Question Answer
What is the role of the receiver in the communication The recipient, responsible for decoding the message.
process?
What is the process of preparing a message for Encoding.
transmission called?
What does the sender choose as a means of Some sort of shared code, usually the shared verbal language or common nonverbal code.
communication during encoding?
What is the vehicle through which the message flows Channel.
from the sender to the receiver called?
What are the advantages of more formal, written Less likely to be misunderstood or misinterpreted because of their length, detail, and careful
channels of communication? preparation.
What is the process of translating the message by the Decoding.
receiver called?
What happens when the receiver has decoded the Feedback, or a response, is transmitted to the sender.
message?
What occurs in the feedback stage of the The receiver becomes the sender and vice versa.
communication process?
What are some examples of feedback in the A nod of the head, a text saying “ok,” or a letter of receipt.
communication process?
What are the factors that can affect the flow of Source factors, channel factors, and audience factors.
communication from sender to receiver?
What are source factors in communication? Characteristics of the sender that can facilitate or detract from the effective flow of
communication.
How does the status of the source affect The higher the organizational status of the sender, the more likely the communication will be
communication? listened to and acted on.
What is the impact of the credibility of the sender on If the source is trusted, particularly if someone is in a supervisory or leadership role, it is
communication? more likely that the message will receive proper attention.
Why is a sender's communication style important? It can affect the effectiveness of imparting learning and information.
What are channel factors in communication? Positive or negative characteristics related to the vehicle through which the message is
communicated.
How does the selection of the proper channel affect It can have an important effect on the accurate flow of communication.
communication?
What is the impact of using multiple channels to It will increase the likelihood that it will be attended to and retained.
present complicated information?
What are semantic problems in communication? Difficulties that occur because different people may interpret the meanings of certain words
differently.
How can the use of technical language lead to It may lead to misunderstandings due to the special vocabularies and slang used.
semantic problems?
What are audience factors in communication? Elements related to the receiver, such as attention span and perceptual abilities, which can
facilitate or impair the communication process.
Why is it important to present training information at a To ensure that much of the communication is not lost.
level that matches the audience's ability to perceive
and process the information?
What is an example of nonverbal communication? Facial expressions, gesture, tone of voice, body movements, posture, style of dress,
touching, and physical distance between sender and receiver.
How is nonverbal communication used? To convey a wide range of feelings and attitudes.
What are the three types of communication flow in Downward, upward, and lateral.
work organizations?
What does downward communication consist of? Messages sent from superiors to subordinates, including instructions, information about
organizational procedures and policies, feedback, and information to assist in the
coordination of work tasks.
What does upward communication consist of? Messages from the lower levels of the organization to the upper levels, including information
Question Answer
managers need to perform their jobs, feedback concerning the status of lower-level
operations, complaints, and suggestions.
What is lateral communication? Communication that flows between people at the same level in the organizational hierarchy.
Why is lateral communication important? It is important for coordinating activities and accomplishing goals among coworkers at the
same level.
Give an example of lateral communication between Communication between the production and quality control departments in a television
departments. manufacturing plant.
What are the two types of distortion that affect Filtering and exaggeration.
communication flow in work organizations?
What is filtering in communication? The selective presentation of the content of a communication, where certain pieces of
information are left out of the message.
Why is information often filtered in downward Because it is considered unimportant to lower-level employees or management fears the
communication? impact of the complete message on workers.
What is exaggeration in communication? The distortion of information by elaborating or overemphasizing certain aspects of the
message.
Give an example of exaggeration in upward Workers presenting a problem as a crisis to get management to react and make quick
communication. decisions.
What is the importance of effective communication in It is crucial for the organization's smooth and productive operation.
an organization?
How is employees' satisfaction with organizational Positively correlated - those receiving more and better communication were the most
communication related to worker productivity? productive workers.
What type of communication cycles lead to High-quality cycles involving orienting the group to the task, planning, and evaluating
outperforming groups? outcomes.
