UNIT : 5

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

DOUBLE INTEGRATION

Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a continuous function defined

On region R then double integration of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

On R is denoted by ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 and it is defined by,

lim ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑟, 𝑦𝑟 )𝛿𝐴𝑟

∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑛→∞ , 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝛿𝐴𝑟

Fubini‘s Theorem

1:- If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous throughout the rectangular region 𝑅: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑,

𝑑 𝑏 𝑏 𝑑
Then ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑐 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑎 ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

which means when limits of integration are constants and function is continuous then order of
integration has no importance.

2:- If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous on a region 𝑅: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑦 ≤ ℎ(𝑥),then

𝑥=𝑏 𝑦=ℎ(𝑥)
∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑥=𝑎 ∫𝑦=𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏]

3:- If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous on a region 𝑅: 𝑔(𝑦) ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ℎ(𝑦), 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑,then

𝑦=𝑑 𝑥=ℎ(𝑦)
∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑦=𝑐 ∫𝑥=𝑔(𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 [𝑐, 𝑑]

2 1
Example(1): Evaluate: ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Solution: Integrating first w.r.t. x keeping y constant we get

2 1 2 1
𝑥2
∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( + 𝑦𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
0 0 0 2 0

2 1
= ∫0 (2 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

2
𝑦 𝑦2
= (2 + )
2 0
 = (1 + 2)

=3
2 𝑥 1
Example(2): Evaluate: ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Integrating first w.r.t. y keeping x constant we get

2 1 2
1 1
∫ ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = = ∫ ( ) [𝑦]𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥
0 0 𝑥 0 𝑥

2 1
= ∫0 (𝑥) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2
= ∫0 1 𝑑𝑥

= [𝑥]20

=2

Example (3): Evaluate ∬𝑅 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 over the triangle bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x
+ y = 1.

Solution: Here, the region of integration is the triangle OABO as the line x + y = 1 intersects the
axes at points (1, 0) and (0, 1). Thus, precisely the region R (say) can be expressed as:

0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 – 𝑥

𝐼 = ∬𝑅 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

1 1−𝑥
= ∫0 (∫0 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑦 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1−𝑥
= ∫0 [3 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥
0
 1 1
= 3 ∫0 (𝑒 3−𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

1
1 𝑒 3−𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
= 3[ − ]
−1 2 0

1 𝑒2 1
= − 3 (𝑒 2 + ) − (𝑒 3 + 2)
2

1
= 6 (2𝑒 3 − 3𝑒 2 + 1)

1
= 6 (2𝑒 + 1)(𝑒 − 1)2

Example (4): Evaluate the integral ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 over the area between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
and 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Solution: We have 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 which implies 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 0 i.e. either 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1.

Further, if x = 0 then y = 0; if x = 1 then y = 1. Means the two curves intersect at points (0, 0),
(1, 1). ∴ The region R of integration is doted and can be expressed as:

0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥.

1 𝑥
∴ ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (∫𝑥2 𝑥 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥𝑦 3
= ∫0 [ + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 3 𝑥2

1 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥7
= ∫0 { ( 2 + )−(2 + )} 𝑑𝑥
3 3
 1
𝑥5 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥8
= {10 + 15 − 14 − 24}
0

1 1 1 1
= 10 + 15 − 14 − 24

3
= 56

EXERCISE

Q-1. Evaluate the following integrals:

3 4
1. ∫0 ∫0 (4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans. 16
1 𝑥2 1
2. ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans. − 24
3 𝑥 1
3. ∫1 ∫1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans. 0.603
𝑥𝑦
1−𝑦 2
1 √ 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝜋
4. ∫0 ∫0 √1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
Ans. 4
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋2
5. ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans. +2
2
ln 3 ln 2
6. ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans.2
1 1 𝑥
7. ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans. 1 − ln 2
(𝑥𝑦+1)2
1 𝑦2
8. ∫0 ∫0 3𝑦 3 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans. 𝑒 − 2
𝑦
4 √𝑥 3
9. ∫1 ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 Ans. 7(𝑒 − 1)
2
4 3𝑥 2 2 𝑒 64 𝑒 48 𝑒4 𝑒3
10. ∫1 ∫2𝑥 2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans. 8
− 6
− 8
+ 6

Q-2 Evaluate the following integrals:

𝑥
1. ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝑦
3
2𝑥, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 2. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 [1]
2

2. ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where R is the region in the positive quadrant for which 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 1.

