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Three Span Bridge Design Example

Q: Examine the process of verifying design resistance (R*) against the load effect (S*) for bridge components.

Verification of design resistance involves checking if the calculated design resistance value (R*) of a material or component exceeds the load effect (S*) it will experience in service. If R* is greater than S*, the design is considered safe; otherwise, redesign is necessary. This process ensures the bridge component is capable of supporting the expected loading without failure .

Q: Evaluate the importance of adhering to clauses and standards such as BS 6779 in bridge component design.

Adhering to standards like BS 6779 is crucial as they provide a framework for ensuring safety, reliability, and functionality in bridge design. These standards establish the minimum requirements and guidance needed for structural components to meet environmental, load, and safety conditions. Compliance with these standards ensures that the bridge can support its functions efficiently, minimizing failure risks and enhancing safety .

Q: What factors influence the determination of bolt shear stress allowance in bridge component connections?

The determination of bolt shear stress allowance in bridge connections is influenced by the material properties of the bolt, the size and diameter of the bolt, and the expected loads they will encounter. This calculation is key to preventing shear failures in connections by ensuring the bolts can accommodate the maximum expected stress reliably .

Q: What role does the partial load factor (γfL) play in the design of bridge parapet components?

The partial load factor (γfL) is used to increase the nominal load (Qk) to account for uncertainties in the load assumptions and conditions not explicitly considered in the design. It ensures that the bridge parapet remains safe under unforeseen circumstances and maintains structural integrity throughout its lifecycle .

Q: What are the challenges faced in designing reinforced concrete components for bridges without shear transfer?

Designing reinforced concrete components without shear transfer presents several challenges, including ensuring the component can adequately distribute and resist shear forces through its geometry and reinforcement alone. This requires meticulous attention to material choice and sectional dimensions, as well as ensuring sufficient moment resistance and maintaining ductility under loading conditions .

Q: Discuss the implications of vehicle impact loading on the design of bridge parapets and the measures taken to mitigate potential damage.

Bridge parapets must be designed to withstand the forces exerted by vehicle impacts to maintain the safety and integrity of the bridge structure. This involves ensuring the parapets possess sufficient resilience and flexibility, while incorporating materials and design strategies that absorb and redistribute impact forces effectively. Measures include calculating appropriate nominal loads, partial load factors, and incorporating shear transfers where necessary .

Q: What are the main considerations in the design of a bridge deck slab according to the provided sources?

The design of a bridge deck slab primarily involves determining the appropriate dimensions and material specifications to ensure it can withstand the load and stress it will encounter. This involves considering the span length, load allowances, material strength, and the integration of reinforcement to manage moment and shear stress effectively. Calculations for both static and dynamic loading, as well as environmental factors that could affect the durability and performance of the slab, are essential considerations .

Q: How is the nominal load (Qk) for a bridge parapet determined, and why is it important?

The nominal load (Qk) for a bridge parapet is determined by the type of shear transfer and the number of effective longitudinal members, which includes the concrete panel. The nominal load is critical as it defines the load-bearing capacity of the parapet to ensure that it can withstand vehicle impacts and other stresses during its service life .

Q: Why is shear transfer a critical aspect in the structural design of bridge components, and how does it affect material selection?

Shear transfer is essential in bridge design as it deals with the distribution of force across different sections of a component, preventing structural failure due to shear forces. It influences material selection because different materials have varying capabilities of shear stress resistance, impacting their suitability and safety for specific applications. For instance, materials with high shear stress resistance are preferable where shear transfer is crucial .

Q: How is the interaction between different parapet components, such as posts and rails, assessed in bridge design?

In bridge design, the interaction between parapet components like posts and rails is assessed by analyzing the loads they transfer to each other and the structural constraints they impose. Ensuring these components can work together seamlessly under stress involves detailed calculations of load capacities and material strengths, ensuring all joints and connections are robust and capable of transferring shear and moment forces effectively .

