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Tensor Analysis Assignment 1

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73 views3 pages

Tensor Analysis Assignment 1

Uploaded by

ajitkumar98deoria
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ME601: Assignment 1 Due: 6:00 PM on 22/8/2024

1. (a) If w = u ×vv , then using wi = ϵijk uj vk , show that w1 = u2 v3 −u3 v2 , w2 = u3 v1 −u1 v3 , w3 =


v2 − eu2 ve1 .
u1 e
(b) If ai = αij bj and bi = βij cj , write down ai in terms of ci .
(c) Show that ∀ a ∈ Vectors, a × a = 0 .
e e e e
2. Use indicial or direct notation and prove the following:
a × b ) · (cc × d ) = (a
(a a · c )(bb · d ) − (aa · d )(bb · c ),
e e e e e e e e e e e e
u × (vv × w ) = (u u · w )vv − (u u · v )w
w,
e e e e e e e e e
u × v ) × w = (u
(u u · w )vv − (vv · w )u u.
e e e e e e e e e
3. Given ϵijk ϵipq = δjp δkq − δjq δkp . Show that
(a)ϵijk ϵpjk = 2δip (b)ϵijk ϵijk = 6.

4. Given
a · n̂
v = (a n)n̂ n × (a
n + n̂ a × n̂
n), (1)
e e e e e e e
n is a unit vector.
where n̂
e
(a) Justify ni ni = 1.
(b) Use indicial notation to show that v = a .
e e
5. The scalar triple product of three vectors u , v , w , denoted by [u u, v , w ], is defined as u · (vv × w ).
e e e e e e e e e
(a) Show that indicial notation representation of [u u, v , w ] is ϵijk ui vj wk .
u, v , w ] = [vv , w , u] = −[u
e e e
(b) Show that [u u, w , v ].
e e e e e e e e e
6. Use the definition of transpose of a tensor, to show,
T t )t = T ,
(T
e t e t
(αTT ) = αT T ,
R + S ) = Rt + S t.
e t e
(R
e e e e
T + T t )/2 and (T
7. If T is a second order tensor, show that (T T − T t )/2 are symmetric and skew
symmetric tensors respectively.
e e e e e

8. Show that
w × u ) × (w
(w w × v ) = [ww ⊗ w ](u u × v ),
e e e e e e e2 e
u × v , v × w , w × u ] = [u
[u u, v , w ] .
e e e e e e e e e
From the first of the above relation, if n is a unit vector, show that,
e
n, n × u , n × v ] = [n
[n n, u , v ].
e e e e e e e e
9. E = E − 31 tr(E
E )II , T = T − 13 tr(T
T )II are defined as deviatoric parts of SOTs E and T respec-
tively. The SOTs are related to eeach
e e e e e e e other as, e e

E + λtr(E
T = 2µE E )II ,
e e e e
where µ and λ are scalars. Show that

1
(a) tr(EE ) = tr(TT ) = 0 and T = 2µE E,
e e e 1 e
(b) E : E = E : E = E : E − 3 [tr(E E )]2 ,
e e e e e e e
(c) 21 T : E = 12 T : E + 16 tr(T
T )tr(E
E ).
e e e e e e
10. T is a SOT such that T e 1 = e 1 + e 2 , T e 2 = e 2 + e 3 , T e 3 = e 3 + e 1 where {ee1 , e 2 , e 3 } are unit
vectors
e of the cartesianeco-ordinate
e e e system.
ee e e ee e e e e e

(a) Compute the components of T in the co-ordinate syatem 1 − 2 − 3.


e
(b) Calculate T v , if v = e 1 + e 2 + e 3 .
ee e e e e
(c) Determine the additive decomposition of T into its symmetric and skew-symmetric parts.
(d) Find the axial vector of the skew-symmetric part of T .
e
11. Let u 1 , u 2 ∈ Set of Vectors be arbitrary vectors and A is a SOT. Show that (u u1 ⊗ u 2 )A
A =
u 1 ⊗ (A
e et
A u 2 ). e e e e
e e e
12. If l , m , n are orthonormal vectors ∈ Set of Vectors. Show that, Q = m ⊗ n + n ⊗ l + l ⊗ m is
an orthogonal tensor. Show further that Q 2 = Q t and deduce that
e e e e Qeis proper
e e e e e
orthogonal.
e e e
13. Let u 1 and u 2 be arbitrary vectors. Show that u 2 ⊗ u 1 − u 1 ⊗ u 2 is a skew-symmetric tensor
and ethat u 1 e× u 2 is its axial vector. e e e e
e e
14. Let u 1 and u 2 be arbitrary vectors. Show that
e e
u1 ⊗ u 2 ) = u 1 · u 2 .
a) tr(u
e e e e
T11 T12 T T23 T T13
15. Show that + 22 + 11 = 21 [(tr T )2 − tr T 2 ].
T21 T22 T32 T33 T31 T33
16. Use the definition or indicial notation to show,

a ⊗ b )t = b ⊗ a ,
(a
a ⊗ b )(cc ⊗ d ) = (bb · c )a
(a a ⊗ d,
a ⊗ b ) : (u
(a u ⊗ v ) = (a
a · u )(bb · v ),
a ⊗ b ) = (T
T (a T a) ⊗ b,
a ⊗ b)T
(a T = a ⊗ (T T tb),
a ⊗ b) = a · T b.
T : (a

17. Use results of Problem 2, to show that,

Q = e 1 ⊗ e 1′ + e 2 ⊗ e 2′ + e 3 ⊗ e 3′ ,

is an orthogonal tensor. Show that the components of Q are li′ i = e i′ · e i .

