Key Concepts Definite

b
b
Definition: If f is continuous in (a, b) and bounded then  f (x) dx = F(x) a
= F(b) – F(a) is
a
called the definite integral of f(x) between the limits a and b.
d
where F( x )   f ( x )
dx
Very Important:
b
1. If  f (x ) dx = 0, then the equation f (x) = 0 has atleast one root in (a, b) provided f is
a
continuous in (a, b).
Note that the converse is not true.
e.g. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 then the QE ax2 + bx + c = 0 must have a root in (0, 1)
b
2. (a) If f (x) > 0 in (a, b) then  f ( x ) dx > 0 provided a < b.
a

r
b b

(b)  f (x ) dx   | f (x ) | dx

3.
a
a

 f (x ) dx = 0 only if
a
a

f (a) is defined.
si
.B
0
dt
e.g.  0
0
t
G

b g 1 ( b )
4.  f ( x ) · dg( x ) =  f (x ) · g' (x ) dx .
1
[a and b are limit of g (x)]
a
@

g (a )
Note that when g (x) = b then x = g–1(b) and g(x) = a then x = g–1(a);
b
 d  b
5.   dx f (x)  dx  f (x)a if f(x) is continuous in (a, b) however if f(x) is discontinuous
a
b
 d  c b
at x = c  (a, b) then   f (x)  dx  f (x)a  f (x)  [convergent and divergent]
dx c
a 
b  b
6. Lim  f n (x)dx     Lim f n (x) dx ;

n     n  
a  a
7. If g (x) is the inverse of f (x) and f (x) has domain x  [a, b] where f (a) = c and
b d
f (b) = d then the value of  f (x) dx +  g(y) dy = (bd – ac)
a c

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 Definite
8. Remember the values of the following def. integral
/2 /2 /2 / 2
2 2 
(a)  sin x dx =  cos x dx =1 (b)  sin x dx   cos x dx 
4
0 0 0 0
/2 /2 /2 /2
3 2 3 4 4 3
(c)  sin x dx   cos x dx  3 (d)  sin x dx   cos x dx 
16
0 0 0 0

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
(A) PROPERTIES:

b b b a

P1  f(x) dx =  f(t)dt ; P2  f(x) dx = –  f(x)dx

a a a b

b c b
P3  f(x) =  f(x) dx +  f(x) dx

r
a a c

provided f has a piece wise continuity when f is not uniformly defined in (a, b)

P4
a


a
f(x) dx =
a

 f (x)  f (x)  dx
0
si = [
0
a
if f (x) is odd

2 f (x)dx if f (x) is even

.B
0

b b a a
P5  f(x) dx =  f(a + b  x) dx or  f(x) dx =  f(a  x) dx
G

a a 0 0

2a a a 0 if f (2 a  x)   f (x)
P6 f(x) dx = f (x) d x + f (2a  x) d x  [ a
@

  
0 0 0 2  f (x) dx if f ( 2 a  x)  f (x)
0

na a

P7  f(x) dx = n  f(x)dx where f(a + x) = f(x) n  I

0 0

na a
Note:  f (x) dx  (n m) f (x) dx , f (x) is periodic with period = a (n, m  N, n > m)
ma 0

(B) DERIVATIVES OF ANTIDERIVATIVES (LEIBNITZ RULE)

If f is continuous and g(x) and h(x) are differentiable function.
h(x)
d
dx  f (t) dt = f ( h(x) )·h(x) – f (g(x) ). g(x) (integrand of a continuous function is
g(x)

always differentiable)
b
h(x) h(x)
d   
Note: dx  f (x, t) dt = f x, h(x) h'(x)  f x, g(x)g'(x)   f (x, t)  dt
x
g(x) g(x)  

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 Definite

(C) DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUM

Fundamental theorem of integral calculus
b

 f (x) dx = Limit h [f (a) + f (a+h) + f (a + 2h)+ .... + f (a + n  1 h) ]

h0
a n
b n1
or  f (x) d x = Lim
h0
it h  f (a + r h) where b  a = nh
a n r0

(D) ESTIMATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND GENERAL INEQUALITIES

IN INTEGRATION:
Not all integers can be evaluated using the technique discussed so far.

