English language 3

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives:
- are placed before nouns to describe them
- have the same form in the singular and the plural
- appear after linking verbs (FEEL, LOOK, SMELL, SOUND, TASTE,
APPEAR, BE, BECOME, COME, GET, GO, GROW, KEEP, PROVE,
REMAIN, SEEM, STAY, TURN, etc.)
e.g. The teacher LOOKS ANGRY.

(It would be wrong to use an adverb here because the adjective angry
describes the teacher.)
BUT:
e.g. The teacher LOOKED at the students ANGRILY.
(It would be wrong to use an adjective here because the adverb angrily
describes the action of the verb.)
We use adjectives such as YOUNG, OLD, BLIND, DEAF, POOR, RICH,
UNEMPLOYED, ILLITERATE, etc. with the definite article THE to
describe
groups of people in terms of age or status. In this case, the adjectives are
not followed by nouns and the verb of the sentence is in the plural.
e.g. THE HOMELESS lead a difficult life.

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 ADJECTIVES

We can also use as adjectives:

1. nouns followed by other nouns describing material and purpose
e.g. Sophie got a GOLD bracelet as a present.
2. cardinal numbers + nouns
e.g. My house is only a TEN-MINUTE walk from here.
3. present and past participles
e.g. She has just heard a FRIGHTENING noise.
He won a DESERVED gold medal.

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 ADBERBS

Adverbs describe:
- verbs, e.g. Read the instructions CAREFULLY, please.
- adjectives, e.g. I’m AWFULLY sorry about what happened.
- other adverbs, e.g. He speaks VERY quickly.
- whole sentences, e.g. APPARENTLY, he has forgotten our appointment.
- past participles, e.g. The roof was BADLY damaged.

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 USE AND PLACEMENT OF ADVERBS

- Adverbs of manner (SERIOUSLY, HAPPILY, QUIETLY, etc.) appear in any

position in a sentence. But, at the beginning of a sentence they show
emphasis.
e.g. He read the letter SLOWLY.
He SLOWLY read the letter.
SLOWLY, he read the letter.
- Adverbs of place (HERE, THERE, OUTSIDE, UPSTAIRS, etc.) usually
appear at the end of a sentence or after the verb and its object.
e.g. I’ll see you THERE.
- Adverbs of time (NOW, TODAY, SOON, RECENTLY, IMMEDIATELY,
etc.) are usually placed at the end of a sentence. But, they may appear at the
beginning for emphasis.
e.g. Call him IMMEDIATELY.
LAST YEAR we went to Spain.

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 USE AND PLACEMENT OF ADVERBS

- Adverbs of frequency (OCCASIONALLY, RARELY, OFTEN, ALWAYS,

etc.) usually appear before the main verb but after the auxiliary and the verb
BE.
e.g. She RARELY watches TV.
I’ve ALWAYS wanted to live in New York.
He is NEVER at home on Sundays.
- Adverbs of degree (RATHER, QUITE, VERY, HARDLY, ABSOLUTELY,
etc.) usually appear before the word they modify.
e.g. I ABOLUTELY love this book.
The trip was RATHER interesting .
- Sentence adverbs (APPARENTLY, ADMITTEDLY, DEFINITELY,
OBVIOUSLY, PROBABLY, etc.) express how sure we are about what is said
and they appear:
1. at the beginning of a sentence
e.g. APPARENTLY, he won’t be here on time.

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 USE AND PLACEMENT OF ADVERBS

2. before the main verb or after the auxiliary

e.g. You’ve OBVIOUSLY made a mistake.
3. at the end of a sentence
e.g. She is very beautiful, UNDOUBTEDLY.

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 USE AND PLACEMENT OF ADVERBS

- Order of adverbs: MANNER – PLACE – TIME

e.g. Did you work HARD AT SCHOOL YESTERDAY?
BUT:
After verbs of movement, order of adverbs is: PLACE – MANNER – TIME
e.g. Did you go TO PARIS BY PLANE LAST SUMMER?

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 SPECIAL CASES

Some words ending in –ly are adjectives, not adverbs: DEADLY,

ELDERLY, FRIENDLY, LIVELY, LONELY, LOVELY, SILLY, etc. For some
of these the adverbial phrase IN A .. . WAY/ MANNER can be used.
e.g. He is a FRIENDLY person. (adjective)
He treats his employees in a very FRIENDLY MANNER . (adverbial
phrase)
Some other words ending in –ly are both adjectives and adverbs: HOURLY,
DAILY, EARLY, WEEKLY, MONTHLY, YEARLY, etc.
e.g. This is a DAILY programme.
He brushes his teeth DAILY.

