Geography
URBANISATION (PESTEL Approach)
I. Cities as dynamos : 63% of GDP is generated in Cities with only 32% population.
II. Habitat III conducted at Quito, Ecuador reemphasised Henri Lefebvre ‘Right to City’. The
NEW URBAN AGENDA seeks to create a mutually reinforcing relationship between
urbanisation and sustainable development.
III. Economic Survey 2016-2017 highlights 3 key challenges before cities : GIF ( Governance,
Infrastructure and Finances)
IV. Government Schemes for cities :
A. 100 Smart Cities( 50,000 crore for 100 cities) :
1. Each city to come up with City development plan
2. 3 pronged strategy : Retrofitting, Redevelopment, Green field Development
3. e.g. : Smart benches , wifi Connectivity , housing, infra, sanitation , public
transportation, Transit oriented development , Preserving Green Spaces
4. SPV ( ULBs vs State govt vs centre govt vs private players) - PPP models
5. Deficit Funding issues : Municipal Bonds
B. Amrut( Atal Mission for rejuvenation and urban Transformation)
C. Hriday ( Heritage city development and Augmentation Yojana) : Tourism Component,
Mission Mode project
INTEGRATION OF SCHEMES Housing for All , SBA (Urban) , TOD , FAME scheme
V. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission : updated version of PURA - SMART Villages
A. Cluster based approach
B. 300 rural growth clusters
C. focus on Agro Processing , Digital libraries, sanitation , solid waste management
MIGRATION
I. Everett Lee model : Push - Pull factors
II. International Migration aspect
III. Globalisation ( Mode 4 transfers of natural Persons - TFA( services))
IV. Trends by Economic Survey :
1. rural to urban
2. less affluent areas to more affluent areas
3. greater demographic dividend areas to relatively ageing population areas
4. Contrary to international trends, language does not act as barriers to migration.
5. states sharing borders see 65% more migration than states who do no share borders
V. FACTORS to Migration : Marriage, employment, quality of life, persecution , poverty ,
terrorism , ostracism etc
VI. FRANCIS FUKUYAMA : The end of history and last man
VII. Effects
A. Positive
1. Mix of culture
2. Metropolitanism
3. Development of language , art, cuisines,
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Geography
4. Biological Evolution
B. Negative
1. Protectionism
2. Racism
3. stereotyping
4. spread of casteism
LOCATION ASPECTS
I. IRON & STEEL
II. ENERGY RESOURCES - Coal Map , Petroleum Map , Thorium map, Methyl Hydrate map ,
shale gas map, uranium map
III. ENERGY :
A. India is 3rd largest consumer of Energy. It has to import around 80% of its oil demand.
B. According to World Energy Outlook, India has largest electricity access deficit followed by
Nigeria and Ethiopia, irrespective of being power surplus country and being net electricity
exporter. Around 25% of rural households have no electricity.
C. International Energy Agency(IEA) predicts that by 2022,India will become largest oil
importer increasing its vulnerability to threats of physical supply disruptions and price
fluctuations.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
I. India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of disasters. (According to
NDMA vulnerability profile)
A. More than 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high
intensity;
B. Over 40 million hectares (12%) of its land is prone to floods and river erosion;
C. close to 5,700 kms, out of the 7,516 kms long coastline is prone to cyclones and tsunamis;
D. 68% of its cultivable area is vulnerable to droughts;
E. Hilly areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches.
F. Moreover, India is also vulnerable to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear
(CBRN) emergencies and other man-made disasters.
II. Increasing vulnerabilities related to changing demographics and socio-economic conditions,
unplanned urbanisation, development within high-risk zones, environmental degradation,
climate change, geological hazards, epidemics and pandemics.
III. ISSUES with GOVERNANCE:
A. Disaster is not clearly defined in any of Union, state or concurrent list .
B. Different department and ministries responsible with poor coordination mechanisms
IV. SENDAI FRAMEWORK(successor to Hyogo framework) :
A. Understanding Disaster Risk - Role defined for centre , state , local administration
B. Strengthening Governance - Inter agency coordination
C. Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction - (structural & non structural)
D. Build Back Better in Recovery Rehabilitation and Reconstruction / Capacity Building
V. NDMP - National Disaster Management Plan is based on Sendai Framework
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Geography
VI. Try to ascertain reasons by categorising them in
NATURAL & ANTHROPOLOGICAL Reasons
VII. SOLUTIONS :
1. Hazard Mapping
2. Preventive Measures/Capacity building /EIAs/
Building codes
3. Better Predictions
4. Response : Evacuation Plans, Hospitalisations,
5. Rehabilitation.
The Government has proposed Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY) aimed at
sustainable ground water management with community participation in select
over-exploited and ground water stressed areas in seven States (Gujarat,
Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar
Pradesh). ABHY is designed as a Central Sector Scheme with a total outlay of
Rs. 6,000 Crore and is proposed to be implemented with World Bank
assistance.