(a) For a monotonic increasing function in (a, b)

b

(b – a) f(a) <  f (x) dx

a
< (b – a) f(b)

r
(b) Foa a monotonic decreasing function in (a, b)

f(b). (b – a) <
b

 f (x) dx
a
< (b – a) f(a)
si
.B
(c) For a non monotonic function in (a, b)
b

 f (x) dx
G

f(c) (b – a) < < (b – a) f(b)

a

(d) In addition to this note that

@

b b

 f (x) dx <  | f (x)| dx

a
equality holds when f (x) lies completely above the x-axis
a

(E) WALLI'S THEORM & REDUCTION FORMULA

/2
n [(n 1)(n  3)....1or 2 ] [ (m 1)(m  3)...1or 2]
 sin x cos m x dx = K
0 (m  n) (m  n  2)...1or 2
(m, n are non-negative integer)

(F) DIFFERENTIATING AND INTEGRATING SERIES

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 Definite
x
dt  1/ 2

1. If | t | t2  1

6 , then x can be equal to 8. For 0 < x <
2
,  cot x d(cos x) equals to
1
1/ 2

2
(A) (B) 3 3 2 2 3
3 (A) (B)
2 2
(C) 2 (D) None of these
1 3
(C) (D) None of these
2
 /4
x sin x /3
2.  cos3 x
dx equals to :
0 9. The value of ∫ cosec x d (sin x) for 0 < x < /2 is
/4
 1  1 1 3
(A) + (B) – (A) n 2 (B) n
4 2 4 2 2 2

  sin1/ 2 
(C) (D) None of these (C) n   (D) None of these
4  sin1/ 2 

1
3. If f(0) = 1, f(2) = 3, f '(2) = 5 and f '(0) is finite,
10. If x  (0, 2) then the value of e2x[2x] d (x  [x]) is

1
(where [ * ] denotes the great0est integer function)
then  x. f ''(2x) dx is equal to (A) e + 1 (B) e
0

r
(C) 2e – 2 (D) None of these
(A) zero (B) 1

si
(C) 2 (D) None of these

log 
e2 2 x ex
dx e 11.
4. If I1 =  ln x
and I =
2  x
dx, then  2 x
dx is equal to
1 log log 2 1 cos e 
e 3 
.B
(A) I1 = I2
(B) 2 I1 = I2 (A) 3 (B) – 3
(C) I1 = 2 I2 (D) None of these
1 1
(C) (D) –
3 3
G

( / 2)1/ 3  
5 3 x 2  ax 2
5.  x .sin x dx equals to 12. If e dx 
2
, then e dx where a > 0 is
0 0 0

(A) 1 (B) 1/2

@

 
(C) 2 (D) 1/3 (A) (B)
2 2a
  /2
cos x sin 2 x
6. If A =  (x  2)2 dx , then  x 1
dx is equal to
(C) 2

(D)
1 
0 0 a 2 a

1 1 1
(A) + –A (B) –A 5
2  2 2 13.
(25  x 2 )3
 x4
dx equals to
1 1 1 5/2
(C) 1 + –A (D) A – –
 2 2  2
 2
(A) (B)
n 3 3
0 , where x = , n = 1, 2 ,3.....
7. If f(x) =  n +1 , then

1 , else where (C) (D) None of these
6

the value of  f (x) dx

0

(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) 2 (D) 

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 Definite
2  
20
14. x ;x 1
If f(x) = x  1; x  1 , then  x 2 f(x) dx is equal to f(x) = Minimum {tan x, cot x} ∀ x ∈  0,  .
 2
0
/3

(A) 1 (B)
4 Then  f(x) dx is equal to
3 0

5 5 3    3
(C)
3
(D)
2 (A) n  2  (B) n  2 
   

(C) n( 2 ) (D) n( 3 )

n1
15. Suppose for every integer n, 2 . The
 f(x) dx  n 2
n 21. The value of ∫ ([x 2 ]  [x]2 ) dx is equal to (where [ * ]
1
4
denotes the greatest integer function)
value of  f(x) dx is
2 (A) 4  2  3 (B) 4  2  3
(A) 16 (B) 14 (C) 4  3  2 (D) None of these
(C) 19 (D) 21
ecos x sin x , | x |  2 3

r

3 22. If f(x)=  
, then f(x) dx 
16 The value of ∫ 1 x 2 dx is-  2 , otherwise

si
2
2
(A) 0 (B) 1
(A) 28/3 (B) 14/3
(C) 2 (D) 3
(C) 7/3 (D) 1/3

23.
.B
 If f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions satisfying
17.
∫
. [2ex ] dx is equal to (where [ * ] denotes the
0
f(x) = f(a – x) and g(x) + g(a – x) = 2, then
a

