Unit No 1

Sources of Energy

Energy is an attribute of objects and systems which define their capacity to do work. Energy is subject to a
conservation law. Every living organism does work and needs energy from food or photosynthesis. All human
activities also require energy. Man uses machines to perform various types of works for them and the machines
work form the energy they derive from fuel. Joule is the standard unit of energy in electronics and general
scientific applications.

There are several different forms of energy which exist all around us and are stored in different ways. Various
forms of energy are often named after a related force. All forms of energy are broadly categorized as either
Kinetic or Potential. However, this theory is not accepted by various institutions and scientists.

 Kinetic: It is the energy contained in a moving mass or in a moving particle. Example - Walking or
Running.
 Potential: It is the energy stored within a physical system and has the potential to be converted into
other forms of energy. Example - Petrol contains energy.
 Thermal: It is the energy related to temperature, the higher the temperature, the greater the molecular
movement, and the greater the energy. Example - Volcano.
 Gravitational: It is the energy of a position or a place. Example - Water stored in the reservoir of a dam
is a source of Gravitational Energy.
 Sound: It is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal (compression/rarefaction)
waves. Various sounds like barking, shouting etc.
 Light: It is electromagnetic radiation, particularly radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human
eye. Example - Lightbulbs.
 Nuclear: It is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. The energy can be released when the nuclei
are combined or split apart. Example -Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms in a
process called fission.
 Chemical: It is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Example: natural gas.
 Elastic: It is the energy stored in objects that are stretched, compressed, bent, or [Link] - Car
Shocks.
 Electromagnetic/Radiant Energy: It is the energy present in an electric field or magnetic field. Example
- Radio waves.

Sources of Energy

Sources of Energy are generally categorized into two categories these are Non-Renewable Energy Sources and
Renewable Energy Sources.
Non-Renewable Energy Sources: These are those sources which are not easily renewed or recreated. These
include:

 Coal: It is used to produce electricity.

 Fuel Oil: It is a product of an oil refinery after crude oil has been processed. It is used to power various
machines including vehicles etc.
 Heavy fuel: oil also known as Residual or Bunker C, is usually burnt in the furnace of a steam
generator which supplies steam to a turbo-generator.
 Distillate: A lighter fraction of Fuel Oil, Distillate is used to generate electricity by being burnt in a gas
turbine.
 Kerosene: Also known as Jet Fuel, it is the lightest fraction of fuel oil which drives a generator.
 Gas: Gas is an important energy resource, as it is a source for electricity generation, industrial
processes, business and residential consumers. It includes natural gas, coal seam methane and LPG
(liquefied petroleum gas).

Renewable Energy Sources: These are those sources which are replenished constantly.

 Solar: Solar systems are powered by energy from the sun. Solar power is used for producing electricity.
 Wind: Wind energy systems convert the wind's kinetic energy into mechanical or electrical energy.
 Water: Water-energy systems use the energy contained in the water resource. These include Tidal
energy, Ocean Waves etc.
 Biomass: Biomass is a regenerative organic material used for energy production. These include
agricultural and forestry residues and municipal and animal wastes. Bagasse (the waste from the
crushing of sugar cane) has been used for many years in the sugar industry as boiler fuel for the
generation of steam and electricity for use in the sugar mill during the crushing season.

Energy Conservation

Energy Conservation means using it in an efficient manner. We need to save energy so that we can use it for a
long time and also for the future generation as well. Saving energy, by default means that we are saving money
spent on our bills. But above all, by using energy wisely we can cut down on pollutants and make a better
environment for everyone.

Methods of Conservation of Energy

A lot of energy can be saved by following the steps given below:

 Shut lights and television when you leave the room.

 Open the curtains and use the sunlight instead of turning on the lights during the day.
 Close the windows and doors when the heater or air conditioning. By not doing so the furnace and AC
have to work harder to heat and cool a room.
 Dry clothes in the sun instead of using the dryer during sunny days.
 Always close the taps properly so that the water is not dripping.
 Turn off the dishwasher right before the drying cycle and let the dishes air dry.
 Don't leave the refrigerator door open.
 Once a week have a sandwich night instead of cooking as this too saves gas and electricity.
 Plant Deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves) and shrubs as these trees are best to block the sun in
the summer and in the winter when the leaves fall they let the sun shine through thereby helping to
warm our houses.
 Replace incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lights (CFLs), which use only about one-third of
the electricity. CFLs also generate less heat.
 Use task lighting rather than illuminating the whole room while doing desktop work.
 Cool the rooms to no less than 24°C as it will give you the most comfort at the least cost. You spend up
to 5% more electricity for every degree set above 24°C.
 Always keep your refrigerator or freezer full. An empty fridge cycle on and off more frequently
without any mass to hold the cold. If you have fewer items then keep a container of ice in the freezer.
 Refrigeration temperature should be set between 3°C and 5°C and the freezer temperature between –
18°C and –15°C. Lowering the temperature below these units only wastes electricity.
 Check your water heater. If its surface is hot or even warm, some of the energy used is being wasted.
Wrap it in an insulating blanket.
 Always install hot-water tank as close as possible to the kitchen, laundry, and bathrooms as heat is lost
in long pipe runs. Reducing the length of a hot water pipe from 10m to 3m will save enough energy in
one month to heat water for 10 showers. Similarly, thin pipes are more energy-efficient than thicker
ones: larger amounts of hot water are trapped in thicker pipes, therefore more heat is lost.
 Heat only the required amount of drink instead of overfilling the kettle.
 Use your washing machine or dryer with full loads. Drying smaller loads uses just as much energy and
overloading will increase drying time.
 Computers in sleep mode use up to 70% less electricity as compared to screensavers.
 Devices such as TV sets, VCRs, DVD players and mobile chargers use maximum power even on
standby.
 Remember to switch off the computer when not in use, or when idle for more than two hours. A
computer switched on for an hour consumes as much energy as a 14-watt compact lamp for 24 hours
 Buy rechargeable batteries as these batteries last longer as compared to others.
 Use Hybrid cars as they are not only economical but environment-friendly.
 Use cycle or walk for short distances. This will help the environment and help your health too.
 Buy only those equipment which has a good rating of energy efficiency.
 Use Car Pool while going to Office, School etc.
 Don't water your lawns in the morning as plants and soil loose moisture very quickly in the afternoon.
Afternoon watering is effective.
 Use a bucket to water plants instead of a hose a lot of water is wasted with a hose.
  Similarly, use a bucket to clean your vehicles.
 Remove unnecessary Lighting in your home, office etc.
 Get your vehicles serviced regularly.
 Maintain a good tire pressure in your vehicles as these are also fuel savers.