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100% found this document useful (4 votes)

679 views112 pages

Three Span Bridge Design Example

Uploaded by

Abdullah Ramzi

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Design Example
Design Specification
Action
Design of Beam
Design of Deck Slab
Design of Pier
Design of Abutment
Design of Bearing
Design of Parapet

DESIGN EXAMPLE

Three Spans Bridge

across river
Contents

1. DESIGN SPECIFICATION
2. ACTION
3. DESIGN OF DECK SLAB
4. DESIGN OF BEAM
5. DESIGN OF PIER
6. DESIGN OF ABUTMENT
7. DESIGN OF BEARING
8. DESIGN OF PARAPET
Example| 45
46 | Bridge Design
Example| 47
48 | Bridge Design
Example| 49
50 | Bridge Design
Example| 51

ACTIONS
52 | Bridge Design

GEOMETRY OF THE DECK

Parapet wall
Example| 53
54 | Bridge Design

Premix
Example| 55
56 | Bridge Design
Example| 57
58 | Bridge Design
Example| 59

DESIGN OF BEAM
60 | Bridge Design
Example| 61
62 | Bridge Design
Example| 63
64 | Bridge Design
Example| 65
66 | Bridge Design
Example| 67
68 | Bridge Design
Example| 69
70 | Bridge Design
Example| 71
72 | Bridge Design
Example| 73
74 | Bridge Design
Example| 75
76 | Bridge Design
Example| 77
78 | Bridge Design
Example| 79
80 | Bridge Design
Example| 81
82 | Bridge Design
Example| 83
84 | Bridge Design
Example| 85

DESIGN OF
PIER
Example| 95
96 | Bridge Design
Example| 111

DESIGN OF
ABUTMENT
124 | Bridge Design

DESIGN OF
BEARING &
DOWEL BAR
Example| 133

DESIGN OF
PARAPET
SUMMARY
BACK
DESIGN STEP

Reference Calculation Result

BS 6779 : 3 (1) LEVEL OF CONTAIMENT : 1 N‐NORMAL

Clauses 6 (JUST WRITE THE NOMBOR IN COMMENT)

Clauses 9 (2) PARAPET HEIGHT : 1100 mm

For vehicle and vehicle pedestrian parapet 1000mm

GUIDE except as otherwise specified below

With agreement (see clouse 29 ‐BS 6779) for

bridge carrying motorways over railway, or 1250mm 1100 mm
other situation where pedestrian are included.

For all bridge over railway:

‐For high contaiment application 1500mm
‐For protection of animal

Table 1 (3) TYPE OF SHEAR TRANSFER :

WITHOUT SHEAR TANSFER ‐
(F = IN‐SITU CONCRETE AND
1 (Just write the nombor in comment) METAL),
*IF NORMAL‐JUST WHITHOUT SHEAR TRANSFER

(4) DIMENSION OF PARAPET :

100 min 120 50

50
min
50
min A= 1100 mm
350 max

250 B= 450 mm
50 C= 2 °
10min and D= 300 mm
30max plus
longitudinal fall 350 max E= 250 mm
300 Height of F= 50 mm
parapet
20 G= 50 mm
H= 120 mm
400 min
2 to 800 I= 20 mm
max
J= 450 mm
0° to 3° 450

Warning!
450 total length:
1100
Reference Calculation Result

BS 6779 : 3 (5) VEHICLE IMPACT LOADING:

Clauses 7.1
The parapet shall be designed to resist loading appropriate to
designated level containment with or without shear transfer.

*Which are applicable to spacing between panel L = 3.0 m 3.0 m

Determine the nominal load

Q k = The nominal value given in table 2 and table 3

n = Number of effective longitudinal member including the
concrete panel in the parapet .
* Normal contaiment ‐‐‐ n < 4
n= 1
*Refer dimension of parapet

(6) DESIGN LOAD FOR PARAPET COMPONENT, Q * :

Clauses 12.2.1
LEVEL CONTAIMENT = N‐NORMAL
TYPE OF SHEAR TRANSFER = WITHOUT SHEAR TANSFER ‐ (F = IN‐SITU
CONCRETE AND METAL),

γ fL = Partial load factor Table 5

Q K = nominal load for parapet ‐‐‐‐ 50 KN Table 2

Q*= γfL Qk (KN)

Component parapet
γfL Qk Q*
Post, post to base plate connection,
1.0 56.25 56.25
base plate