greatest integer function)  f(x) g(x) dx is equal to

0
(A) 0 (B) n 2 a a
G

2 –1
(C) e (D) 2e

(A) g(x) dx 
(B) f(x)dx
0 0
(C) 0 (D) None of these
2
18. ∫ [x
2
] dx =
@

 /2
0
24. If ∫ x f(sin x) dx = A  f(sin x) dx , then A is -
0 0
(A) 2–1 (B) 2 ( 2 –1)
(C) (D) None of these (A) 0 (B) 
2
(C) /4 (D) 2
x
19. If f(x) = ∫ sin[2x] dx then f(/2) is (where [ * ]
ex f(a)
0
25. If f(x) = , I1 =  x g x 1 x  dx and
denotes greatest integer function) 1 e x f(a)

1
(A) {sin 1 + ( – 2) sin 2} f(a)
2 I2
I2 =  g x 1 x  dx , then the value of I1 is-
1 f(a)
(B) {sin 1 + sin 2 + ( – 3) sin 3}
2
(A) 2 (B) – 3
(C) 0
(C) – 1 (D) 1
 
(D) sin 1 +   2  sin 2
2 

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 Definite

1 x2
sin x  x 2
26. ∫ 3 | x |
dx
33.
 cos t
2
dt
1 lim 0
is equal to
x0 x sin x
1
sin x
(A) 0 (B) 2  3 | x | dx (A) –1 (B) 1
0 (C) (D) –2

1 1
x2 sin x  x 2
(C) 2  3 | x |
dx (D) 2  3 | x |
dx
0 0  1 1 2 4 1 
34. Lim  sec 2  sec 2 2  .....  sec 2 1
n  n 2 n2 n2 n n 
/ 4 equals
e x sec 2 x
27.
∫ e 2x
1
dx =
(A)
1
sec 1 (B)
1
cosec 1
 / 4
2 2

(A) 0 (B) 1
2
/4 (C) tan 1 (D) tan 1
(C) 2e (D) None of these 2

r

2x (1 sin x)
∫

si
28. = 35. If
x2
f(t)dt  x cos x, then the value of f(4)

1 cos 2 x 0

is
(A)  (B) 2/4 (A) 1 (B) 1/4
(C) /8 (D) 2/8 (C) – 1 (D) –1/4 (E) –4
.B
11
11x k
29. If  11[x] dx  log11 then value of k is 1P  2P  3P  ....  n P
0 36. Lim equals-[AIEEE-2002]
(where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function)
n  n P 1
(A) 11 (B) 101
1
G

(C) 110 (D) None of these (A) 1 (B)

P 1
30. Let T > 0 be a fixed real number. Suppose f is a
continuous function such that for all x  R,
1
(C) (D) P2
P2
@

T
f(x+T)=f(x). If I =  f(x) dx then the value of
0 1  2 4  34  ....  n 4 1  23  33  ....  n 3
37. lim  lim
33T x  n5 n  n5
 f(2x) dx is is equal to [AIEEE-2003]
3
(A) 1/5 (B) 1/30
3 (C) zero (D) 1/4
(A) I (B) 2 I
2
(C) 3 I (D) 6 I 38. Let f(x) be a function satisfying f '(x) = f(x) with
f(0) = 1 and g(x) be a function that satisfies f(x) +
31. Let f : R → R be a differentiable function having g(x) = x 2 . Then the value of the integral
f( x)
 1  4t 3 1
f(2) = 6, f '(2) =  48  . Then xlim
2  x2
dt  f (x)g(x)dx is [AIEEE 2003]
 
6 0
equals
(A) 18 (B) 12 e2 5 e2 5
(C) 36 (D) 24 (A) e   (B) e  
2 2 2 2
x2
0 sec 2 t dt e2 3 e2 3
32. The value of xlim
0 is (C) e   (D) e  
x sin x 2 2 2 2
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) –1

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 Definite
f (a )
45. Let p (x) be a function defined on R such that
ex p'(x) = p' (1–x), for all x  [0,1], p (0) = 1 and
39. If f(x) = , I1   xg{x(1  x)} dx and
1  ex f (a)
1

p(1) = 41. Then  p(x) dx equals [AIEEE 2010]