Specific Sources of Energy Resources

Now, let's see some of the specific sources of energy resources.

Fossil fuel: dead organic matter, mostly composed of bacteria, algae and plants, subjected to high heat and
pressure over millions of years. Most of the reserves we have today were formed during the Carboniferous-
Permian geological periods of Earth.

"Elemental": usually present as major replenishable components of Earth's abiotic spheres.

 Solar
 Wind
 Hydro
 Geothermal

Nuclear: atoms interacting to produce vast quantities of energy

Biomass: plants, algae, bacteria, animals, etc.

These energy sources may further create vectors or may be delivered through energy vectors.

Importance of Energy Resources

The importance of energy resources is obvious because society wouldn't be able to function without them.
Sectors that greatly benefit from constant energy availability are:

 Heavy industries: melting, lifting, lighting, computers, etc.

 Agriculture & fisheries: water filtration and irrigation, tilling and harvesting machinery, etc.
 Domestic Life: gas and electricity for heating, cooking, cleaning, etc.
 Fuels: transport: gasoline, distillate fuels, biodiesel, etc.
 Healthcare: ventilation, equipment usage, etc.
Energy Resources Examples

We summarize in the table below the main characteristics for key energy resources:

Key resource Specifications

 Source of electrical and heat energy.

 Can be gasified and liquified.
Coal  Used as chemical source for synthetic
compounds like dyes, pharmaceuticals, etc.

 Mechanical power (grain grinding, water

extraction, propelling ships)
Wind
 Electricity generation (wind turbines)

 Propelling
 Heating
Gas  Electricity
 Synthetic compounds (eg. paints)

 Heating and cooling for various purposes

(greenhouse maintenance, food
Geothermal
dehydration, etc.)

 Electricity: photovoltaics (PV)

Solar  Heat: solar thermal

 Main elements used: uranium, plutonium,

hydrogen, thorium
 Fission: Sizewell nuclear power stations,
Suffolk, UK
Nuclear  Fusion: Tokamak reactor, Saint-Paul-lès-
Durance, France
 Ups: sustainable, high energy yield
 Downs: non-renewable, high risk

 Electricity generation
Wave  Mechanical uses (pumping water, etc.)

 Electricity
Hydroelectric

 Propelling
 Heating
 Electricity
Oil
 Chemical compounds (e.g.
pharmaceuticals)

 Propelling
 Heating
Biofuel
 Electricity

Tidal  Electricity
  Mechanical

 Electricity generation
Green  Power
Hydrogen  Heat

The sun is the main source of energy on Earth. Other energy sources include coal, geothermal energy, wind
energy, biomass, petrol, nuclear energy, and many more. Energy is classified into various types based on
sustainability as renewable sources of energy and non-renewable sources of energy.

Table of Contents:

 What is Energy?

 Sources of Energy

 Difference between Renewable and Non-renewable Sources of

Energy

 Natural Sources of Energy

 Types of Natural Sources of Energy

 Difference between Conventional and Non-conventional Sources of

Energy

What Is Energy?

The classical description of energy is the ability of a system to perform work, but as energy exists in so many
forms, it is hard to find one comprehensive definition. It is the property of an object that can be transferred from
one object to another or converted to different forms but cannot be created or destroyed. There are numerous
sources of energy. In the next few sections, let us discuss the about different sources of energy in detail.

Sources Of Energy

Sources of energy can be classified into:

 Renewable Sources
 Non-renewable Sources
Renewable sources of energy are available plentiful in nature and are sustainable. These resources of energy can
be naturally replenished and are safe for the environment.

Examples of renewable sources of energy are: Solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, biomass,
hydropower and tidal energy.
A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that is found underneath the earth. These type of energy
resources do not replenish at the same speed at which it is used. They take millions of years to replenish. The
main examples of non-renewable resources are coal, oil and natural gas.

Examples of non-renewable sources of energy are: Natural gas, coal, petroleum, nuclear energy and
hydrocarbon gas liquids.

Difference between Renewable and Non-renewable Sources of Energy

Renewable Non-renewable

The resources that can be renewed The resources that cannot be renewed
once they are consumed are called once they are consumed are called
renewable sources of energy. non-renewable sources of energy.

These resources do not cause any These resources cause environmental

environmental pollution. pollution..

Renewable resources are Non- Renewable resources are

inexhaustible. exhaustible.

Renewable resources are not affected Non- Renewable resources are

by human activities. affected by human activities.

Examples of Non-renewable
Examples of Renewable resources-
resources- natural gas, coal and
Air, water and solar energy.
nuclear energy.

