EROSION
MASS
WASTING SEDIMENTATION
EXOGENIC PROCESSES ARE PROCESSES
THAT TAKE PLACE AT OR NEAR THE
EARTH’S SURFACE THAT MAKES THE
SURFACE WEAR AWAY. EXOGENIC
PROCESSES ARE VERY DESTRUCTIVE, THEY
ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION AND
SCULPTING THE EARTH’S SURFACE.
The physical weathering happens when rock is physically
broken into smaller pieces.
RELEASE OF GROWTH
ICE WEDGING
ICE WEDGING PRESSURE ABRASION ANIMALS OF PLANTS
1. ICE WEDGING ~> H2O seeps in rock, expands, crack rocks into smaller pieces.
2. RELEASE OF PRESSURE ~> Surface rock erodes, rock flakes like onion layers.
3. GROWTH OF PLANTS ~> Roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart.
4. ANIMALS ~> Burrow and push apart rock.
5. ABRASION ~> Sand and rock carried by wind, water, ice wears away surface rock when
rocks collide. Most common in windy areas
The chemical weathering is the process of breaking
down rock through chemical changes.
LIVING CARBON
WATER OXYGEN ACID RAIN ORGANISMS DIOXIDE
1. WATER ~> Water dissolves rock chemically.
2. OXYGEN ~> Rocks that has iron in it mixes with oxygen and rusts.
3. CARBON DIOXIDE ~> CO2 dissolves in rainwater and weathers marble and limestone.
4. LIVING ORGANISMS ~> Acids from plants and roots chemically weather rock.
5. ACID RAIN ~> Air pollution reacts with clouds and falls on rock as acid rain.
EROSION BY WATER EROSION BY WIND
Erosion by water changes the shape Erosion by wind carries dust, sand,
of coastlines. Waves constantly and volcanic ash from one place to
crash against shores. They pound another. Wind can sometimes blow
rocks into pebbles and reduce sand into towering dunes.
pebbles to sand. Water sometimes
takes sand away from beaches. This
moves the coastline farther inland.
EROSION BY ICE EROSION BY GRAVITY
Erosion by ice can erode the land. In Gravity pulls any loose bits down the
frigid areas and on some side of a hill or mountain. Gravity
mountaintops, glaciers move slowly Erosion is better known as Mass
downhill and across the land. As they Movement.
move, they pick up everything in their
path, from tiny grains of sand to huge
boulders.
RESULT OF EROSION
REGOLITH ~> When weathered rock remains in place and
remains in its pure state.
SEDIMENT ~> When weathered material is removed from the
site of weathering.
MOVING WATER ~> It is the main agent of erosion.
PEOPLE ~> Nowadays, people became one of the causes of
erosion.
WEATHERING AND EROSION ~> Weathered rock material will
be removed from its original site and transported away by a
natural agent.
SEDIMENTATION
It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the
bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid.
MASS WASTING
Mass wasting is the movement of rock, soil and
regolith downward due to the action of gravity.
It is triggered by the following factors:
OVER-STEEPENED VEGETATION
WATER EARTHQUAKE
SLOPE REMOVAL
Rapid movements are Rainwater adds weight It is a vibration and also a The lack of vegetation
commonly found in steep and acts as a lubricant to factor that triggers mass cover to hold the loose
slopes while slow weathered material. wasting. particles.
movements are found on
gentle slopes.
TYPE OF MATERIAL
Debris, mud or earth If soil and regolith dominate.
Rock When a mass of bedrock break.
TYPE OF MOTION
Fall The free fall of detached individual pieces of any size.
Slide A distinct zone of weakness separating the slide material from the more
stable underlying material.
Flow Occurs when material moves down slope as a viscous fluid.
Classifications:
❑ Debris slide
❑ Debris flow
❑ Rock fall
❑ Soil creep
A slump is a type of
mass wasting that
results in the sliding of
coherent rock materials
along a curved surface.
The solifluction is the
slow downhill flow of
soil.
Earthflow is a
downslope viscous flow
of fine-grained materials
that have been
saturated with water and
moves under the pull of
gravity.
Mudflow occurs when
mud travels down a
slope very quickly.
The Mameyes mudflow disaster, in barrio Tibes,
Ponce, Puerto Rico.
A debris slide is a type
of slide characterized by
the chaotic movement of
rocks, soil, and debris
mixed with water and/or
ice.
A debris flow is a
moving mass of loose
mud, sand, soil, rock,
water and air that
travels down a slope
under the influence of
gravity.
Rock flow occurs when
pieces of rock break
loose from a steep rock
face or cliff.
Soil Creep is a slow,
gradual movement of
soil or regolith downhill
over time.
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Multiple Choice Questions on
Exogenic Processes
What are exogenic processes?
A. Processes occurring within the Earth's core
B. Processes taking place at or near the Earth’s surface
causing surface wear
C. Biological processes occurring in oceans
D. Atmospheric changes affecting the Earth’s surface
Answer: B
Multiple Choice Questions on
Exogenic Processes
Physical weathering involves:
A. Chemical breakdown of rocks
B. Biological activities only
C. Physical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces
D. Movement of tectonic plates
Answer: C
Multiple Choice Questions on
Exogenic Processes
Ice wedging in physical weathering is:
A. Melting of ice causing rock erosion
B. Water seeping into rocks, freezing, and expanding cracks
C. Ice glaciers moving rocks
D. Animals wedging through ice and breaking rocks
Answer: B
Multiple Choice Questions on
Exogenic Processes
Which of the following is an example of chemical weathering?
A. Growth of plants
B. Ice wedging
C. Water dissolving rock chemically
D. Abrasion by sand and rock
Answer: C
Multiple Choice Questions on
Exogenic Processes
Erosion by water can result in:
A. Changes in the shape of coastlines
B. Strengthening of rock formations
C. Formation of new mountains
D. Decrease in soil fertility
Answer: A