1
𝐴𝑛𝑠: [4]
24

3. ∬𝑅 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where R is the triangularregion with vertices (0, 0),

1
(1, 0) and (0, 1). 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 6[1]

4. ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where R is the region bounded by the x-axis, the line 𝑥 = 2𝑎 and the curve
𝑎4
𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦. Ans. [4]
3
 5. ∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝐴,where R is the region in the first quadrant enclosed between 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 =
7
𝑥3. Ans. − 60 [2]
6. ∬𝑅 𝑥(1 + 𝑦 2 )−1/2 𝑑𝐴, where R is the region in the first quadrant enclosed 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 4
√17−1
and 𝑥 = 0. Ans. [2]
2

7. ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where R is in the quadrant of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , where 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑦 ≥

𝑎4
0. Ans. [4]
8

𝑥2 𝑦2
8. ∬𝑅 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where R is the area bounded by the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 =1.
1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 4 𝜋𝑎𝑏(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) [4]
1
9. ∬𝑅 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 , where R is the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . Ans. 20[4]
10. ∬𝑅 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the hyperbola 𝑥𝑦 =
16 and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 8. Ans. 448 [4]
2 +𝑦 2
11. ∬𝑅 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 where R is the region bounded by the x-axis and the curve 𝑦 =
𝜋
√1 − 𝑥 2 Ans : 2 (𝑒 − 1) [1]

CHANG OF ORDER OF INTEGRATION

To evaluate double integrals by changing the order of integration becomes easier.

1:- first draw the region using given limits of integration.

2:- If it is given first to integrate w.r.t. 𝑥, then to change the limit draw a vertical strip line and
determine the limits.

3:- If it is given first to integrate w.r.t.𝑦, then to change the limit draw a horizontal strip line and
determine the limit.

For example:-

𝑥=𝑏 𝑦=ℎ(𝑥) 𝑦=𝑑 𝑥=ℎ(𝑦)

∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦=𝑐 𝑥=𝑔(𝑦)

Remark:-While changing order of integration integrating function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) remains unchanged.

1 √1−𝑥 2
Example:1 Evaluate the integral∫0 ∫0 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥by changing the order of integration.

Solution: In the above integral, y on vertical strip (say PQ) varies as a function of x and then
 the strip slides between 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1.

Here , 𝑦 = 0 is the x-axis and 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2

i.e.𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 is the circle.
In the changed order, the strip becomes P’Q’, P’ resting on the curve x = 0, Q’ on the circle
𝑥 = √1 − 𝑦 2 and finally the strip P’Q’ sliding between 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 1.

1 √1−𝑦2
∴ 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑦 2 (∫0 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦

1 √1−𝑦2
= ∫0 𝑦 2 [𝑥]0 𝑑𝑦

1
= ∫0 𝑦 2 [√1 − 𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑦
𝜋
Substitute 𝑦 = sin θ so that 𝑑𝑦 = cosθ𝑑𝜃 and 𝜃 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 2
𝜋
2 2
∴ 𝐼 = ∫0 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2

(2−1)(2−1) 𝜋
= ×2
4×2
𝜋
= 16

3 √4−𝑦
Example:2 Evaluate the integral∫0 ∫1 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of integration.
Solution:

Clearly in the given form of integral, x changes as a function of y (viz.x = f(y) )and y as an
independent variable changes from 0 to 3.
Thus, the two curves are the straight line x = 1and the parabola, 𝑥 = √4 − 𝑦and the common
area under consideration is ABQCA.
For changing the order of integration, we need to convert the horizontal strip PQ to a vertical
strip P’Q’over which y changes as a function of x and it slides for values of x = 1to x = 2 as
shown in Fig
.
2 (4−𝑥2 )
∴ 𝐼 = ∫1 (∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦)𝑑𝑥
4−𝑥2
2 𝑦2
= ∫1 [𝑥𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0
2
2 2) (4−𝑥 2 )
= ∫1 (𝑥(4 −𝑥 + 2
) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥4
= ∫1 (𝑥(4 − 𝑥 2 ) + (8 + − 4𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
2
𝑥4 𝑥5 4
= [2𝑥 2 − + 8𝑥 + 10 − 3 𝑥 3 ]
4 1
2 2) 24 −14 25 −15 4
= 2(2 − 1 − + 8(2 − 1) + − 3 (23 − 13 )
4 10
241
= 60

