STAMFORD UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH

Department of Civil Engineering

Course : CEN 331‐Environmental Engineering‐1

Title : Water Supply Engineering

Lecture 3 : Water Requirement

Lecture by
M. Feroze Ahmed Ph.D., FIE, FBAS, MASCE
Professor Emeritus
Stamford University Bangladesh

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Estimation of Water Requirement

 Population Projection
 Water requirement for various purposes

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 Water requirement
Water requirement is the total quantity of water that will be
required by the community for all domestic and other purposes.
The estimation of the water requirement of a community is
important for the design of a water supply system. Usually a
water supply system is designed for a future population. The total
quantity of water required by the community is computed by:

Qf = Pf . q
Where Qf is the quantity of water requirement per day, Pf is the
projected population estimated at the end of the design period and
q is the rate of water consumption per capita per day.

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Population projection
The present population of a geographical/administrative/revenue unit
or a community can be obtained from the recent census. The
following seven methods are generally used for predicting future
population:

1. Uniform growth rate method

In this method, a constant increment of growth is added for a period
based on the population growth of the same period in the recent past.
For example, if the population increased from 10,000 to 11,000 over
the last five years, it would increase by an increment of 1,000 in the
next five years.

2. Uniform percentage growth rate method

In this method, a constant percentage of growth is assumed for an
equal period of time. For example, if the population of a community
increased from 10,000 to 11,000 during the last five years, it would
increase another 10 percent to a population of 12,100 during the next
five years. 4
3. Decreasing growth rate method
The method is similar to the uniform growth rate method but with
an assumption of a decreasing rather than a uniform rate of
increase. For example, if the population of a community increased
from 10,000 to 11,000 during a five-year period, it would increase
by a decreasing rate say 900 rather than a uniform rate of 1,000 to
make a population of 1,900 at the end of next five-year period. The
decreasing growth may result when growth potential is reduced
due to saturation or other reasons.

4. Graphical extension or curvilinear method

In this method, the population-time curve is extended by eye
estimation to obtain the future population as shown in figure 17.1.
In the figure, P is the projected population in 2000.
P

Figure 17.1 : Population

Population

Projection by Graphical
Extension
l l l l
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Year 5
5. Graphical comparison method
This method involves the extension of the population-time curve of the
community under study into the future, based on a comparison of
population-time curves of similar communities instead of projection by eye
estimation. This method is also called the modified curvilinear method.

6. Geometric progression method

Geometric progression method is the most widely used method which is
also known as empirical method suggested by Hardenberg. The future
population can be estimated by this method using the equation:
Pf = Pp ( 1 + r ) n (17.1)

Where Pf = future population; Pp = present population; r = rate of yearly

population growth and n = number of years to be considered.
The rate of population growth can also be estimated from population data
of two years of n years interval in the recent past using the expression:
r  n P P 1 (17.2)
2 1
where P1 and P2 are the population data of two dates of n number of
years apart.
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Worked Example 1
The population of a town was 180,000 in 1980 and 220,000 in 1990.
What will the population be in 2000?

Solution: P1980 = 180,000; P1990 = 220,000; n = 10

r = (P1990/ P1980 ) 1/10 - 1 = (220,000/180,000) 0.1 – 1 = 0.0203

P2000 = P1990 ( 1 + 0.0203 ) 10 = 220,000 ( 1 + 0.0203 )10 = 268,969

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7. Least square parabola method
In this method, the equation of the population-time curve is determined by the least
square method using the available data.

Let the variables X and Y denote the years and the population figures of those years
respectively. The equation of the least square parabola fitting the time-population
data is given by:

Y = a + bX + cX2 (17.3)

where a, b, c are constants to be found from normal equations by applying the

actual population data:

Y = aN + bX + cX2 (17.4)

XY = aX + bX2 + cX3 (17.5)
X2Y = aX2 + bX3 + cX4 (17.6)

where N = number of observations or sets of data

If the population data of a community for a number of years are known, the values
of constants a, b, and c in equation 17.3 can be computed by solving the
simultaneous equations (17.4), (17.5) and (17.6). 8
Worked Example 2
The population of a community in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 was 200,
230, 280, 350 and 450 respectively. Estimate the population of the community
in the year 2000 and 2010.
Solution:
1970 has been taken as base year and a decade has been taken as 1
unit in X – Ordinate to eliminate some of the terms and make the
computation simpler.
Year X Y X2 X3 X4 XY X2Y
1950 ‐2 200 4 ‐8 16 ‐400 800
1960 ‐1 230 1 ‐1 1 ‐230 230
1970 0 280 0 0 0 00 0
1980 1 350 1 1 1 350 350
1990 2 450 4 8 16 900 1800
Sum X=0 Y=1510 X2=10 X3=0 X4=34 XY=620 X2Y=3180