Natural Sources of Energy

During the stone age, it was wood. During the iron age, we had coal. In the modern age, we have fossil fuels like
petroleum and natural gas. So how do we choose the source of energy?
Good sources of energy should have the following qualities:

 Optimum heat production per unit of volume/mass used

 Easy to transport
 Least Polluting
 Economical

Types of Natural Sources of Energy

There are two types of natural sources of energy classified by their popularity and use,

 Conventional Sources of Energy

 Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

Ozone Layer and its Depletion

Ozone Layer Definition

“The ozone layer is a region in the earth’s stratosphere that contains high concentrations of ozone and
protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun.”
What is an Ozone Layer?
The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the earth’s atmosphere. It has the potential to absorb
around 97-99% of the harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun that can damage life on earth. If the
ozone layer was absent, millions of people would develop skin diseases and may have weakened immune
systems.
However, scientists have discovered a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. This has focussed their concern
on various environmental issues and steps to control them. The main reasons for the ozone hole are
chlorofluorocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide and hydrochlorofluorocarbons.
Let us have a detailed look at the various causes and effects of ozone layer depletion.

Ozone Layer Depletion

“Ozone layer depletion is the gradual thinning of the earth’s ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused due
to the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous bromine or chlorine from industries or other
human activities.”

What is Ozone Layer Depletion?

Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper atmosphere. This happens when the
chlorine and bromine atoms in the atmosphere come in contact with ozone and destroy the ozone molecules.
One chlorine can destroy 100,000 molecules of ozone. It is destroyed more quickly than it is created.
Some compounds release chlorine and bromine on exposure to high ultraviolet light, which then contributes to
ozone layer depletion. Such compounds are known as Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS).
The ozone-depleting substances that contain chlorine include chlorofluorocarbon, carbon tetrachloride,
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and methyl chloroform. Whereas, the ozone-depleting substances that contain
bromine are halons, methyl bromide, and hydro bromofluorocarbons.
Chlorofluorocarbons are the most abundant ozone-depleting substance. It is only when the chlorine atom reacts
with some other molecule, it does not react with ozone.
Montreal Protocol was proposed in 1987 to stop the use, production and import of ozone-depleting substances
and minimise their concentration in the atmosphere to protect the ozone layer of the earth.
Also Read: Environmental Issues

Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion

Ozone layer depletion is a major concern and is associated with a number of factors. The main causes
responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer are listed below:
Chlorofluorocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs are the main cause of ozone layer depletion. These are released by solvents, spray
aerosols, refrigerators, air-conditioners, etc.
The molecules of chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere are broken down by ultraviolet radiations and release
chlorine atoms. These atoms react with ozone and destroy it.
Unregulated Rocket Launches
Researches say that the unregulated launching of rockets results in much more depletion of the ozone layer than
the CFCs do. If not controlled, this might result in a huge loss of the ozone layer by the year 2050.
Nitrogenous Compounds
The nitrogenous compounds such as NO2, NO, N2O are highly responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.
Natural Causes
The ozone layer has been found to be depleted by certain natural processes such as Sun-spots and stratospheric
winds. But it does not cause more than 1-2% of the ozone layer depletion.
The volcanic eruptions are also responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
“Ozone-depleting substances are the substances such as chlorofluorocarbons, halons, carbon tetrachloride,
hydrofluorocarbons, etc. that are responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.”
Following is the list of some main ozone-depleting substances and the sources from where they are released:

Ozone-Depleting Sources
Substances

Chlorofluorocarbons Refrigerators, air-conditioners, solvents, dry-

(CFCs) cleaning agents, etc.

Halons Fire-extinguishers

Carbon tetrachloride Fire extinguishers, solvents

Methyl chloroform Adhesives, aerosols

Hydrofluorocarbons fire extinguishers, air-conditioners, solvents

Also Read: Global Warming

Effects Of Ozone Layer Depletion

The depletion of the ozone layer has harmful effects on the environment. Let us see the major effects of ozone
layer depletion on man and environment.
Effects on Human Health
Humans will be directly exposed to the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun due to the depletion of the ozone
layer. This might result in serious health issues among humans, such as skin diseases, cancer, sunburns, cataract,
quick ageing and weak immune system.
Effects on Animals
Direct exposure to ultraviolet radiations leads to skin and eye cancer in animals.
Effects on the Environment
Strong ultraviolet rays may lead to minimal growth, flowering and photosynthesis in plants. The forests also
have to bear the harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays.
Effects on Marine Life
Planktons are greatly affected by the exposure to harmful ultraviolet rays. These are higher in the aquatic food
chain. If the planktons are destroyed, the organisms present in the food chain are also affected.

Solutions to Ozone Layer Depletion

The depletion of the ozone layer is a serious issue and various programmes have been launched by the
government of various countries to prevent it. However, steps should be taken at the individual level as well to
prevent the depletion of the ozone layer.
Following are some points that would help in preventing this problem at a global level:
Avoid Using ODS
Reduce the use of ozone depleting substances. E.g. avoid the use of CFCs in refrigerators and air conditioners,
replacing the halon based fire extinguishers, etc.
Minimise the Use of Vehicles
The vehicles emit a large amount of greenhouse gases that lead to global warming as well as ozone depletion.
Therefore, the use of vehicles should be minimised as much as possible.
Use Eco-friendly Cleaning Products
Most of the cleaning products have chlorine and bromine releasing chemicals that find a way into the
atmosphere and affect the ozone layer. These should be substituted with natural products to protect the
environment.
Use of Nitrous Oxide should be Prohibited
The government should take actions and prohibit the use of harmful nitrous oxide that is adversely affecting the
ozone layer. People should be made aware of the harmful effects of nitrous oxide and the products emitting the
gas so that its use is minimised at the individual level as well.
K
Kyoto Protocol
It is an international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Kyoto Protocol applies to 6 greenhouse gases;
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride. It is an
extension to the 1992 UNFCCC. This article will bring you the relevant details about the Kyoto Protocol.

