Control Valves
The selection of control valves for a particular application is based on several criteria to ensure optimal
performance and functionality. The following are some of the key selection criteria for control valves:
1. Process Parameters: Consider the specific process parameters such as fluid type, temperature,
pressure, flow rate, and composition. These parameters help determine the material
compatibility, pressure rating, and size requirements of the control valve.
2. Valve Type: Choose the appropriate valve type based on the application requirements. Common
types include globe valves, butterfly valves, ball valves, and diaphragm valves. Each type has its
own characteristics and suitability for specific control applications.
3. Flow Characteristic: Determine the desired flow characteristic of the valve, whether it needs to
provide linear, equal percentage, or modified characteristics. This choice depends on the process
control requirements and the relationship between valve opening and flow rate.
4. Valve Size: Select the valve size based on the required flow capacity and the pipe size of the
system. Consider the rangeability, which refers to the ability of the valve to provide accurate
control over a wide range of flow rates.
5. Material Compatibility: Ensure that the materials of construction for the valve are compatible
with the process fluid, including considerations for chemical compatibility, corrosion resistance,
and temperature limitations.
6. Control Actuation: Decide on the actuation method for the valve, such as manual, pneumatic,
hydraulic, or electric actuation. This choice depends on factors like the control system setup,
response time requirements, and automation capabilities.
7. Leakage Class: Determine the acceptable level of leakage based on the application requirements.
Control valves are typically categorized into various leakage classes, such as ANSI Class IV, V, or
VI, which define the permissible level of seat leakage.
8. Compliance and Standards: Consider any specific industry or regulatory standards that the
control valve needs to meet, such as API, ASME, ISA, or ISO standards.
9. Cost Considerations: Evaluate the cost of the control valve, including the initial purchase price,
maintenance requirements, and potential energy losses.
By carefully considering these selection criteria, engineers and operators can choose the most suitable
control valve for their specific application, ensuring accurate and reliable process control.
Flow characteristics refer to the relationship between the valve's position or opening and the resulting
flow rate of the fluid passing through the valve. It describes how the flow rate changes as the valve
opens or closes.
There are three main types of flow characteristics commonly associated with control valves:
1. Linear: In linear flow characteristics, the flow rate through the valve changes in direct proportion
to the valve's position or opening. For example, if the valve is opened halfway, the flow rate will
be approximately half of the maximum flow rate at full valve opening. Linear flow characteristics
are suitable for applications where precise control is required across a wide range of flow rates.
2. Equal Percentage: In equal percentage flow characteristics, the flow rate changes exponentially
with the valve's position. This means that small valve openings result in a relatively large change
in flow rate, while larger valve openings have a smaller impact on the flow rate. Equal
percentage flow characteristics are commonly used in applications where fine control is needed
at lower flow rates.
3. Modified: Modified flow characteristics are a combination of linear and equal percentage
characteristics. They aim to provide a balance between the two, providing a more tailored flow
response based on the specific requirements of the process.
The choice of flow characteristic depends on the nature of the process, the desired control range, and
the system dynamics. Understanding and selecting the appropriate flow characteristic is crucial to
achieve accurate and stable control over the process variable being regulated, such as flow rate,
pressure, or level.
British valve and manufactures association(BVAMA)
British standards(BS)