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Some adverbs have two forms with a difference in meaning.
DEEP = a long way DEEPLY = very much
DIRECT = without stopping DIRECTLY = immediately
FREE = without paying FREELY = with freedom
HARD = with a lot of effort HARDLY = scarcely
HIGH = a long way up HIGHLY = very, greatly
LAST = after all the others LASTLY = finally
LATE = after the usual or expected time LATELY = recently
NEAR = close NEARLY = almost
PRETTY = fairly PRETTILY = in a nice way
SHORT = suddenly SHORTLY = in a while
SURE = certainly SURELY = undoubtedly
WIDE = completely WIDELY = to a great extent,
in a lot of places
WRONG = not correctly WRONGLY = unjustly

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 GRADIBILITY

Adjectives can be classified as gradable or non-gradable, depending on their

meaning.
Most adjectives are gradable, which means that they describe qualities that can
have different degrees and can be made weaker or stronger (e.g. EASY, GOOD,
ANGRY) when combined with an adverb such as very, slightly, extremely,
reasonably.
e.g. SLIGHTLY upset/RATHER cheerful
Non-gradable adjectives describe absolute or extreme qualities that cannot be
graded (e.g. FANTASTIC, IMPOSSIBLE, ENORMOUS), as they already
contain the idea of ‘very’ in their definitions. These adjectives can be combined
with adverbs such as absolutely, really, totally to add extra emphasis.
e.g. absolutely FREEZING/totally RIDICULOUS

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GRADING ADVERBS GRADABLE
ADJECTIVES
really, very, pretty, rather, cold, funny, popular, boring,
a bit, quite, fairly, terribly, dangerous,
ambitious, slightly, extremely, incredibly, valuable,
irritable, important… immensely, somewhat, relatively,
deeply, hugely, reasonably, unusually …

NON-GRADING ADVERBS NON-GRADABLE

ADJECTIVES
absolutely, totally, completely, freezing, brilliant, terrible,
completely, really, fairly, utterly, huge, certain, overjoyed,
pretty, quite, entirely, almost, furious, unknown,
disastrous, perfectly, fully, practically, virtually, wrong, etc.
primarily, etc.

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The adverbs REALLY, PRETTY, FAIRLY can be used with both gradable
and non-gradable adjectives in informal contexts.
e.g. It was REALLY cold last night, so we lit the fireplace and stayed home.
Sandy felt PRETTY awful after arguing with her sister.
This job is FAIRLY impossible!

Not all adverbs can be combined with all adjectives. Some collocate and
some don’t.
e.g. I’m not going out in this weather. It’s absolutely/entirely freezing!

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Here are some commonly used collocations:

perfectly clear/normal/capable/acceptable/reasonable/safe
deeply moved/hurt/committed/affected/grateful/upset
highly critical/unusual/successful/(un)likely/qualified/improbable/efficient
bitterly col/disappointed/upset
terribly appalled/disappointed/afraid/important/sad
completely satisfied/(ir)relevant/awful/safe/useless/meaningless
entirely different/satisfactory/unexpected/sure/dependent/beneficial/true
utterly meaningless/useless/different/miserable/ridiculous/impossible
painfully slow/upset/aware/obvious/clear
relatively cheap/easy/straightforward/rare/small/young
potentially fatal/dangerous/deadly/harmful/hazardous/damaging

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Here are some commonly used collocations:

immensely popular/powerful/strong/important/wealthy/proud/difficult
virtually/practically unknown/impossible/useless/invisible/identical/non-
existent
absolutely awful/ridiculous/impossible/devastated/critical/appalling/essential
heavily populated/damaged/polluted/dependent
totally harmless/unexpected/unacceptable/unsuitable/unaware/inappropriate
reasonably accurate/priced/safe

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Some adjectives have both gradable and non-gradable uses and may have a
change in meaning (OLD, COMMON, ORIGINAL, EMPTY, ODD,
ESSSENTIAL, IMPOSSIBLE, LATE, CRITICAL, FULL, BASIC...)
e.g. That is a very OLD camera. I don’t suppose it works anymore. (gradable)
I bumped into my OLD Geography teacher yesterday. (non-gradable)
Earthquakes are COMMON in this area. (=frequent) (gradable)
To make new friends, hang out with people with COMMON interests.
(=similar) (non-gradable)

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If you have any questions,
feel free to contact me on
E-mail: jmladenovic@[Link]
 Thank you for your attention!