Rail 1.0 75 75

Post to rail connection 1.0 150 150

Concrete panel 1.0 150 150

fill in the box refer table 2 and 5

Reference Calculation Result

(7) DESIGN LOADS FOR ANCHORAGES AND ATTACHMENT SYSTEM, Q * :

Clauses 12.2.2
Q*= γfL Qk
QK = nominal load for attachment system ‐‐‐‐ 50 KN Table 3
and anchorages

γfL = Partial load factor Table 5

Q*= γfL Qk
γfL Qk Q*

Attachment
Attachment system 1.5 81.25 121.875
system
and anchorage for
connection of metal
post to concrete
panel Anchorage 1.8 81.25 146.25

fill in the box refer table 3 and

(8) DESIGN LOAD EFFECT, S *:

Clauses 12.2.3 S*= γf3 Q*
γf3 = Partial factor for load effect 1.0
*For vehicular impact loading and parapet collapse

S*= γf3 Q*
Element parapet
γf3 Q* S*

Post, post to base plate

1.0 56.25 56.25
connection, base plate

Rail 1.0 75 75
Parapet
panel
Post to rail connection 1.0 150 150

Concrete panel 1.0 150 150

Attachment
system and Attachment system 1.0 121.875 121.875
anchorage
for
connection
Anchorage 1.0 146.25 146.25
of metal post
to concrete
Reference Calculation Result

(10) DESIGN RESISTANCE VALUE, R *:

Clauses 12.2.4
R*= f ( fk / γm )
fk = Characteristic (or nominal) strength of the material NOTE
γm = Partial factor on material strenght Table 6

R*= f ( fk / γm )
Component
fk γm R*

Steel (including stainless

steel nuts, bolts and ‐ ‐ ‐
washers 1
Stainless steel nuts, bolt
95 1.2 79.17
and washers
Metal parapet 2
(including
anchorage and Aluminium extrusions and
attachment plate (excluding weld
0 0.9 0.00
system to effected areas )see
concrete panel [Link] 3

Aluminium casting
(excluding weld effected 0 1.3 0.00 4
areas) see [Link]

In‐situ and Concrete 70 0.6 116.67

precast
concrete panel
wall Reinforcement 460 0.8 575.00

Concrete 0 1.2 0.00

Precast
concrete panel
base
Reinforcement 0 1.0 0.00

Steel (including stainless

steel nuts, bolts and ‐ ‐ ‐
Anchorage and
washers
attachment Type of material
system
(concrete panel
to deck) Stainless steel nuts, bolt ALUMINIUM EXTRUSIONS AND
45 1.2 37.5
and washers PLATE (EXCLUDING WELD
EFFECTED AREA
check type of shear : precast or in‐situ

Select type of material 3

Type of shear:
Fill in the box refer table 6
WITHOUT SHEAR TANSFER ‐ (F =
IN‐SITU CONCRETE AND METAL),
Reference Calculation Result

(11) VERIFICATION OF DESIGN :

Clauses 12.2.5

Metal parapet component (including attachment system and anchorage to

concrete panel)

ALUMINIUM EXTRUSIONS
Type of material R* > S* OK!
AND PLATE (EXCLUDING WELD
EFFECTED AREA

Reinforced concrete component

WITHOUT SHEAR TANSFER ‐ (F

Type of construction R* > S* FAIL!
= IN‐SITU CONCRETE AND
METAL),

IF FAIL‐REDESIGN

BS 8110 : 1 (12) DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENT, ATTACHMENT SYSTEM,

Clauses 6 ANCHORAGE AND BEDDING

i) Concrete panel
b = 450 mm
h= 450 mm
c = 40 mm
øbar = 12 mm øperangkai = 10 mm
2
fy = 460 N/mm (ASSUME)

fcu = 30 N/mm2

Main reinforcement

Moment = 168.75 kNm d = 404 mm

k= 0.0050 < 0.156 OK!