EXERCISE

Evaluate the following integrals by changing the order:

𝑎√ 2 2
𝑏 𝑏 −𝑦
1. ∫0 ∫0𝑏 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦Ans: 8 [1]
𝜋 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
2. ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 Ans : 2 [1]
𝑦
1 1 𝑒−2
3. ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Ans : [1]
2
2 √ln 3 √ln 3 2
4. ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦Ans : 2 [1]
2
1 1
1
5. ∫0 ∫ cos(16𝜋𝑥 5 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦Ans :80𝜋[1]
16 2
1
𝑦4
∞ ∞ 𝑒 −𝑦
6. ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥Ans. 1 [3]
𝑦

5.4 Double integral in POLAR COORDINATES

Take r as distance of P from the origin and 𝜃 as an angle of ̅̅̅̅

𝑂𝑃 with positive X-axis, then polar
coordinates are 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽.
 𝑦
Also 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑥 .

To evaluate ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 we first integrate with respect to r keeping θ as a constant and then the
resulting expression is integrated with respect to θ.

Example:1 Evaluate ∬ 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 over the cardiod 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) above the initial line.

Solution: The region of integration under consideration is the cardiod 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) above
the initial line.
𝜋
In the cardoid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃), 𝜃 = 0 , 𝑟 = 0 𝜃 = 2,𝑟 = 𝑎 𝜃 = 𝜋, 𝑟 = 2𝑎

As clear from the geometry along the radial strip OP, r (as a function of θ) varies from

r = 0 to r = a(1 – cos θ) and then this strip slides from 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = 𝜋 for covering the area
above the initial line.
𝜋 𝑟=𝑎(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
∴ 𝐼 = ∫0 (∫0 𝑟𝑑𝑟) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃

𝑎(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝜋 𝑟2
= ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
0

𝑎2 𝜋
=
2
∫0 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑎2 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)3
= [ ]
2 3 0

𝑎2
= [(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋)3 − (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0)3 ]
6

4𝑎2
= 3
Example:2 Evaluate ∬𝑅 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 ;Where R is the semicircle 𝑟 = 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 above the initial
line.
Solution: The region R of integration is the semi-circle 𝑟 = 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 above the initial line.
𝜋
For the circle 𝑟 = 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜃 = 0 , 𝑟 = 2𝑎 𝜃 = 2,𝑟 = 0

𝜋
2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
∴ ∬𝑅 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = ∫02 ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2
= ∫02 (∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑟3
= ∫0 [ 3 ]
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
1
= − 3 ∫0 (2𝑎)3 cos3 𝜃(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑑𝜃
2

𝜋
8𝑎3 cos4 𝜃 2
=− [ ]
3 4 0
2𝑎3
= 3

Change of Cartesian Integral into polar integral

Let ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)dA be given any Cartesian integral. To change it into polar integral take
𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 and value of 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 and we get

∬𝑹 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∬𝑹 𝒇(𝒓, 𝜽)𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽 .

1 1
Example:1 Evaluate by changing into polar coordinates ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.

Solution:

Take 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Then value of 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 1 1 1
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
 1
1 𝑟2
= ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝜃
0

11
= ∫0 2 𝑑𝜃

1
= 2 [𝜃]10

1
=2

𝑥
𝑎 √𝑎
Example:2 Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 by changing in polar coordinates.
𝑎
Solution:
Take 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Then value of 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝑥 𝑥
The parabola 𝑦 = √𝑎 implise that 𝑦 2 = 𝑎
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
So, 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = implise that 𝑟 = 0 or 𝑟 = asin2 𝜃
𝑎
𝑥 𝑦 1
Limits, for the curve , 𝑦 = 𝑎 implies that 𝜃 = tan−1 (𝑥 ) = tan−1 𝑎
𝑥 𝑦 0 𝜋
And For the curve , 𝑦 = √𝑎 implies that 𝜃 = tan−1 (𝑥 ) = tan−1 𝑎 = 2
𝑥 𝜋
𝑎 √𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Hence, I= ∫0 ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2 −1 1 (∫0asin2 𝜃 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟) 𝑑𝜃
𝑥
tan
𝑎 𝑎
𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2 𝑟 4 asin2 𝜃
= ∫cot−1 𝑎 [ 4 ] 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
1 2 cos4 𝜃
= 4 ∫cot−1 𝑎 𝑎4(sin4 𝜃)^2 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
1 2 4 2 2
= 4𝑎4 ∫cot −1 𝑎 cot 𝜃(1 + cot 𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃

Let 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑡 then 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = −𝑑𝑡

Also, 𝜃 = cot −1 𝑎 implies that 𝑡 = 𝑎
𝜋
𝜃 = 2 implies that 𝑡 = 0

1 0
∴ 𝐼 = 4𝑎4 ∫𝑎 𝑡 4 (1 + 𝑡 2 )(−𝑑𝑡)
1 𝑎
= 4𝑎4 ∫0 (𝑡 4 + 𝑡 6 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
1 𝑡5 𝑡7
= 4𝑎4 [ 5 + 7 ]
0
𝑎 𝑎3
= 20 + 28
EXERCISE

Change the following Cartesian integrals into equivalent polar integrals.

𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
1. ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

1 √1−𝑥 2 2 +𝑦 2 )
2. ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥
3. ∫0 ∫0 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

2 √2𝑥−𝑥 2
4. ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

ln( 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
5. ∬𝑅 𝑑𝐴 over the region 1 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑒.
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Change the following Cartesian integrals into equivalent polar integrals.

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑦 2
1. ∫0 ∫0 𝑦 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∞ ∞ 2 +𝑦 2 )
2. ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4𝑎 𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
3. ∫0 ∫𝑦2 ( 2 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦
4𝑎
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 2 +𝑦 2 )
4. ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
5. ∫–𝑎 ∫−√𝑎2−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

JACOBIAN

1: If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) then Jacobian of u, v with respect to x, y is denoted by

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝝏(𝒖,𝒗) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑱(𝒖, 𝒗) 𝒐𝒓 and defined as 𝐽(𝑢, 𝑣) = |𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
|
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

2: If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) , 𝑤 = ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) then

∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂(u,v,w) | ∂v ∂v ∂v |
𝑱(𝒖, 𝒗, 𝒘) = =
∂(x,y,z) | ∂x ∂y ∂z |
∂w ∂w ∂w
∂x ∂y ∂z
Properties of Jacobians

𝝏(𝒖,𝒗) 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
1: If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) , 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝐽 = and 𝐽∗ = 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗) then 𝐽. 𝐽∗ = 1.
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)

𝝏(𝒖,𝒗) 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗) 𝝏(𝒓,𝒔)

2: = . Where u and v are functions of r and s .Also r and s are
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏(𝒓,𝒔) 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)

functions of x and y.

𝝏(𝒖,𝒗,𝒘) 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛)
3: . = 1.
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛) 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗,𝒘)

𝝏(𝒖,𝒗,𝒘) 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛) 𝝏(𝒓,𝒔,𝒕)

4: = .
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛) 𝝏(𝒓,𝒔,𝒕) 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛)

Change of variables in Double integrals by Jacobians

Let ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 be given. If we take transformation 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣)

then ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑆 𝑓(𝑔(𝑢, 𝑣), ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣)). |𝐽|𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
Where J = = |𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦
| and |𝐽| means to take modulus.
𝝏(𝒖,𝒗)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

Example:1 Evaluate∬𝑅 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where the region R is parallelogram in xy plane with
vertices (1,0), (3,1), (2,2), (0,1) using the transformation 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 .

Solution: 𝑅𝑥𝑦 is the region bounded by the parallelogram ABCD in the xy plane which on
′
transformation becomes 𝑅𝑢𝑣 i.e., the region bounded by the rectangle PQRS, as shown in the
Figs.
With 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦
A (1, 0) transforms to P (1, 1)
B (3, 1) transforms to Q (4, 1)
C (2, 2) transforms to R (4, – 2)
D (0, 1) transforms to S (1, – 2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚) 1
Also J = = |𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦
| = −3
𝝏(𝒖,𝒗)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
1
Hence, ∬𝑅 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 𝑢2 3 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
2