Kyoto Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, keeping in mind the
socio-economic development of the concerned countries and the polluter pays principle. It is one of the
important international environment protocols.
The protocol’s first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. 36 countries had participated in the
first commitment period. 9 countries opted for flexibility mechanisms since their national emissions were
greater than their targets. Hence these countries funded emissions reductions in other countries.
Although the 36 developed countries had reduced their emissions, global emissions increased by 32 % from
1990 to 2010. The financial crisis of 2007-08 was one of the major contributors to the reduction in emissions.

Key Facts about the Kyoto Protocol

When and where was it adopted?
It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997.
When did Kyoto Protocol come into force?
Kyoto Protocol came into force on 16 February 2005.
How many countries are signatories of the Kyoto Protocol?
84 countries are signatories of the Kyoto Protocol.
How many countries are parties to the Kyoto Protocol?
192 countries are parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
Which are the countries that are not parties to the Kyoto Protocol?

1. Canada
2. Andorra
3. The United States of America
4. South Sudan
Details of the Kyoto Protocol for UPSC

1. It is legally binding
2. Only members of UNFCCC can become parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
3. Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the 3rd session of UNFCCC
4. To meet the targets of the Kyoto Protocol, member countries cannot include international shipping and
international aviation
5. Countries can use Land Use (LU), land-use change (LUC), and Forestry to meet their Kyoto targets.
What is the Conference of Parties (COP)?
The Official meeting of all countries associated with the Kyoto Protocol is called the Conference of Parties
(COP).
India at the Kyoto Protocol

1. India was exempted from legally binding commitments on greenhouse gas emissions.
2. India emphasized on the differentiation between developed and developing nations concerning the
burden of responsibility for climate action.
3. India successfully defended its obligation on socio-economic development while concurrently forcing
developed countries of the Annex I category to take more responsibilities on curtailing greenhouse gas
emissions.

What is the Doha Amendment to Kyoto Protocol?

After the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol ended, an amendment i.e. changes was carried out to
the Kyoto Protocol. This amendment talks about emission reduction targets for the second commitment period.
The 2nd commitment period ranges from 2012-2020.

UNFCCC:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established

an international environmental treaty to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system", in part
by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It was signed by 154 states at the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held
in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. Its original secretariat was in Geneva but relocated to Bonn in 1996. It
entered into force on 21 March 1994.

The treaty called for ongoing scientific research and regular meetings, negotiations, and future policy
agreements designed to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is
not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.

The Kyoto Protocol, which was signed in 1997 and ran from 2005 to 2020, was the first implementation of
measures under the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol was superseded by the Paris Agreement, which entered into
force in 2016. By 2022, the UNFCCC had 198 parties. Its supreme decision-making body, the Conference of the
Parties (COP), meets annually to assess progress in dealing with climate change. Because key signatory states
are not adhering to their individual commitments, the UNFCCC has been criticized as being unsuccessful in
reducing the emission of carbon dioxide since its adoption.

The treaty established different responsibilities for three categories of signatory states. These categories
are developed countries, developed countries with special financial responsibilities, and developing
countries. The developed countries, also called Annex 1 countries, originally consisted of 38 states, 13 of which
were Eastern European states in transition to democracy and market economies, and the European Union. All
belong to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Annex I countries are called upon to adopt national policies and take corresponding measures on the mitigation
of climate change by limiting their anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases as well as to report on steps
adopted with the aim of returning individually or jointly to their 1990 emission levels. Developed countries with
special financial responsibilities are called Annex II countries. They include all Annex I countries with the
exception of those in transition to democracy and market economies. Annex II countries are called upon to
provide new and additional financial resources to meet the costs incurred by developing countries in complying
with their obligation to produce national inventories of their emissions by sources and their removals
by sinks for all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Developing countries are then
required to submit their inventories to the UNFCCC secretariat.

CDM in kyoto protocol

The CDM allows emission reduction (or emission removal) projects in developing countries to earn
certified emission reductions (CERs), each equivalent to one tonne of CO2. These CERs can be traded and sold,
and used by industrialized countries to meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol.
The mechanism stimulates sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized
countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction or limitation targets. The projects must
qualify through a rigorous and public registration and issuance process designed to ensure real, measurable and
verifiable emission reductions that are additional to what would have occurred without the projects. The
mechanism is overseen by the CDM Executive Board, answerable ultimately to the countries that have ratified
the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanism is seen by many as a trailblazer. It is the first global, environmental
investment and credit scheme of its kind, providing a standardized instrument for offsetting emissions, namely
CERs.

The Role of Renewable Energy Sources

Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize
environmental impacts, produce minimum secondary wastes and are sustainable based on current and future
economic and social societal needs. Sun is the source of all energies. The primary forms of solar energy are heat
and light. Sunlight and heat are transformed and absorbed by the environment in a multitude of ways. Some of
these transformations result in renewable energy flows such as biomass and wind energy. Renewable energy
technologies provide an excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and reducing global
warming through substituting conventional energy sources. In this article a review has been done on scope of
CO2 mitigation through solar cooker, water heater, dryer, biofuel, improved cookstoves and by hydrogen.

As the world moves towards a low-carbon economy, the need for clean and sustainable energy sources
has never been greater. Climate change threatens not just the environment but also everything that
depends on it: human and animal health, food and water security, and economic stability, to name a few.
To address this global challenge, renewable energy has become a critical component in the fight and is
beginning to play a central role in transforming our energy systems.

But before we jump into that, it’s worth having a refresher on renewable energy.

Renewable energy refers to sources of energy that are naturally replenished and never run out. These
include wind, hydro, solar, geothermal, and biomass energy sources.
What are the benefits of renewable energy?
The use of renewable energy can significantly reduce the amount of carbon emissions released into the
atmosphere and help combat the negative impacts of climate change. By transitioning to a low-carbon
energy mix, we can also reduce the risk of extreme weather events. It’s also crucial because it has the
potential to provide clean, reliable, and affordable energy to communities that are currently without
access to power. This can drive economic growth, create jobs, and improve the standard of living for
millions of people.

