ACTIVITY- I
Aim
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
Material required
A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat, one way key,
an unknown resistance (resistance wire), connecting wires, a piece of sand paper.
Procedure
1. Connect the components in series with each other as shown in diagram and then
in series with the battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.
3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential
difference.
4. Connect the switch in series with the battery.
5. Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.
6.
Utility
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance
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Circuit diagram
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ACTIVITY- II
Aim
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not
connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
Material required
A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V), rheostat, resistance wire, resistance box (0
to 100 ), tone way key. D.C. ammeter (0 - 3) A and a D.C. voltmeter (0 - 3) V
Theory
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit in such a
manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the battery.
Procedure
Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.
Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series with the battery eliminator.
Resistance wire: It should be connected in parallel to the voltmeter.
One way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.
Result
Correct circuit diagram: (Components connected in proper order)
3
Circuit diagram n (Components are not connected in proper order)
K
-
A
V + -
+
R
Rh
Correct Circuit diagram
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ACTIVITY- III
Aim
To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
Apparatus
Potentiometer, a Battery eliminator, a rheostat, a one way key, a voltmeter of range (0
– 3) V, an ammeter (0 - 3) A, a jockey, connecting wires.
Theory
For a potentiometer with wire of uniform material density and thickness (cross-sectional
area) carrying a steady current, potential drop is proportional to the length of the wire.
V
i.e V ∝𝑙 ⇒ V=K𝑙 K = = a constant
𝑙
where K is the drop of potential per unit length. It is called the potential gradient.
Procedure
1. Draw a circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections as in figure.
2. Remove the insulation from the ends of the connecting copper wires with a sand
paper.
3. Connect the positive pole of the battery (eliminator) (a battery of constant e.m.f.) to
the zero ends (P) of the potentiometer and the negative pole through a one-way key,
an ammeter and a low resistance rheostat to the other end (Q) of the potentiometer.
4. Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the end P of the potentiometer and
the negative terminal to the jockey.
5. Touch the end of the jockey to the end Q of the potentiometer.
6. Close the key and set the rheostat such that the voltmeter gives full scale deflection
(3 V)
7. Touch the jockey at end P at 0 (zero) cm. The voltmeter will give zero deflection.
8. Touch the jockey at marks separated by 50 cm length of wire. Note the voltmeter
reading in each case.
9. Record your observations in tabular form as given ahead.
Result
i. The graph between V and 𝑙 is a straight line. Therefore, the potential drop along the
length of wire is directly proportional to its length.
ii. The potential drop per unit length of the wire is K = ………………. V cm-1.
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Diagram
Observations
Range of voltmeter = ……… V
Least count of voltmeter = ………. V
Range of ammeter = ………. A
Least count of ammeter = ………. A
To find potential drop per unit length
Length of potentiometer wire Voltmeter reading V
SL No: Ratio K =
𝑙 (cm) V (volt) 𝑙
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ACTIVITY- IV
Aim
To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a
mixed collection of such items.
Material required
Mixed collection of items.
Theory
For identification, appearance and working of each item will have to be considered.
1. Diode is a two-terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased.
2. LED (light emitting diode) is also a two-terminal device. It also conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while
conducting. Hence, it glow.
3. Transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B)
and collector (C).
4. IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip.
5. Resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or
reverse biased. (In fact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It
conducts even when operated with A.C. voltage.
6. Capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either forward
biased or reverse biased.
Result
The components to be identified.
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SL No. Components Diagram
1 Diode
2 LED
3 Transistor
4 IC (Integrated circuit)
5 Resistor
6 Capacitor
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ACTIVITY- V
Aim
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab.
Apparatus
Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, Theory drawing pins, office pins,
protractor.
Theory
When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends towards
the normal since refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The refracted ray
(QR) travel along straight line and incident on face DC of slab and bends away from
the normal since refraction takes place from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out
through face DC is called emergent ray.
Procedure
Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board. Take a glass slab and put
it symmetrically in the middle of the paper and mark its boundary ABCD. Draw a
normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making an angle i with the normal.
PQ will represent an incident ray. Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at
distances 1 cm or more between themselves. See images of these pins through face DC
and fix two more pins at points 3 and 4 (1 cm or more apart) such that these two pins
cover the images of first two pins, all being along a straight line. Remove the glass slab.
Draw straight line RS through points 3 and 4 to represent emergent ray. Join QR to
represent refracted ray. Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle e. It
comes to be equal to angle i. Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU
perpendicular to RS. TU measures lateral displacement d. Now take another set for
different angle of incident and measure the lateral displacement.
Conclusions
1. Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence (e).
2. The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence (i).
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Diagram
Angle of incidence (i) Angle of emergence (e) Difference
SL No:
(degree) (degree) (i – e)
1 30
2 45
3 60
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ACTIVITY- VI
Aim
To study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens on a screen by using
a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens).
Apparatus
An optical bench with three uprights, a convex lens with holder, a burning candle, a
white screen.
Theory
As the object (burning candle) is moved from infinity towards the convex lens, its image
(position of screen) moves from lens focus towards infinity. For candle distance less
than focal length, image becomes virtual and does not come on screen.
Procedure
1. Find rough focal length of the convex lens by usual method.
2. Mount the convex lens in holder in central upright and keep it in the middle of the
optical bench.
3. Mount a white screen on another upright and keep it at distance equal to rough focal
length of the lens, from the central upright.
4. Mount the burning candle in third upright and keep it on the other side of the central
upright and near the end of the optical bench.
5. As the burning candle is moved towards the lens on one side, the screen has to be
moved away from the lens on other side, for getting sharp flame image. The inverted
image size increases.
6. When the position of the candle is at distance 2f from the lens, the screen is also at
same distance on the other side. The image size will be equal to the actual flame size.
7. Move the candle further nearer to the lens. The screen has to be moved away for
getting an enlarged inverted real image on screen.
8. As the candle reaches the focus of the lens, the screen may not be able to get its image
which will be at infinity i.e. beyond the ends of the optical bench.
Conclusion
The change in position, nature and size of the image is according to theoretical
predictions.
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Observations
Position of object Position of Image Nature of image Size of image
At infinity At F2 Real and Inverted Highly diminished
Beyond 2 F1 Between F2 and 2 F2 Real and Inverted Diminished
At 2 F1 At 2 F2 Real and Inverted Same size of the object
Between F1 and 2
Beyond 2 F2 Real and Inverted Enlarged
F1
At F1 At infinity Real and Inverted Enlarged
Between F1 and lens Behind the object Virtual and erect Enlarged
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