Using the data in the table the equations (17.2), (17.3), and (17.4) become
1510 = 5a + 0 + 10c (17.7)
620 = 0 + 10b + 0 (17.8)
3180 = 10a + 0 + 34c (17.9)
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Solving the equations (17.7), (17.8) and ( 17.9), the following
values of a, b, and c are obtained:
a = 279.14; b = 62; c = 11.43
Thus the equation fitting the population data is given by :

Y = 279.14 + 62X +11.43X2

Population of the year 2000, Y2000 = 279.14 + 62 x 3 + 11.43 x 32 = 568

Population of the year 2010, Y2010 = 279.14 + 62 x 4 + 11.43 x 42 = 710

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Per capita water consumption
Water is used for various domestic purposes, which can be brought under
following broad categories:
 drinking
 cooking and preparation of food
 bathing, cleaning, washing and personal hygiene
 watering of vegetables and gardens
 watering of livestock
 sanitation
 loss and wastage.
The per capita water consumption is greatly influenced by various factors. Some
major factors and the way they affect water consumption are briefly described
below:
Population distribution: The distribution of the population of a community in age
groups, religion, sex, socio-economic conditions, profession etc. greatly influences
average water consumption. The water requirements of all age groups and populations
having different socio-economic conditions are not equal. Water use is also influenced by
professional and religious practices.
Climatic Conditions: More water is used in warm and dry climates than in humid and
cold climates. Water consumption on a summer day is 30 to 50% higher than the average
daily demand.
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Quality of water: The consumption of good quality water is higher because of
good taste, a feeling of safety and its suitability for all domestic purposes. Hard
groundwaters with dissolved iron are not used by people for washing and cooking for
various reasons.
Pressure of water: In the case of piped water, the rate of water use increases with
the pressure in the distribution system mainly because of loss through leaks and
wastage through open faucets.
Water rates and metering: If the cost of water is high, people become more
conservative in water use. Metered consumers are more likely to repair leaks, close
valves, and use water with discretion.
Nature of supply: In piped water supply, the rate of water use with intermittent
supply is much less than the use with continuous supply. The non-availability of
water around the clock restricts many uses. Intermittent supplies result in a decrease
in losses, and wasteful uses of water.
Water source: The distance between the source of water and the point of
consumption play the most important role in water consumption. As carrying of
water is a laborious job, the availability of water within the house, on the premises, at
a nearby street or at a distance from the house influences water consumption.
Accessibility as well as privacy at the source also often influence waterconsumption.
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:

Availability of an alternative source: Availability of alternative sources

of water such as a river, ponds, lakes, etc. greatly influences the use of a
source of water supply for all domestic purposes. People living by the
side of a flowing river hardly use tubewells or piped municipal water for
bathing, washing and sometimes cooking purposes. Sometimes the high
cost and poorer quality of municipal water compel users to go for their
own supplies.
Sanitation: The quantity of water needed for sanitary purposes depends
on the type of sanitation facilities. The water requirement is minimal for
people using pit latrines and water requirements increase for pour-flush
latrines, and water-borne SBS and sewer systems.

In the rural areas of Bangladesh, the water requirement for various

purposes has been estimated as follows
Drinking : 2.2–3.2 lpcd
Washing cloths : 9.0 lpcd
Washing utensils : 6.8 lpcd
Cooking foods : 4.5 lpcd
Bathing : 13.5 –18.0 lpcd
Others : 9.0 –13.5 lpcd 13
 Water requirement for other purposes
Nature of Range of consumption, Average
consumption lpcd consumption, lpcd
Commercial use 10 – 150 40
Industrial use 30 – 450 120
Public uses 10 –100 25
Livestock 10 – 35 20
Loss and wastage 20 – 150 40
The water requirements in rural and urban areas of Bangladesh which
are used for planning and design of water supply systems are given in
table 17.3.
Table 17.3 Water requirement in rural and urban areas in
Bangladesh
Areas Water consumption, lpcd
Rural areas 50
Upazila towns 100
Zilla town 120
City corporation 180

The above water consumption is used for planning water supply 14

system in Bangladesh
 Questions:
1. State the methods of making population estimations. Which method do you
consider best for population estimation in Bangladesh? Explain.
. 2. The population of a community was 1,200 in 1990 and 1,400 in 1998.
•.
Calculate the yearly growth rate and population in 2005 and 2010 by the
Empirical Method.
3. The population data of a Upazila town is supplied below:

Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Population 25 28 32 37 43
(thousands)
Calculate the population in 2000 and 2010 by graphical extension and least
square parabola methods

4. Name some of the factors influencing water consumption. State the ways in
which these factors influence water consumption.
5. Mention the quantities of water required for various purposes in rural areas.
Also mention the water consumption values used for planning and design of
water supply systems in rural and urban areas of Bangladesh