Reduces greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, are released by burning fossil fuels for energy. These
emissions trap heat in the atmosphere, causing the Earth’s temperature to rise, which leads to climate
change.
On the other hand, renewable energy sources do not emit greenhouse gases, as they are derived from
natural, replenishable sources such as sun, wind, water, and biomass. Using renewable energy sources
instead of fossil fuels for energy production will reduce the greenhouse gases released into the air and
help mitigate the effects of climate change.
Additionally, renewable energy sources do not emit harmful pollutants, such as particulate matter and
sulfur dioxide, which can negatively impact human health and the environment.

Diversifies energy sources

Commodities like oil and coal are particularly vulnerable to sudden shocks brought on by geopolitical
events like wars. Diversification helps a society increase the use of alternative energy sources, including
nuclear or solar energy. This offsets the shock to one energy input and reduces dependence on a single
energy source. According to research, it also helps reduce the energy supply’s vulnerability to price
fluctuations and other external factors, which can negatively impact the economy and the environment.
Supports local communities
According to the OECD, renewable energy projects can provide economic benefits to local communities,
helping to reduce poverty and support sustainable development. For one, it generates extra income for
landowners using swathes of their land to support renewable energy generation.
This also increases a bottom-up approach, ensuring that new technologies are tested and new policies are
trialed in places that may need them the most. The community’s potential to learn and innovate
increases when they specialize and develop their talents in the new industry.
How might we increase the use of renewable energy?
The United Nations stresses making renewable energy a public good, i.e., available to all and not just to
the wealthy. For that to happen, removing any roadblocks in the adoption process and barriers to gaining
knowledge in renewable energy is essential.
To increase the deployment of renewable energy and combat climate change, several steps can be taken:

Create better government policies

Governments play a crucial role in promoting the use of renewable energy. This can be done by
implementing policies, such as feed-in tariffs, incentivizing investment in renewable energy projects.
Energy subsidies can sway the momentum in favor of renewable energy. According to the International
Monetary Fund (IMF), $5.9 trillion was spent supporting the fossil fuel sector in 2020 alone. This
includes direct subsidies, tax exemptions, and damages to health and the environment that were not
included in the price of fossil fuels.
Suppose we divert these subsidies towards renewable energy. In that case, we could reduce emissions
while promoting more equality, better public health, and sustainable economic growth, especially for the
world’s poorest and most vulnerable people.

Increase investment in research and development

According to the IEA, to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, we must invest at least $4 trillion a year in
renewable energy until 2030. This amount includes expenditures on infrastructure and technologies.
After all, research and development are critical to the growth of the renewable energy sector. Investment
in R&D can drive innovation, reduce the cost of renewable energy technologies, and increase their
competitiveness with fossil fuels.
 Encourage private sector investment
The private sector plays a significant role in the deployment of renewable energy. By creating a
favorable investment climate and providing the necessary support and incentives, governments can
encourage private-sector investment in renewable energy projects. It also helps to promote innovative
financing mechanisms, such as green bonds and renewable energy investment funds.

Raising public awareness

Raising public awareness about the benefits of renewable energy and the impact of climate change can
drive demand for renewable energy and encourage more people to adopt sustainable energy practices.
Some ways to do this include:
 Hosting workshops, seminars, and other educational events at the community and schooling levels
 Developing targeted media campaigns that highlight the advantages of renewable energy, such as cost
savings and environmental benefits
 Collaborating with industry leaders, energy companies, and environmental organizations and leveraging
their resources and expertise to reach a wider audience
 Unit No 2

Energy Conservation Act, 2001: Features, Significance, Amendment

Energy Conservation Act, 2001 establishes the legal framework, institutional arrangements, and regulatory
mechanism required for the country's energy efficiency program. India generates and consumes a lot of energy,
a lot of which is misspent. The Energy Conservation Act 2001 aims to identify and tap into India’s energy-
saving potential.

Energy conservation is an important issue globally. The introduction of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 is a
step in the right direction to make India more energy efficient. Learn more about this Act, its significance, and
the latest amendment made to it here.

Energy Conservation Act 2001: Definition

The government introduced the Energy Conservation Act 2001 to establish frameworks that help in energy
conservation. According to estimates, energy conservation initiatives can create a minimum of 25000 MW of
energy. To claim this potential, the Indian government introduced the Energy Conservation Act.

 This Act target energy derived from various sources, such as renewable resources, fossil fuels,
hydroelectricity, nuclear sources, etc.
 The Energy Conservation Act went into effect on 1 March 2002.
 The government established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to enforce energy conservation
efforts.
 In 2010, an amendment was made to the Energy Conservation Act by the government.

Energy Conservation Act 2001 Amendment

In 2010, the government introduced an amendment to the Energy Conservation Act 2001. After this amendment,
the time frame of prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or purchase of any appliances was altered. Find out the
details of this amendment to the Energy Conservation Act 2001 here.

 Earlier, the government could prohibit such equipment after two years of setting the norms.
 After the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill 2010, the government can prohibit such items six
months after setting the norms. Further, this six months period is extendable by another six months.

Energy Conservation Act 2001 Features

As per the amendment to the Energy Conservation Act 2010, the government gets the power to

 Specify the energy consumption criteria for appliances and equipment.

 Prohibit the manufacture, sale, purchase, or import of equipment if they don’t meet the specified
criteria.
 According to the Energy Conservation Act, the government can only prohibit the manufacture, sale, or
purchase of equipment two years after setting the norms.
 The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill 2010 reduced the mentioned time frame from two years to
six months.