What impact has communication technology had on It has increased worker productivity, but workers can waste time on personal e-mail and
worker productivity? non-work-related web surfing.
What is the main purpose of work groups and teams? To facilitate the attainment of personal and organizational work goals.
Why is cooperation important in work groups? It is critical to the effective functioning of work groups/teams and organizations.
What are the incentives for workers to cooperate with Achieving organizational goals can lead to payoffs in terms of raises, bonuses, and
each other? promotions.
What can increase group member satisfaction? Achieving organizational goals, which can lead to raises, bonuses, and promotions.
What is social loafing? The phenomenon whereby individuals working in a group put forth less effort than when
working alone.
When does social loafing occur most frequently? When workers believe that their individual performance or contribution will not be measured
and when working on simple, additive tasks.
Where has social loafing been observed? In virtual teams.
What makes social loafing more likely to occur? In groups that are low in cohesiveness.
How is conflict defined? As behavior by a person or group that is purposely designed to inhibit the attainment of goals
by another person or group.
What are some typical instances of conflict in an Two delivery persons arguing over who gets to drive the new company truck, union and
organization? management representatives in heated negotiations over a new contract, or two applicants
competing for a single job.
What is the key element in the definition of conflict? That the conflicting parties have incompatible goals.
What is interindividual conflict? Conflict between two people, and a major source of interpersonal stress.
What is intragroup conflict? Conflict between one person or faction within a group and the other group members.
What are some sources of conflict in work groups and Organizational structure, status differences, disagreements, scarcity of resources,
organizations? interdependence, interpersonal conflicts, personality differences, and age.
Question Answer
How does scarcity of important resources contribute When members are forced to compete with one another for resources, conflict usually
to conflict in work organizations? follows.
What is the impact of individual and group The greater the interdependence of work activities, the greater the potential for conflict.
interdependence on conflict in work activities?
What is an important source of conflict that comes Two organizational members who dislike each other may refuse to cooperate, leading to
from interpersonal sources? disruptive conflict.
How do differences in personality and temperament Certain persons may be likely to engage in conflict due to differences in personality and
contribute to conflict? temperament.
What characteristic can be a potential source of Age, as younger workers are more conflict prone than older workers.
conflict according to evidence?
How does interpersonal conflict negatively influence It leads to greater job dissatisfaction and stress.
young workers?
How can conflict hamper effective group By retarding communication and causing group members to avoid communicating with each
performance? other.
What must be done to manage conflict at an optimal It must be resolved if it leads to severe negative outcomes, or conflict stimulation is needed if
level? the level is too low.
What is the win-win situation in conflict resolution? Collaboration, where parties try to cooperate and reach a mutually beneficial solution.
What is the lose-win strategy in conflict resolution? Accommodation, which describes giving in or acting in a self-sacrificing manner to resolve
the conflict.
What is the strategy of avoidance in conflict Suppressing the conflict, not allowing it to come into the open, or simply withdrawing from
resolution? the situation.
How is leadership defined for the purposes of the As the ability to direct a group toward the attainment of goals.
text?
Who can be considered as informal leaders in a work Those who do not hold a particular position or title but still influence the group.
group?
What is an informal leader? A person with no official title or status, but who emerges as a leader due to valued
characteristics.
What does a true leader do regardless of their formal Move followers toward the attainment of goals.
role?
Does holding a formal leadership role necessarily No, it does not necessarily make that person a true leader.
make a person a true leader?
According to the Great Man/Woman Theory, are great Born, not made.
leaders made or born?
What does the Trait Theory attempt to discover? The traits shared by all effective leaders.
According to the Path-Goal Theory, what is a leader's To help the work group attain the goals they desire.
job?
What are the two general categories identified in the Initiating structure and consideration.
Ohio State Leadership Studies?
What does initiating structure include according to the Leader activities that define and organize the work situation.
Ohio State Leadership Studies?
What does consideration describe according to the Behaviors that show genuine concern for the feelings, attitudes, and needs of subordinates.
