PG –TRB
CHEMISTRY
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Solid state
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Matter exist in 3 forms
Solid Liquid gas
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Properties of solid :
• Solid has a definite shape, mass, and volume
• They are incompressible
• The matter in its solid-state has the lowest amount of
thermal energy as there is no space for the particles to
move around.
• Solid tends to have a great electrical conductivity
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Solid
Amorphous solid Crystalline solid
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Amorphous solid :
➢The solids that don’t have 3D regular and ordered
arrangement of their constituents are called
amorphous solids.
➢ Other terms in use include glasses, supercooled
liquids, pseudo solids, non-crystalline solids, and
vitreous solids.
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Example :
• Glass, rubber, plastic, waxes, gels, fused silica, some
lubricants, pitch tar, etc are very common examples
of amorphous solids.
• Amorphous forms of carbon include coal, soot,
charcoal, coke, lamp black, etc
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Formation of Amorphous Solids
• when a material is rapidly cooled from a liquid or gas
state, preventing the atoms or molecules from
arranging themselves into a crystal lattice.
• As a result, the atoms or molecules are left in
random positions without any long-range order,
leading to the formation of an amorphous solid.
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• This process is also known as vitrification
• Applications, such as glasses and certain types of
plastics
Ex: Solar Cell: Amorphous silicon is used in the
production of thin-film solar cells.
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Properties of Amorphous Solids
➢Don’t have a regular and ordered arrangement of
their constituents.
➢Don’t have sharp and fixed melting points.
➢Their heat of fusion is not definite.
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➢Their physical properties are the same in all
directions. This property is called isotropy.
➢The coefficient of thermal expansion, refractive
index, and electrical and thermal conductivity are
some important isotropic properties
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➢They are usually less rigid as compared to
crystalline solids.
➢At some places in their structure, amorphous solids
have small regions of ordered and regular
arrangement of constituents called crystallites
➢They don’t have regular planes of cleavage
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Crystalline solid :
➢They have a regular arrangement of atoms,
ions, and molecules in a three-dimensional
pattern called a crystal lattice.
➢For example, the crystals of sugar and table
salt
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Ionic Crystalline Solids:
➢Ionic solids are made up of positive and
negative ions, which is the reason they are
called ionic.
➢They have a strong electrostatic force of
attraction (ionic bonds) between oppositely
charged ions
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➢For ex: sodium chloride
➢Each ion is surrounded by another
opposite charge ion. These ions
are fixed in their lattice.
➢This is the reason, that ionic
crystalline solids are hard and
rigid with high melting points.
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➢Crystalline solid is broken down easily when an
external force is applied to it
➢The upper layer of ions slides away from their
oppositely charged ions. As result,
the same charged ions come close
to each other.
➢This increases repulsion between them which
displaces the plane of ionic crystal and breaks it.
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➢Ionic solids do not conduct electricity. This is
because these ions have fixed positions.
➢ The fused state of ionic has the ability to conduct
electricity because ions are free to move in a
fused/molten state.
➢Examples of ionic crystalline solids
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Calcium fluoride (CaF2
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Molecular crystalline solid :
• Molecular crystalline solids consist of molecules at
lattice sites in the crystal.
• They have van der Waals forces
of attraction which depend on the
type of solid.
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• Molecular crystalline solids can be further
categorized as
❑ Polar
❑ Non-polar
❑ Hydrogen-bonded molecular crystalline solids.
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➢ Polar solids have dipole-dipole interactions
➢ while nonpolar solids have instantaneous dipole-
induced dipole interactions.
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➢Molecular crystalline solids start to melt, it
overcomes the van der Waal forces. This is a reason,
these crystals have low melting points
➢Examples:
Hydrogen (H2),Iodine (I2) ,Dry ice (CO2) ,Silicon
tetrachloride (SiCl4),Phosphorus (P4), etc
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Network crystalline solid :
➢The network crystalline solids have atoms at their
lattice points or sites.
➢Each atom is covalently bonded
with the nearest atom. This makes
a network of covalently bonded
atoms that are single giant molecule.
➢This type of solids is called network covalent solids
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➢ The atoms are bonded with each other by a strong
covalent bond. This is the reason, why these crystals
have high melting points
Examples : Graphite, Diamond ,Silicon dioxide
(SiO2),Silicon carbide, Boron carbide
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Metallic Crystalline solid
➢Metallic solids are composed of atoms
joined together to form
large sheets.
➢These atoms are placed in the form
of layers, one above the other
joined by a metallic bond
➢The valence electrons of these
atoms are delocalized and leave
behind positive ions.
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• Metallic crystalline solids are good conductors of
heat and electricity. They can be deformed upon the
application of external force
Examples:
All metals are examples of metallic crystalline solid.
Platinum (Pt),Gold (Au),Copper (Cu)
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Structures of Crystalline Solids:
➢crystal lattice : shows the position of
particles ( atoms, ions, or molecules) in three-
dimensional space
➢These positions or points
are represented by dots
or circles are called
lattice points or lattice sites.
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➢The building blocks of the crystal lattice are
called unit cells
➢shape of a crystalline solid depend on the type
of unit cell
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• There are six parameters of a unit cell. These are
the 3 edges which are a, b, c and the angles between
the edges which are α, β, γ
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Types of unit cell :
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• In 3D, the lattices are categorized into seven
crystal lattice "systems“ which yields a total of 14
possible lattices (called Bravais lattices)
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Contribution of atom in unit cell:
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• Atoms on edges of unit cells are shared by four unit
cells—two in one layer, two in the adjacent layer—
and contribute 1/4 to each.
• Atoms on faces of unit cells are shared between two
unit cells and contribute 1/2 to each.
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