Energy Conservation Act Significance

The Energy Conservation Act aims to decrease the consumption of unnecessary energy in the country. A
country's energy needs are around 1.5 times its GDP, or economic growth rate, as a general principle. The
current reserve of energy resources in India is limited. Therefore, the government introduced the Energy
Conservation Act to take action.
Read the following points to understand the significance of the Energy Conservation Act.

 India's proven oil and natural gas reserves are limited, and they may only last a few years. Additionally,
India's oil imports are already high, and any more imports will harm our economy and energy security.
 This situation necessitates a strong focus on improving energy efficiency in new generation capacity,
supply side, demand side, and end-user side.
 Concludingly, the Energy Conservation Act 2001 was enacted to lower our economy's overall energy
intensity.

Energy Conservation Act 2001: Objectives

A primary goal of the Energy Conservation Act is energy conservation. This Act promotes an environmentally
responsible lifestyle by providing energy, saving money, and saving the environment. The Energy Conservation
Act 2001 has the following objectives.

 It aims to provide policy and recommendations for national power conservation programs.
 It makes recommendations to stakeholders on creating policies and programs that promote the efficient
use of energy.
 The Energy Conservation Act also aims to create a system for tracking BEE progress.
 Persuade multilateral, respective, and private sector divisions to support the Energy Conservation Act's
implementation.
 It demonstrates BEE conveyance frameworks in both the public and private sectors.
 The Energy Conservation Act also raises awareness of the country's energy efficiency and conservation
phenomenon.

Regulations under the Energy Conservation Act 2001

To make the goals of the Energy Conservation Act attainable, the government introduced certain authorities for
the regulation of the Act. Some of the regulations and authorities that the Energy Conservation Act 2001
established are as follows.

Bureau of Energy Efficiency

 Under the Energy Conservation Act of 2001, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency was founded on March
1, 2002. It is in charge of putting energy-related policies and programs into action. It also oversees the
execution of energy-saving initiatives.
 The Bureau's objective is to institutionalize energy efficiency services and enable delivery channels
throughout the country. Also, the Bureau supports being a leader in all aspects of the economy
regarding energy efficiency.
 Within the general context of the Energy Conservation Act, the BEE assists in developing policies and
strategies with a focus on self-regulation and market principles (Amendment Act, 2010).
 Its main goal is to minimize the Indian economy's energy intensity.

Central Energy Conservation Funds

 Under the Energy Conservation Act, this fund would be established at the Centre to create delivery
mechanisms for large-scale adoption of energy efficiency services, such as performance contracting
and promoting Energy Service Companies (ESCOs).
 The fund is planned to place a strong emphasis on research and development and a demonstration to
increase market penetration of energy-efficient equipment and appliances.
 It would fund the establishment of testing and development facilities and consumer education.

Standards & Labeling

 Standards and labeling (S&L) have been highlighted as an important activity for energy efficiency
improvement. When the S&L program is fully implemented, consumers will access only energy-
efficient devices and appliances.
  The standard and labeling functions establish minimum energy consumption and performance
standards for notified equipment and appliances.
 The motive of S&L is in line with the provisions under the Energy Conservation Act.

Designated consumers
As per the provision of the clause (e) and (f) of section (14) of the Energy Conservation (EC) Act 2001, the
Central Government notified the criteria for Designated Consumers vide S.O no. 394(E) dated 12th March, 2007
under which industrial units from 9 energy intensive sectors (Aluminum, Cement, Chlor-Alkali, Fertilizer, Iron
& Steel, Paper & Pulp, Railways, Thermal Power and Textile) have been notified as Designated Consumers.
The Government has notified the mandatory Energy Audit vide S.O 1378 (E) dated 27th May, 2014 for the
Designated Consumers to help in identifying various energy saving opportunities in energy intensive industries
& other establishments

Designated consumers

 Aluminum
 Cement
 Chlor Akali
 Fertilizers
 Iron and Steel
 Pulp and paper
 Railways
 Textile
 Thermal Power Stations

Energy Conservation Policy:

1. Policy Statement on Building Code The Government shall develop a National Buildings Energy
Efficiency and Conservation Code of Eswatini that will act as minimum energy requirement for
building standards for existing and new buildings.
2. Policy Statement on Periodic Audits of Government Buildings The Government shall periodically
commission energy efficiency audits in her buildings to enforce and improve the overall energy
performance.
3. Policy Statement on Re-Commissioning of Existing Buildings The Government shall promote the re-
commissioning of old buildings to optimize energy efficiency and conservation where appropriate
through retrofitting with modern cost effective technologies.
4. Policy Statement on the Mix of Energy Sources The Government shall encourage the integration of
energy efficiency measures in the designing of new constructions and also include a mix of efficient
renewable energy solutions to reduce grid electricity demand during peak hours.
5. 5. Policy Statement on Energy Efficiency Certification of Buildings The Government shall launch an
EE certification programme that will provide mandatory information for potential buyers or renters of
properties, and further assist in growing the market for energy efficient homes, offices and industrial
buildings. Lighting Priority Area Policy Statements
 6. Policy Statement on Minimum Energy Performance Standards for Lighting The Government shall
adopt and enforce minimum energy performance standards and labelling programme to gradually phase
out inefficient lighting products, (including inefficient ballast, lamp housing, fixture and lighting
controls), as soon as it is technically and economically viable in all sectors of the economy.
7. Policy Statement on Government Building Lighting and Street Lighting. The Government shall
promote the energy conservation programs such as the use of occupancy sensor controlled lights in
offices, programmed daylight and motion sensor street lighting systems, as well as the use of solar
systems for lighting public spaces. Energy Efficiency 5 and Conservation Policy
8. Policy Statement on the Incorporation of Natural Light in Buildings The Government shall promote the
use of lighting designs that incorporate the use of natural light particularly in commercial and industrial
buildings. Appliances and Equipment Priority Area Policy Statements
9. Policy Statement on Appliances and Equipment The Government shall adopt and enforce mandatory
minimum energy performance standards for all appliances and some domestic and office equipment,
and require energy consumption labels for all such in line with regional and international practices.
10. Policy Statement on Energy Efficiency Code for Industrial Equipment The Government shall establish
an Energy Efficiency Code for energy intensive industrial equipment such as electric motors,
distribution transformers, compressors, boilers and pumps, and further encourage implementation of
energy efficiency measures in the design and operation of industrial systems and processes.
11. Policy Statement on Efficient Cook Stoves The Government shall strengthen its programmes to
ensure local research –and design, production and effective roll out of efficient cook stoves as part of a
wider strategy to reduce consumption of woodfuel, and further adopt financing mechanisms to ensure
affordability of efficient cook stoves by the wider population. Transport Economic Sector Policy
Statements
12. Policy Statement on Minimum Fuel Standard The Government shall develop and enforce fuel
efficiency standards for light and heavy duty vehicles that will deliver fuel cost services and reduce
emissions of harmful gases to the environment.
13. Policy Statement on Fleet Management The Government shall advocate for the purchasing of a wider
range of vehicles in all orgaisations with large vehicle fleets to minimize the use high engine capacity
vehicles in services where they are not required.
14. Policy Statement on Efficient Mode of Transport The Government together with Municipalities shall
periodically commission studies on the cost and benefits of improved urban planning and the
promotion of non-motorized modes of transport in urban area such as car-free zone and cycling lanes.
Energy Efficiency 6 and Conservation Policy
15. Policy Statement on Efficient Public Transport The Government together with Municipalities shall
periodically commission studies on effective strategies on promoting the use of mass transit systems
such as buses to curb traffic congestions in the country’s roads thereby reducing fuels wastage
associated with traffic jams. In addition municipalities will set the right price for curb parking and ring-
fence the funds obtained for urban planning and implementation.