©2021 Универзитет Сингидунум. Сва права задржана.

English language 3
 ESP (ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES)

CONSULTANT = a person who provides expert advice to a company

CRISIS = a situation of danger or difficulty
INNOVATION = a new idea or method
OBJECTIVE (n) = something you plan to do or achieve
PROMOTION = when someone is raised to a higher or more important
position
PUBLIC SECTOR = the section of the economy under government control
STRATEGY = a plan for achieving success
SUBORDINATE (n) = a person with a less important position in an
organization

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 ESP (ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES)

CHAIN OF COMMAND = a system of authority with different levels, one

above the other, e.g. a series of management positions, whose holders can make
decisions, or give orders and instructions
FUNCTION (n) = a specific activity in a company, e.g. production, marketing,
finance
AUTONOMOUS = independent, able to take decisions without consulting
someone at the same level or higher in the chain of command
LINE AUTHORITY = the power to give instructions to people at the level
below in the chain of command
TO REPORT TO SB = to be responsible to someone and to take instructions
from them
DELEGATE = to give someone else responsibility for doing something instead
of you

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 ESP (ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES)

DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL = all the companies or individuals involved in

moving goods or services from producers to consumers
WHOLESALER = an intermediary that stocks manufacturers' goods or
merchandise, and sells it to retailers and professional buyers
PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION = making a product (appear to be) different
from similar products offered by other sellers, by product differences,
advertising, packaging, etc.
MARKET OPPORTUNITIES = possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in
sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods or services
SALES REPRESENTATIVE = sb who contacts existing and potential
customers, and tries to persuade them to buy goods or service
PRODUCT FEATURES = the attributes or characteristics of a product, such as
size, shape, quality, price, reliability, etc.

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 ESP (ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES)

ADVERTIISNG AGENCIES = companies that design advertising for clients

ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN = the advertising of a particular product or
service during a particular period of time
CREATIVE BRIEF = the statement of objectives that a client works out with
an advertising agency
TARGET CUSTOMERS = a defined set of customers whose needs a company
plans to satisfy
ADVERTISING BUDGET = the amount of money a company plans to spend
in developing its advertising and buying media time or space
A MEDIA PLAN = the choice of where to advertise in order to reach the right
people
FREE SAMPLES = a small amount of a product given to customers to
encourage them to try it
WORD-OF-MOUTH MARKETING = free advertising, when satisfied
customers recommend products to their friends

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 ESP (ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES)

INCOME = all the money received from business activities during a given
period
EXPENDITURE = all the money that a business spends on goods or services
during a given period
BUDGET = a financial operating plan showing expected income and
expenditure
ASSET = anything owned by a business (cash, buildings, machines,
equipment…)
LIABILITIES = all the money that a company will have to pay to someone else
in the future, including debts, taxes and interest payments
DEBIT = an entry in an account, recording a payment made
CREDIT = an entry in an account, recording a payment received
DEFERRED = delayed or postponed until a later time

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 ESP (ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES)

INCOME TAX = the tax people pay on their wages and salaries
TAX EVASION = making false declarations to the tax authorities
TAX AVOIDANCE = reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum
LOOPHOLE = a small mistake or exception in a tax law, which allows you to
avoid paying sth
VALUE-ADDED-TAX = a tax collected at each stage of production, excluding
the already-taxed costs from previous stages

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 ESP (ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES)

DOWNTURN (n) = a decline in economic activity

UPTURN (n) = an increase in economic activity
EXPECTATIONS = beliefs about what will happen in the future
CONSUMPTION = purchasing and using goods and services
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS = the difference between the funds a country
receives and those it pays for all international transactions
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) = the total market value of all the
goods and services produced in a country during a given period
DEMAND (n) = the willingness and ability of consumers to purchase goods
and services
SUPPLY (n) = the willingness and ability of businesses to offer goods or
services for sale
SAVE (v) = to put money aside to spend in the future

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If you have any questions,
feel free to contact me on
E-mail: jmladenovic@[Link]
 Thank you for your attention!

©2021 Универзитет Сингидунум. Сва права задржана.