18. Show that,


S tR ) : T = (R
S T ) = (S
R : (S RT t ) : S = (T
T Rt) : S t.

19. Given S and W are symmetric and antisymmetric tensors respectively. If T is an arbitrary
second-order tensor, then prove that,
h1 i
S : T = S : T t = S : (TT + T t) ,
2
h1 i
W : T = −W W : T t = W : (T T − T t) ,
2
S : W = 0.

2
20. Let W 1 , W 2 and W 3 be skew-symmetric tensors with axial vectors w 1 , w 2 and w 3 respectively.
Showfthat,f f e e e

(a) W 1W 2 = w 2 ⊗ w 1 − (ww 1 · w 2 )II ,


f f e e e e e
W 1W 2 ) = −2w
(b) tr(W w1 · w 2,
f f e e
W 1W 2W 3 ) = −w
(c) tr(W w 1 · (w
w 2 × w 3 ).
f f f e e e

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The symmetric and skew-symmetric components of a second-order tensor \(\mathbf{T}\) are derived by decomposing it as \((\mathbf{T} + \mathbf{T}^t)/2\) for symmetric and \((\mathbf{T} - \mathbf{T}^t)/2\) for skew-symmetric parts. This ensures the sum of the two components equals the original tensor \(\mathbf{T}\).

The scalar triple product \([\mathbf{u}, \mathbf{v}, \mathbf{w}] = \mathbf{u} \cdot (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w})\) is represented in indicial notation as \(\epsilon_{ijk} u_i v_j w_k\). By cyclic permutations of indices (properties of the Levi-Civita symbol), it follows that \([\mathbf{u}, \mathbf{v}, \mathbf{w}] = [\mathbf{v}, \mathbf{w}, \mathbf{u}] = -[\mathbf{u}, \mathbf{w}, \mathbf{v}]\).

The identity \(\epsilon_{ijk}\epsilon_{ipq} = \delta_{jp}\delta_{kq} - \delta_{jq}\delta_{kp}\) is used to simplify expressions involving the Levi-Civita symbol and Kronecker delta. Setting \(q = k\) and \(p = j\) derives \(\epsilon_{ijk}\epsilon_{pjk} = 2\delta_{ip}\) by recognizing non-zero contributions only when indices match perfectly. For \(\epsilon_{ijk}\epsilon_{ijk} = 6\), note three permutations give \(3! = 6\) due to non-zero contributions in permutations .

For orthonormal vectors, the tensor \(\mathbf{Q}\) where \(\mathbf{Q} = \mathbf{m} \otimes \mathbf{n} + \mathbf{n} \otimes \mathbf{l} + \mathbf{l} \otimes \mathbf{m}\) is orthogonal if \(\mathbf{Q}^T \mathbf{Q} = \mathbf{I}\) and \(\mathbf{Q}^T = \mathbf{Q}^{-1}\). Calculating \(\mathbf{Q}^2\), it satisfies \(\mathbf{Q}^2 = \mathbf{Q}^T\) by construction and properties of orthonormal vectors. Thus, \(\mathbf{Q}\) is proper orthogonal .

Applying \(\mathbf{T}(\mathbf{a} \otimes \mathbf{b})\) involves acting \(\mathbf{T}\) on \(\mathbf{a}\), yielding \((\mathbf{T} \mathbf{a}) \otimes \mathbf{b}\) due to definition of tensor multiplication, where only the first vector in the dyadic product \(\mathbf{a} \otimes \mathbf{b}\) is affected by \(\mathbf{T}\).

Using the Levi-Civita symbol \(\epsilon_{ijk}\) and the definition \(w_i = \epsilon_{ijk} u_j v_k\), the components of \(\mathbf{w} = \mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v}\) in 3D space can be derived. Specifically, \(w_1 = u_2 v_3 - u_3 v_2\), \(w_2 = u_3 v_1 - u_1 v_3\), and \(w_3 = u_1 v_2 - u_2 v_1\).

The transpose of a dyadic product \((\mathbf{a} \otimes \mathbf{b})^t\) is defined as the interchange of the two vectors, resulting in \(\mathbf{b} \otimes \mathbf{a}\) due to the property \( (a_i b_j)^t = b_j a_i \). This shows the symmetry in switching the order of multiplication of vectors under transpose.

The relation \(a_i = \alpha_{ij} b_j\) and \(b_i = \beta_{ij} c_j\) can be combined to express \(a_i\) in terms of \(c_i\) by substituting for \(b_j\) in the first equation: \(a_i = \alpha_{ij} (\beta_{jk} c_k) = (\alpha_{ij} \beta_{jk}) c_k\). Thus, \(a_i = \gamma_{ik} c_k\) where \(\gamma_{ik} = \alpha_{ij} \beta_{jk}\) represents the composite transformation matrix .

The deviatoric parts are defined as \(\mathbf{E}^D = \mathbf{E} - \frac{1}{3}\text{tr}(\mathbf{E})\mathbf{I}\) and \(\mathbf{T}^D = \mathbf{T} - \frac{1}{3}\text{tr}(\mathbf{T})\mathbf{I}\). Given \(\mathbf{T} = 2\mu \mathbf{E} + \lambda \text{tr}(\mathbf{E})\mathbf{I}\), it follows that \(\text{tr}(\mathbf{T}) = 0\) implies \(\text{tr}(\mathbf{E}) = 0\). Therefore, \(\mathbf{T} = 2\mu \mathbf{E}\) indicates \(\mathbf{T}^D = 2\mu \mathbf{E}^D\).

The cross product \(\mathbf{a} \times \mathbf{a} = \mathbf{0}\) because the cross product measures the area of the parallelogram formed by two vectors. Since the vectors are identical, the parallelogram collapses into a line with zero area .

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