4 1 𝑢2
= ∫1 ∫−2 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
3
4 𝑢2
= ∫1 [𝑣]1−2 𝑑𝑢
3
1 4
= 3 (1 + 2) ∫1 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
4
3 𝑢3
= 3[ 3]
1
64 1
= −3
3
63
= 3
= 21.
𝑦
1 1−𝑥
Example:2 Using transformation 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 find ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
Solution: Clearly 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) represents curves 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 , and 𝑥 which is an
independent variable changes from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1.
Thus, the area OABO bounded between the two curves 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 and the two
ordinates 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 is shown in Fig.
On using transformation; 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 implies that 𝑥 = 𝑢(1 − 𝑣)
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 implies that 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
Now point O(0, 0) implies 0 = u(1 – v) …(1) and
0 = uv …(2)
From (2), either u = 0 or v = 0 or both zero.
From (1), we get u = 0, v = 1
Hence (x, y) = (0, 0) transforms to (u, v) = (0, 0), (0, 1)
Point A(1, 0), implies 1 = u(1 – v) …(3)
0 = uv … (4)
From (4) either u = 0 or v = 0, If v = 0 then from (3) we have u = 1, again if u = 0, equation (3) is
inconsistent.
Hence, A(1, 0) transforms to (1, 0), i.e. itself.
From Point B(0, 1), we get 0 = u(1 – v) …(5) and
1 = vu …(6)
From (5), either u = 0 or v = 1
If u = 0, equation (6) becomes inconsistent.
If v = 1, the equation (6) gives u = 1.
Hence (0, 1) transform to (1, 1). See Fig

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
Also J = = |𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦
| =𝑢
𝝏(𝒖,𝒗)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑦
1 1−𝑥 1 1
Hence, ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑢𝑒 𝑣 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
1 1
= ∫0 𝑢(∫0 𝑒 𝑣 𝑑𝑣)𝑑𝑢
1
= ∫0 𝑢(𝑒 − 1)𝑑𝑢
 1
𝑢2
= (𝑒 − 1) [ 2 ]
0
1
= 2 (𝑒 − 1)

EXERCISE

Q-1 Given that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑢, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, change the variables to u, v in the integral

1
∬[𝑥𝑦(1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 taken over the area of the triangle with sides
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 and hence evaluate it.
Q-2 Evaluate ∬(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )2dA, over the area bounded by the lines |𝑥| + |𝑦| = 1 using the
transformations 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑢, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑣.
𝑦
4 +1 2𝑥−𝑦 2𝑥−𝑦 𝑦
Q-3. Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑦/2
2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 by applying the transformation 𝑢 = and 𝑣 = 2.
2 2
Ans: 2
Q-4. Applying the transformation, evaluate∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 𝑦)4 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 , where R is the square with
𝑒 3 −𝑒
vertices (1,0), (2,1) , (1,2),(0,1) . Ans: 5
𝑦
[Link]∬𝑅 (√𝑥 + √𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 , where R in the first quadrant in the xy-plane bounded by
𝑢
the hyperbolas𝑥𝑦 = 1, 𝑥𝑦 = 9 and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 using the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑣 , 𝑦 =
52
𝑢𝑣 with 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0. Ans: 8 + ln 2
3

AREA USING DOUBLE INTEGRATION

1:- Area in Cartesian coordinates is defined by 𝑨 = ∬𝑹 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = ∬𝑹 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
Find limits of integration according to closed bounded region R.
2:- Area in polar coordinates is 𝑨 = ∬𝑹 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝜽 = ∫𝜽 ∫𝒓 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝜽
First find limit of r and then find of 𝜃.

Example:1 By using Double integration, find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 2 and
y=x.
Solution: The given curve 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 2 is parabola.
It passes through the points (0, 2) , (1, 1) , (2,- 2) , (-1, 1) , (-2 , -2)
The curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 is a straight line.
It passes through the points (0, 0) , (1, 1) , (-2, -2)

the two curves intersect at (1, 1) and (–2, –2), Clearly, the area need to be required is ABCDA.
 1 2−𝑥2
Hence, 𝐴 = ∫−2 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫−2(2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥3 𝑥2
= [2𝑥 − − ]
3 2 −2
9
=2

Example:2 Find by double integration, the area of lemniscate 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃.