Ohio State Leadership Studies?
What are the two patterns of behavior labeled in the Task oriented and relationship oriented.
University of Michigan Leadership Studies?
What are task-oriented behaviors concentrated on Performing the job that the work group faces, setting work standards, supervising the job,
according to the University of Michigan Leadership and meeting production goals.
Studies?
What do relationship-oriented behaviors include Showing concern for employees’ well-being and involving them in decision-making
according to the University of Michigan Leadership processes.
Question Answer
Studies?
What is the primary difference between the Ohio The Michigan results tended to consider relationship-oriented leader behaviors to be more
State and University of Michigan studies? effective than task-oriented behaviors.
What occurs in Transactional Leadership? The relationship between leader and followers is based on some sort of exchange or
“transaction,” such as exchanging money or praise for work, or exchanging leader
consideration behaviors for employee loyalty and commitment.
What does Transformational Leadership involve? The leader changing the values, beliefs, and attitudes of followers.
What is Democratic Leadership? A leadership style where a leader makes decisions based on input received from team
members, but holds the final responsibility to make the decision.
What are the advantages of Democratic Leadership? Encourages creativity and engagement of team members, often leading to high job
satisfaction and high productivity.
What are the disadvantages of Democratic Establishing a consensus among team members can be time-consuming and costly,
Leadership? especially in cases where decisions need to be made swiftly.
What is Autocratic Leadership? A leadership style where the leader makes all decisions on behalf of the team without taking
any input or suggestions from them.
What are the characteristics of Autocratic The leader holds all authority and responsibility, has absolute power, and dictates all tasks to
Leadership? be undertaken.
What is Laissez-Faire Leadership? A hands-off or passive approach to leadership where leaders provide team members with
necessary tools, information, and resources to carry out their work tasks.
What are the characteristics of Laissez-Faire Leaders step back and let team members work without supervision, allowing them to plan,
Leadership? organize, make decisions, tackle problems, and complete assigned projects.
What are the two general approaches to leadership Teaching leaders diagnostic skills and teaching leaders specific skills or behaviors that they
training programs? lack.
What is the assumption behind the first approach of A leader who knows the particular behavior that a situation requires will be able to adjust
leadership training programs? behavior accordingly.
What is the likely most effective approach to A combination of teaching diagnostic skills plus increasing the leader’s behavioral repertoire.
leadership training programs?
What factors must be considered to maximize the Research indicates that many of these programs are successful, but a number of factors
chances of effectiveness in leadership training must be considered to maximize the chances of such effectiveness.
programs?
What is the importance of identifying specific To determine the training needs of the leader trainee.
behaviors or diagnostic skills in leadership training?
What is leader developmental readiness in the It relates to whether a leader is prepared and motivated to develop and advance his or her
context of leadership training? leadership skills.
Why might a leadership training program fail? It may fail due to resistance from the participants, especially if they are 'forced' to attend.
Why is it important to invest time and energy in a The more time and energy invested, the more successful the program is likely to be.
leadership training program?
Why is changing the behavior of practicing managers Old leadership patterns have likely become deeply ingrained.
neither quick nor easy?
What is an important consideration when teaching Whether the particular leadership behaviors taught will be accepted in the work group and
leadership behaviors in a training program? organization.
What must be conducted routinely to determine the Sound evaluations, including measuring the effects on organizational outcomes.
success of leadership training programs?
What measure has been suggested to estimate the Looking at the costs of the leader development program and the resulting increases in work
return on investment in leadership development? group performance.
How can training programs improve the quality of By dealing with concerns such as resistance, compatibility with organizational procedures,
leadership in work groups and organizations? and conducting sound evaluations.
What are the important aspects of leadership? Using power and influence to help work groups attain their goals.
Question Answer
How can influence be viewed? As a form of social control or social power.
What is influence in the workplace exerted by? Using informal strategies such as persuasion, peer pressure, or compliance techniques.
Give an example of persuasive influence in the Trying to obtain a loan from a friend or persuading a coworker to help complete a work task.
workplace.