BEE and its role in energy conservation

 The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to institutionalize energy efficiency services, enable delivery
mechanisms in the country and provide leadership to energy efficiency in all sectors of economy.

 The primary objective would be to reduce energy intensity in the Indian Economy.

 The general superintendence, directions and management of the affairs of the Bureau is vested in the Governing
Council with 26 members.

 The Council is headed by Union Minister of Power and consists of members represented by Secretaries of
various line Ministries, the CEOs of technical agencies under the Ministries, members representing equipment
and appliance manufacturers, industry, architects, consumers and the power regions representing the states. The
Director General of the Bureau shall be the ex-officio member-secretary the Council.

 The BEE will be initially supported by the Central Government by way of grants through budget, it will,
however, in a period of 5-7 years become self - sufficient. It would be authorized to collect appropriate fee in
discharge of its functions assigned to it. The BEE will also use the Central Energy Conservation Fund and other
funds raised from various sources for innovative financing of energy efficiency projects in order to promote
energy efficient investment.

The role of BEE:

The role of BEE would be to prepare standards and labels of appliances and equipment, develop a list of
designated consumers, specify certification and accreditation procedure, prepare building codes, maintain
Central EC fund and undertake promotional activities in co-ordination with center and state level agencies.

The role would include development of Energy service companies (ESCOs), transforming the market for energy
efficiency and create awareness through measures including clearing house.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) and its Role

(B) MEDA and Its Role MEDA

(C) STAR LABELLING: Needs and its benefits
(D) Functions of National Productivity Council
Role of Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 The role of BEE would be to prepare standards and labels of appliances and equipment, develop a list of
designated consumers, specify certification and accreditation procedure, prepare building codes, maintain
Central EC fund and undertake promotional activities in co-ordination with center and state level agencies.

 The role would include development of Energy service companies (ESCOs), transforming the market for energy
efficiency and create awareness through measures including clearing house.

Role of MEDA : MEDA shoulders imperative responsibility to conduct awareness, training and capacity
building for various stakeholders. Prime objective of such training programs is for ease of implementation of
ECBC Compliant buildings in Maharashtra. Beyond the process of modification and enforcement of the codes
in the State, the capacity building training activity plays a key role in creating awareness of Energy
Conservation Building Code throughout the State.
Responsibilities of MEDA :

1. To identify the type of Stakeholders for ECBC capacity Building Training Workshops.
2. Identify potential locations for the Training Workshops.

3. Identify organizations who can organize the training programs.

4. All the financial help for such programs will be given by MEDA.

5. MEDA may also give Speakers for such programs.

Energy Audit Types and Methodology

Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy management. It
attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility.
It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions. Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in
defining and pursuing comprehensive energy management programme. As per the Energy Conservation Act,
2001, Energy Audit is defined as “the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including
submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit
analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption”.

3.2.1Need for Energy Audit

In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be energy (both electrical and thermal),
labour and materials. If one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or potential cost savings in each of
the above components, energy would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus energy management function
constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction. Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways energy
and fuel are used in any industry, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and where scope for
improvement exists.

The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive maintenance and
quality control programmes which are vital for production and utility activities. Such an audit programme will
help to keep focus on variations which occur in the energy costs, availability and reliability of supply of energy,
decide on appropriate energy mix, identify energy conservation technologies, retrofit for energy conservation
equipment etc.

In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by lending technically feasible
solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a specified time frame.

The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of product
output or to lower operating costs. Energy Audit provides a “ bench-mark” (Reference point) for managing
energy in the organization and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy throughout the
organization.

3.2.2 Type of Energy Audit

The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:

 Function and type of industry

 Depth to which final audit is needed, and
 Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired
Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types.
 i. Preliminary Audit
ii. Detailed Audit
3.2.3 Preliminary Energy Audit Methodology
Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:

 Establish energy consumption in the organization

 Estimate the scope for saving
 Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention
 Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings
 Set a ‘reference point’
 Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
 Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data
3.2.4 Detailed Energy Audit Methodology
A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan for a facility, since it evaluates
all major energy using systems.

