ,
mechanical N

vibrations of set up
. final answer : EI At

can be minimized by repeating measurements PROPAGATION OF ERROR

sufficient number of times . ADDITION/SUBTRACTION
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (RULE OF THUMB) u if C :
A+ B or
C :
A-B then DC =
DATAB
1 .
ADDITION/SUBTRACTION MULTIPLICATION/ DIVISION
final sum/difference must have same number if C =
AB or (= * +en Dc =
(B)()
of decimal places as value w/ least number EXPONENTS
of decimal places - if C =
An then a c =
(2) (n) (*)
2 5m + 56 04 m + 868 6m
# .
.

20091m
= .

-
OTHER FORMULAS :

↑ decimal 3 decimal decimal

↑ PERIMETER (P) = 2 (1 + W)
.
2 MULTIPLICATION/ DIVISION XP = 2 (D) + Xw)
- final answer must have same number of significant AREA (A) : IN

figures as value wh least number of SF

. DA =
n(( A) +

=
E3m
9 m
= =m :
PERSITY (d)
3SF 2SF round off) Ad =
d (m +
BODY MEASUREMENTS
>
gives information to physical condition of
person

BODY FRAME SIZE

-
description of
supportive structure of skeleton

integral part in determining one's healthy or

unhealthy body weight.
-

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH

e (m
right Dr :

r
adult male adult woman

small Frame r > 10 .

4 r < 10 9
. -

greater

Medium Frame v = 9 6-10

.
.
4 v = 9 . 9-10 9 ·

Frame < 9
. 6 r < 9 9 lesser
large r . -

BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)

s most used diagnostic tool to indicate if one is overweight ,
obese

underweight or normal .

> used as basis to identify weight problems & risks of developing disease.

~ SOUTHEAST ASIAN BODY TYPES -non-normal BMI are type 2 diabetes ,

cardiovascular disease & hypertension

BMI =

Ie
_ mas A BM1 = BMI
(m 2) +

kg/m2
Underweight < 18 -

85d
normal

24 9
over weight 23 -
.

Pre-obese

Obese Desbese 3
Obes/morbidobesa
40 1- 50 .

> 58

Women's best =
20-22 ; Men = 22

is
> BMI of 17-22 ,
life expectancy longer than
average
WAIST MEASUREMENT

alternative measure of future health problems .

> APPLESHAPE : fat mainly around waist & greater chance of heart disease

and diabetes ; PEAR SHEP : fat more on hips

Women with 35 in and above doubles risk of dying from heart disease

> Recommended waist size : less than 102 for men & 88 cm for women .

WAIST-HIP RATIO (NHR)

> Recommended : less than 1 . 0 for men & less than 0 85 for women
.

Indication of
> android ((central obesity) : Men = > 1 0 .

; women = > 0 .
85

WHR
= Waist D WHR :
WHR
N
CONVERSIONS :

·
TM = 100 cm

·Tin
WORK

>
product of force applied on object & displacement object moved .

> force parallel to direction of displacement then work :

w =
(weight) (total height)· [unit is 5]

weight & displacement

-otal height-force you exert equal to

H =
(height of step) (number of steps) [unit is my

Work When climbing

-

person's weight& total height

in Mass (19) X 9 81 M/s2
weight newton = .

w = (weight (N)) (height (m) [5]

POWER

time rate of doing work/energy is

expanded

climbing depends of word done time in

s develops as one on amount & total

performing work

P :

Workdone [W] P egyorng

: [m)

EFFICIENCY

large traction of energy is converted into thermal

energy to maintain

body normal temperature & internal organs functioning .

efficiency of in converting food energy into climbing stairs is 20 %

> person

Efficiency

20 % -Eff(climbing) :
workoutputtake 10

inermal rate (power) of

energy production

80
% -
Eff (thermal) = nermal
Energy x 100 - unit is J
total intake
energy

ANUAL ITEMS :

:
number of Joules of Food Energy

TF1
=% (Work) i -

nermal Rate (power) of Energy Production

TE :
20% (POWER -
unit is N

= (POWER)

- "
S
S
PRESSURE

, amount of force acting per unit area .

< scalar quantity & has unit in Pascal (Pa) or Newtons per square meter (N/m)
=

P :

E-normalfora face in contact A

PRESSURE & FORCE

>
pressure
is dependent on magnitude of force and area (where force is applied]
with constant area ,
more force (weight) means more pressure - bedridden

adding 2 more blocks on top of first block increases force to 3F and pressure

to 34
.

> force is directly proportional to pressure.

PRESSURE & AREA

depends on area of contact

>
pressure

> F pressing horizontal surface w/ a

rectangle is equal to weight of box regardless

of which side it is placed against ,

but pressure differs .

> area is inversely proportional to pressure

OTHER FORMULAS .

WEIGHT/FORCE (N) :

w m(kg)9
=

PRESSURE O
BOTH TO

DEPTH OF SINK

n -
D

first measure measures when blocks are added

AREA OF TRIANGLE

A =

3 0 .
0025m
3 . 14

- REA Of BOXES

-000mmAs
CONVERSIONS :

0 01 m 1 cm2 1x 10 "m
1 = 0
001kg 1Cm = =
g
. .

1kg 1000 1m
=
100 cm /m2 = 10000Cm
g
=
TORQUE & LEVER SECOND-CLASS LEVER [ELF]
↑ ST CONDITION FOR TRANSLATIONAL EQUILIBRI4M > load :
Middle ; effor force & fulcrum :
opposite ends

> wheel barrow

&F =
0 rector sum of the forces acting on lever

BODY In ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM

& i = 0 E is forque acting on lever about any pivot point

LEVER

rigid which rotates about fixed point ,

fulcrum ,
or pivot point.

RESISTANCE FORCE CLOAD]

-

placed at one point to right of fulcrum

wise
-
provides turning effect about fulcrum

EFFORT FORCE [SPRING SCALE]

-applied opposite side of lever to balance load or more load up down THIRD-CLASS LEVER [LEF]
-provides counterclockwise turning effect c effort force :
middle ; load & fulcrum : opposite ends

> biceps & forearm holding weight

TORQUE

> force causing lever to rotate about pirot

-Greek letter tall , torque F-force

I =
1 X F
1- lever arm ; distance measured from fulcrum (point o) to

line of action of force

perpendicular to line of action of force

-always

TORQUE DUE TO FE & F :

,

IE =
FFIEjtc =
Frk unit is N .
m [newton-meters]

TE-rod to counterclockwise about Point 0

,
Ec -Clockwise

SECOND CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM

ro d balanced when magnitude of to equal to magnitude of i

& Ec
=
&is T =
En MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE [NA]
-

HREE TYPES OF LEVERS how many times lever can multiply effort force ; ratio of F
-
&
FF

FIRST-CLASS LEVER (EFL)

> fulcrum : Middle ,

effort force & load :
opposite sides of fulcrum
ma =

E
>
pair of scissors