z = 401.75 > 0.95d use the 0.95d
use :
2
As = 1098.66 mm ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Table A‐1 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ ( exp: T12‐150 @ 2T16‐200)
6T12‐250
As = mm2
*If the compression reinforcement is required :

z = 313.1
d' = 57 mm
x= 202 mm
d'/x = 0.28 < 0.43 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ fsc = 0.87fy = 400.2
Reference Calculation Result

As' = ‐2395.97 mm2 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Table A‐1 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ use: ( exp: T12‐150 @ 2T16‐200)
As = 379.15 mm2
As'= mm2

Minimum and maximum percentages area of reinforcement

As = mm2
2
As min = 0.13%bh = 263 mm
As mak = 4.0%bh = 8100 mm2 OK!
As'min = 0.2%bh = 405 mm2
use the As min

(13) Design bolt and nut

(i) Connection between metal and concrete panel

A = P / £ allow

£ allow = Shear stress 110 Mpa (Assume)

P = Load 50 KN (Refer table 2)
A = Area of bolt

π d2 / 4 = 0.00045
d= 0.02406 m
d= 24 mm

Diameter bolt = 20 mm d= 20 mm

(ii) Connection between post metal and deck slab

A = P / £ allow

£ allow = Shear stress 110 Mpa (Assume)

P = Load = 50 KN (Refer table 1)
A = Area of bolt

π d2 / 4 = 0.00045455
d= 0.02405557 m
d= 24 mm

Diameter bolt = 30 mm d= 30 mm
56.25

150

150
81.25

81.25
SUMMARY
BACK
DESIGN STEP

Reference Calculation Result

BS 6779 : 3 (1) LEVEL OF CONTAIMENT : 1 N‐NORMAL

Clauses 6 (JUST WRITE THE NOMBOR IN COMMENT)

Clauses 9 (2) PARAPET HEIGHT : 1100 mm

For vehicle and vehicle pedestrian parapet 1000mm

GUIDE except as otherwise specified below

With agreement (see clouse 29 ‐BS 6779) for

bridge carrying motorways over railway, or 1250mm 1100 mm
other situation where pedestrian are included.

For all bridge over railway:

‐For high contaiment application 1500mm
‐For protection of animal

Table 1 (3) TYPE OF SHEAR TRANSFER :

WITHOUT SHEAR TANSFER ‐
(F = IN‐SITU CONCRETE AND
1 (Just write the nombor in comment) METAL),
*IF NORMAL‐JUST WHITHOUT SHEAR TRANSFER

(4) DIMENSION OF PARAPET :

100 min 120 50

50
min
50
min A= 1100 mm
350 max

250 B= 450 mm
50 C= 2 °
10min and D= 300 mm
30max plus
longitudinal fall 350 max E= 250 mm
300 Height of F= 50 mm
parapet
20 G= 50 mm
H= 120 mm
400 min
2 to 800 I= 20 mm
max
J= 450 mm
0° to 3° 450

Warning!
450 total length:
1100
Reference Calculation Result

BS 6779 : 3 (5) VEHICLE IMPACT LOADING:

Clauses 7.1
The parapet shall be designed to resist loading appropriate to
designated level containment with or without shear transfer.

*Which are applicable to spacing between panel L = 3.0 m 3.0 m

Determine the nominal load

Q k = The nominal value given in table 2 and table 3

n = Number of effective longitudinal member including the
concrete panel in the parapet .
* Normal contaiment ‐‐‐ n < 4
n= 1
*Refer dimension of parapet

(6) DESIGN LOAD FOR PARAPET COMPONENT, Q * :

Clauses 12.2.1
LEVEL CONTAIMENT = N‐NORMAL
TYPE OF SHEAR TRANSFER = WITHOUT SHEAR TANSFER ‐ (F = IN‐SITU
CONCRETE AND METAL),

γ fL = Partial load factor Table 5

Q K = nominal load for parapet ‐‐‐‐ 50 KN Table 2

Q*= γfL Qk (KN)

Component parapet
γfL Qk Q*
Post, post to base plate connection,
1.0 56.25 56.25
base plate

Rail 1.0 75 75

Post to rail connection 1.0 150 150

Concrete panel 1.0 150 150

fill in the box refer table 2 and 5

Reference Calculation Result

(7) DESIGN LOADS FOR ANCHORAGES AND ATTACHMENT SYSTEM, Q * :