0
f (a ) I2
I2 = g{x(1  x)} dx , then the value of I is- (A) 41 (B) 21

f (a)
1
(C) 41 (D) 42
[AIEEE 2004] 46. Let T > 0 be a fixed real number. Suppose f is a
(A) 2 (B) –3 continuous function such that for all x R, f
T
(C) –1 (D) 1
(x + T) = f(x). If I =  f (x) dx then the value of
0

cos 2 x 3  3T
40. The value of  dx, a > 0, is - f (2x)dx is

1 ax 
3
[JEE 2002 (Scr.)]
[AIEEE-2005 IIT-97, 2000] 3
(A) a (B)  (A) I (B) 2I
2
(C) /a (D) 2 (C) 3I (D) 6 I
/ 2
- /2
47. If f is an even function then prove that  f(cos 2x)
41.  [(x + )3 + cos2 (x + 3) dx is equal to

r
0
-3/2 / 4
2

si
[AIEEE 2006] cos dx =  f(sin 2x) cos x dx
0
(A) (/32) + (/2) (B) /2 [JEE 2003 (Mains, 2]
(C) (/4)–1 (D) /32 1
 1 
48. If  t2 (f(t)) dt = (1–sin x), then f   is
a sin x  3
.B
42. The value of  [x] f ' [x] dx, a > 1 , where [x]
1
[JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/ 3
denotes the greatest integer not exceeding x is
(C) 3 (D) 3
[AIEEE 2006]
G

(A) [a] f(a) –{f (1) + f(2) + ...+ f ([a])}

(b) Evaluate :
(B) [a] f([a]) – {f (1) + f(2) + ... + f(a)}

(C) a f ([a])– {(1) + f(2) + ...+ f(a)} |cos x|  1  1 
(D) a f(a) – {f (1) + f(2) + ...+ f ([a])}
e  2sin  2 cos x   3cos  2 cos x   sin x dx.
    
@

1
x
log t 49. Let f be a non-negative function defined on the
43. Let F (x) = f(x) + f   , where f (x) =  1  t dt. x
x 1  (f '(t)) 2 dt =
1
interval [0,1]. If 
Then F(e) equals [AlEEE 2007] 0

x
(A) 1/2 (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) 2  f(t) dt, 0 x 1, and f(0) = 0, then
0
[JEE 2009,3+4+,]
1 1
sin x cos x
44. Let I =  dx and J =  dx. Then which 1 1 1 1
x x (A) f    and f 
0 0
2 2 3 3
one of the following is true? [AlEEE 2008]
1 1 1 1
2 2
(B) f    and f   
2 2 3 3
(A) I< amd J < 2 (B) I < and J > 2
3 3
1 1 1 1
(C) f    and f 
2 2 3 3
2 2
(C) I > and J < 2 (D) I > and J > 2 1 1 1 1
3 3 (D) f    and f 
2 2  3 3
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 Definite
/ 3
cos x 3 2 3
50. If  dx  k log   then k is- 2
3  4 sin x  3  4   log x 2  
0
56. 
 xlog 2   dx =
2 
n2 
1 1 (A) 0 (B) 1
(A) (B)
2 3 (C) 2 (D) 4
1 1
(C) (D) 57 Suppose that F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x) =
4 8
3
sin x sin 2 x
ee
ee
x
, x > 0 then  x
dx can be expressed as
1
dx
51.  e xnx.n(nx).n(n(nx))
equals -
1
ee
(A) F(6) – F(2) (B) (F(6) – F(2))
2
(A) 1 (B) 1/e
1
(C) e – 1 (D) 1 + e (C) (F(3) – F(1)) (D) 2(F(6) – F(2))
2
52. The value of the definite integral

 1  nx
58.  f  x  x  . dx


r
x 1 3  x 1
 (e  e ) dx is 0
x
1

si
(A) is equal to zero (B) is equal to one
 
(A) (B) 1
4 e2 4e
(C) is equal to (D) can not be evaluated
2
1  1 
(C)  tan 1  (D)
.B
2 
 
e 2 e 2 e2 1
59. Integral | sin 2 x| dx is equal to -
53. Let a, b, c be non-zero real numbers such that ; 0
1 2

 (1  cos
8
x)(ax2  bx  c)dx  (1  cos8 x)(ax2 , bx  c)dx 1
G

0 0 (A) 0 (B) 

then the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has -
(A) no root in (0,2) 1 2
(C) (D)
@

(B) atleast one root in (0,2)  

(C) a double root in (0,2)
3
(D) none x
60.  dx 

2 (5  x)  x
x tan 1 x
54.  (1  x2 )2 dx 1 1
0
(A) (B)
2 3
   
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 4 6 8 (C) (D) none
5
2
1  1
55.  x sin  x  x  dx
1/ 2
has the value equal to -

3
(A) (B)
0 4

(C) 5 (D) 2
4
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