This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It considers the interactive
effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major equipment, and includes detailed energy cost
saving calculations and project cost. In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance.
This is based on an inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current operating conditions and
calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges. Detailed energy auditing
is carried out in three phases: Phase I, II and III.

Phase I - Pre Audit Phase

Phase II - Audit Phase

Phase III - Post Audit Phase

A Guide for Conducting Energy Audit at a Glance

Industry-to-industry, the methodology of Energy Audits needs to be flexible.

A comprehensive ten-step methodology for conduct of Energy Audit at field level is presented below. Energy
Manager and Energy Auditor may follow these steps to start with and add/change as per their needs and industry
types

Phase I –Pre Audit Phase Activities

A structured methodology to carry out an energy audit is necessary for efficient working. An initial study of the
site should always be carried out, as the planning of the procedures necessary for an audit is most important.

Initial Site Visit and Preparation Required for Detailed Auditing

An initial site visit may take one day and gives the Energy Auditor/Engineer an opportunity to meet the
personnel concerned, to familiarize him with the site and to assess the procedures necessary to carry out the
energy audit.
During the initial site visit the Energy Auditor/Engineer should carry out the following actions: -

 Discuss with the site’s senior management the aims of the energy audit.
 Discuss economic guidelines associated with the recommendations of the audit.
 Analyse the major energy consumption data with the relevant personnel.
 Obtain site drawings where available – building layout, steam distribution, compressed air distribution,
electricity distribution etc.
 Tour the site accompanied by engineering/production
The main aims of this visit are: -

 To finalise Energy Audit team

 To identify the main energy consuming areas/plant items to be surveyed during the audit.
 To identify any existing instrumentation/ additional metering required.
 To decide whether any meters will have to be installed prior to the audit eg. kWh, steam, oil or gas
meters.
 To identify the instrumentation required for carrying out the audit.
 To plan with time frame
 To collect macro data on plant energy resources, major energy consuming centers
 To create awareness through meetings/ programme
Phase II- Detailed Energy Audit Activities
Depending on the nature and complexity of the site, a comprehensive audit can take from several weeks to
several months to complete. Detailed studies to establish, and investigate, energy and material balances for
specific plant departments or items of process equipment are carried out. Whenever possible, checks of plant
operations are carried out over extended periods of time, at nights and at weekends as well as during normal
daytime working hours, to ensure that nothing is overlooked.

The audit report will include a description of energy inputs and product outputs by major department or by
major processing function, and will evaluate the efficiency of each step of the manufacturing process. Means of
improving these efficiencies will be listed, and at least a preliminary assessment of the cost of the improvements
will be made to indicate the expected payback on any capital investment needed. The audit report should
conclude with specific recommendations for detailed engineering studies and feasibility analyses, which must
then be performed to justify the implementation of those conservation measures that require investments.

The information to be collected during the detailed audit includes: -

1. Energy consumption by type of energy, by department, by major items of process equipment, by end-
use
2. Material balance data (raw materials, intermediate and final products, recycled materials, use of scrap
or waste products, production of by-products for re-use in other industries, etc.)
3. Energy cost and tariff data
4. Process and material flow diagrams
 5. Generation and distribution of site services ([Link] air, steam).
6. Sources of energy supply (e.g. electricity from the grid or self-generation)
7. Potential for fuel substitution, process modifications, and the use of co-generation systems (combined
heat and power generation).
8. Energy Management procedures and energy awareness training programs within the establishment.
Existing baseline information and reports are useful to get consumption pattern, production cost and
productivity levels in terms of product per raw material inputs. The audit team should collect the following
baseline data:

 Technology, processes used and equipment details

 Capacity utilisation
 Amount & type of input materials used
 Water consumption
 Fuel Consumption
 Electrical energy consumption
 Steam consumption
 Other inputs such as compressed air, cooling water etc
 Quantity & type of wastes generated
 Percentage rejection / reprocessing
 Efficiencies / yield
Energy Managers Duties:

1. Report to BEE and State level Designated Agency once a year. The information with regard to the energy
consumed and action taken in the recommendation of the accredited energy auditor, as per BEE Format.
2. Establish an improved data recording, collection and analysis system to keep track of energy consumption.
3. Provide support to Accredited Energy Audit Firm retained by the company for the conduct of energy audit.
4. Provide information to BEE as demanded in the Act, and with respect to the tasks given by a mandate, and the
job description.
5. Prepare a scheme for efficient use of energy and its conservation and implement such scheme keeping in view
of the economic stability of the investment in such firm and manner as may be provided in the regulations of the
Energy Conservation Act.
Energy Managers Responsibilities
1. Prepare an annual activity plan and present to management concerning financially attractive investments to
reduce energy costs.
2. Establish an energy conservation cell within the firm with management’s consent about the mandate and task of
the cell.
3. Initiate activities to improve monitoring and process control to reduce energy costs.
4. Analyze equipment performance with respect to energy efficiency.
5. Ensure proper functioning and calibration of instrumentation required to assess level of energy consumption
directly or indirectly.
6. Prepare information material and conduct internal workshops about the topic for other staff.
7. Improve disaggregating of energy consumption data down to shop level or profit center of a firm.
8. Establish a methodology how to accurately calculate the specific energy consumption of various
products/services or activity of the firm.
9. Develop and manage training program for energy efficiency at operating levels.
10. Co-ordinate nomination of management personnel to external programs.
11. Create knowledge bank on sectoral, national and international development on energy efficiency technology and
management system and information denomination.
12. Develop integrated system of energy efficiency and environmental up-gradation.
13. Wide internal & external networking.
14. Co-ordinate implementation of energy audit/efficiency improvement projects through external agencies.
15. Establish and/or participate in information exchange with other energy managers of the same sector through
association