Clauses 12.2.2
Q*= γfL Qk
QK = nominal load for attachment system ‐‐‐‐ 50 KN Table 3
and anchorages

γfL = Partial load factor Table 5

Q*= γfL Qk
γfL Qk Q*

Attachment
Attachment system 1.5 81.25 121.875
system
and anchorage for
connection of metal
post to concrete
panel Anchorage 1.8 81.25 146.25

fill in the box refer table 3 and

(8) DESIGN LOAD EFFECT, S *:

Clauses 12.2.3 S*= γf3 Q*
γf3 = Partial factor for load effect 1.0
*For vehicular impact loading and parapet collapse

S*= γf3 Q*
Element parapet
γf3 Q* S*

Post, post to base plate

1.0 56.25 56.25
connection, base plate

Rail 1.0 75 75
Parapet
panel
Post to rail connection 1.0 150 150

Concrete panel 1.0 150 150

Attachment
system and Attachment system 1.0 121.875 121.875
anchorage
for
connection
Anchorage 1.0 146.25 146.25
of metal post
to concrete
Reference Calculation Result

(10) DESIGN RESISTANCE VALUE, R *:

Clauses 12.2.4
R*= f ( fk / γm )
fk = Characteristic (or nominal) strength of the material NOTE
γm = Partial factor on material strenght Table 6

R*= f ( fk / γm )
Component
fk γm R*

Steel (including stainless

Aluminium casting
(excluding weld effected 0 1.3 0.00 4
areas) see [Link]

In‐situ and Concrete 70 0.6 116.67

precast
concrete panel
wall Reinforcement 460 0.8 575.00

Concrete 0 1.2 0.00

Precast
concrete panel
base
Reinforcement 0 1.0 0.00

Steel (including stainless

Select type of material 3

Type of shear:
Fill in the box refer table 6
WITHOUT SHEAR TANSFER ‐ (F =
IN‐SITU CONCRETE AND METAL),
Reference Calculation Result

(11) VERIFICATION OF DESIGN :

Clauses 12.2.5

Metal parapet component (including attachment system and anchorage to

concrete panel)

ALUMINIUM EXTRUSIONS
Type of material R* > S* OK!
AND PLATE (EXCLUDING WELD
EFFECTED AREA

Reinforced concrete component

WITHOUT SHEAR TANSFER ‐ (F

Type of construction R* > S* FAIL!
= IN‐SITU CONCRETE AND
METAL),

IF FAIL‐REDESIGN

BS 8110 : 1 (12) DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENT, ATTACHMENT SYSTEM,

Clauses 6 ANCHORAGE AND BEDDING

i) Concrete panel
b = 450 mm
h= 450 mm
c = 40 mm
øbar = 12 mm øperangkai = 10 mm
2
fy = 460 N/mm (ASSUME)

fcu = 30 N/mm2

Main reinforcement

Moment = 168.75 kNm d = 404 mm

k= 0.0050 < 0.156 OK!

z = 313.1
d' = 57 mm
x= 202 mm
d'/x = 0.28 < 0.43 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ fsc = 0.87fy = 400.2
Reference Calculation Result

Minimum and maximum percentages area of reinforcement

As = mm2
2
As min = 0.13%bh = 263 mm
As mak = 4.0%bh = 8100 mm2 OK!
As'min = 0.2%bh = 405 mm2
use the As min

(13) Design bolt and nut

(i) Connection between metal and concrete panel

A = P / £ allow

£ allow = Shear stress 110 Mpa (Assume)

P = Load 50 KN (Refer table 2)
A = Area of bolt

π d2 / 4 = 0.00045
d= 0.02406 m
d= 24 mm

Diameter bolt = 20 mm d= 20 mm

(ii) Connection between post metal and deck slab

A = P / £ allow

£ allow = Shear stress 110 Mpa (Assume)

P = Load = 50 KN (Refer table 1)
A = Area of bolt

π d2 / 4 = 0.00045455
d= 0.02405557 m
d= 24 mm

Diameter bolt = 30 mm d= 30 mm

Common questions