What is power in the workplace defined as? The use of some aspect of a work relationship to force or compel another person to perform
a certain action despite resistance.
Give an example of power in the workplace. A company president giving an order to a vice president and expecting it to be carried out.
What distinguishes organizational politics from power Organizational politics are always self-serving, whereas power and influence are not
and influence? necessarily self-serving.
What are some categories of influence? Ingratiation, offering exchanges of favors, and threatening with negative sanctions.
What are some examples of behaviors that block, Making appeals to persons higher in the status hierarchy, building coalitions by getting the
interfere with, or prohibit others' work activities? support of coworkers or subordinates.
According to the Kipnis et al. (1980) study, what The situation, the status of the individuals involved, and other characteristics of the
determines the choice of influence tactic? organization such as size and unionization.
What influence tactics were commonly used by Ingratiation and exchange.
coworkers to influence one another?
What is the difference between power and influence Power is a more formal force derived from an individual's role or position, while influence
in work organizations? depends on the skill of the influencer in affecting another person at a particular place or time.
How is power described in work organizations? A fairly stable capacity or potential that can consistently affect the behavior of others, as long
as the power remains with the individual.
What are the two main types of power according to Organizational Power and Individual Power.
Yukl & Falbe (1991)?
What are the sources of organizational power outlined Hierarchical structure, control of important resources, and network centrality.
by Astley and Sachdeva (1984)?
According to French and Raven (1959), what are the Coercive Power, Reward Power, Legitimate Power, Expert Power, and Referent Power.
five important power bases?
What is Coercive Power? The ability to punish or to threaten to punish others.
What is Reward Power? The power that results from having the ability to offer something positive, such as money or
praise.
What is Legitimate Power? It involves the formal rights or authority that an individual possesses by virtue of a position in
an organization.
What is Expert Power? It results from the possession of some special, work-related knowledge, skill, or expertise.
What is referent power? Power resulting from the fact that an individual is respected, admired, and liked by others.
How is power distributed in work organizations? Unevenly, usually arranged in a power hierarchy.
What are the two personal sources of power Expert power and referent power.
mentioned in the text?
What is the definition of organizational politics? The self-serving or selfish use of power or influence to achieve desired outcomes.
What are the two types of political behaviors Functional politics and dysfunctional politics.
mentioned in the text?
What is functional politics? Behaviors that assist the organization in attaining its goals.
What is dysfunctional politics? Political behavior that inhibits the attainment of organizational goals.
How do employees tend to view organizational Negatively, often as a sort of necessary 'evil' due to its self-serving nature.
politics?
What are the negative associations of high levels of Negative employee outcomes.
organizational political behavior?
Question Answer
How is political behavior defined in the context of the As any self-serving behavior.
research?
According to Farrell and Petersen (1982), how can Along three dimensions: Internal-external, Lateral-vertical, and Official-unofficial.
political behaviors be grouped?
What does the internal-external dimension of political Whether political behavior involves only members of the organization or extends beyond the
behavior refer to? boundaries of the organization to include outside people and resources.
What does the lateral-vertical dimension of political Whether the political behavior occurs between members of the same status within the
behavior concern? organization or if it crosses vertical status levels.
What is an example of vertical politics? When a subordinate bypasses the typical chain of command and goes to someone higher in
the organization to complain about an immediate supervisor.
What is an example of lateral politics? When several coworkers of the same status form a coalition.
What is the legitimate-illegitimate dimension in It concerns whether the behavior is 'normal everyday' politics or some extreme form of
organizational politics? political behavior that violates the generally accepted 'rules of the game.'
What are the consequences of forming coalitions in Management may perceive such coalitions as precursors to negative outcomes such as work
organizational politics? stoppages and striking.
What are organizational politics? Attempts by organizational members to use their influence and power to achieve personal
goals, such as increased pay and career advancement.
What factors contribute to increasing the incidence of Competition for power and scarce resources.
political behaviors in work organizations?