Solution: As the given curve 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 contains cosine terms only and hence it is
Symmetric about the initial axis.
Further the curve lies wholly inside the circle 𝑟 = 𝑎, since the maximum value of |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃| is 1.
𝜋 3𝜋
Also, no portion of the curve lies between 𝜃 = 4 to 𝜃 = 4 and the extended axis.
𝜋 𝜋
See the geometry, for one loop, the curve is bounded between 𝜃 = − 4 to 𝜃 = 4

𝜋
√𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
Hence, Area= ∫ 4𝜋 ∫0 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
−
4
𝜋 √𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝑟2
= 4 ∫04 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
= 2𝑎2 ∫04 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃𝑑𝜃
 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 4
= 2𝑎2 [ 2 ]
0
2
=𝑎
EXERCISE

1. Find the area bounded by y-axis, the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and the line 𝑦 = 4.
2. Find the area bounded by the lines 𝑦 = 2 + 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 and the line 𝑥 = 5.
3. Find the area bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 0 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2.
4. Find the area bounded by the parabolas 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 , 𝑥 2 = −8𝑦.
5. Find the area bounded by x-axis, the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
6. Find the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4 = 0.
2 2 2
7. Find the area bounded by the asteroid 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑎3 .

TRIPLE INTEGRATION
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a continuous function defined in a closed and bounded region V in 3-
dimensional space, then triple integral over the region V is denoted by ∭𝑉 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 .

It is defined by ∭𝑉 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = lim

𝑛→∞
∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑟, 𝑦𝑟, 𝑧𝑟 )𝛿𝑉𝑟 , 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧.
𝛿𝑉𝑟 →0

3 2 1
Example(1): Evaluate: ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

Solution: Integrating first w.r.t. x keeping y and z constant we get

3 2 1 3 2 1
𝑥2
∫ ∫ ∫(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑧𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2 0
0 0 0 0 0

3 2 1
= ∫0 ∫0 (2 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

2
3 𝑦 𝑦2
= ∫0 ( 2 + + 𝑧𝑦) 𝑑𝑧
2 0

3
= ∫0 (1 + 2 + 2𝑧) 𝑑𝑧

= (3𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )30

= (9 + 9) = 18
3 𝑦 𝑥 1
Example(2): Evaluate ∫𝑦=0 ∫𝑥=0 ∫𝑧=0 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Solution:
 3 𝑦 𝑥 1 3 𝑦1 𝑧=𝑥
∫𝑦=0 ∫𝑥=0 ∫𝑧=0 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫0 (𝑧)𝑧=0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥
3
𝑦
= ∫(𝑥)0 𝑑𝑦
0
3

= ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0
3
𝑦2
= ( )
2 0
9
=
2
EXERCISE

Evaluate the following triple integrals:

1 1−𝑧 2
1. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
1 1−𝑦 2
2. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
1 1 1
3. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
1 𝜋 𝜋
4. ∫𝑜 ∫0 ∫0 𝑦 sin 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
3 √9−𝑥 2 √9−𝑥 2
5. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛7 𝑙𝑛2 𝑙𝑛5
6. ∫𝑙𝑛6 ∫0 ∫𝑙𝑛4 𝑒 (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥2 𝑥+𝑦
7. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 2 2
8. ∫0 ∫0 ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
9. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑧 𝑥+𝑧
10. ∫−1 ∫0 ∫𝑥−𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
1 √(1−𝑥 2 ) √(1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
11. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝜋
2𝜋 𝑎
12. ∫0 ∫04 ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅

Evaluate the following triple integrals:

1. ∭𝑅 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧, where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2, 2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3

9
Ans :2[4]
8
2. ∭𝑅 (𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧, where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 , 2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑦 Ans :35
[4]
3. ∭𝑅 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧,where R denotes the region bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =
𝑎2
0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0. Ans :25 [4]
1
4. ∭ (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧+1)3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧, if the region of integration is bounded by the co-ordinate planes
1 5
and the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1. Ans :2 log 2 − [4]
16

5. ∭𝑠 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧,where 𝑆 = [(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧): (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ≤ 1, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑧 ≥ 0]Ans

1
:48 [4]
6. ∭𝑠 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 where S is the solid bounded by the surfaces 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2 , 𝑧 =
𝜋
0, 𝑧 = [Link] : [4]
6
2
7. ∭ 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 throughout the volume bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0,
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑎3 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
+ 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1Ans: [4]
𝑎 2520
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
8. ∭ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧taken throughout the volume of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1
√1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2
𝜋2
lying in the first octant. Ans: [4]
8