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Grade 7 Advanced Math Solutions

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11 views4 pages

Grade 7 Advanced Math Solutions

Uploaded by

wenwen.jin1999
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Advanced Mathematics (WS21) Prof.

Christoph Vanberg

Problem Set 1 - Answer Key


(One Variable Calculus)
S&B 2.1 (i) increasing everywhere, no maxima or minima; (ii) decreasing
everywhere, no maxima or minima; (iii) decreasing on (−∞, 0), increasing on
(0, ∞), global min at x0 = 0.; (iv) increasing everywhere, no maxima or min-
ima; (v) increasing on (−∞, −1/2) and (1/2, ∞), decreasing on (−1/2, 1/2),
local max at x0 = 1/2, local min at x00 = 1/2; (vi) decreasing on (−∞, 0),
increasing on (0, ∞), global min at x0 = 0

S&B 2.4 (a) D = R \ {1} because at x = 1 we would have a division by


zero. (b) D = (1, ∞) because for x = 1 we would have a division by zero
√
and for x < 1 we would be taking the of a negative number. (c) D = R
2
because x + 1 > 0 for all x ∈ R. (d) D = R \ {−1, 1} (division by zero) (e)
√
D = [−1, 1] because outside of this interval we would be taking the of a
negative number. (f) D = [−1, 1] \ {0} (same as d and e combined).

(
x2 x≥0
S&B 2.16 (a) f (x) = .
−x2 x<0

Continuous at x0 = 0 :

• To show: limx→0 f (x) = f (0) = 0, i.e. ∀ > 0∃δ > 0  x ∈ (−δ, +δ) ⇒
f (x) ∈ (−, +).
√
• Proof: Take any  > 0 and let δ = . Then if x ∈ (−δ, +δ),
f (y) ∈ (−δ 2 , +δ 2 ) = (−, +). Therefore limx→0 f (x) = f (0) and so f
is continuous at 0.

Differentiable at x0 = 0 :

• To show: limh→0 f (0+h)−f


h
(0)
= c (i.e. exists). Note that for all h 6= 0,
f (0+h)−f (0)
h
= |h|. Thus, we want to show that limh→0 |h| exists. We can
guess that limh→0 |h| = 0. To prove this, we need to show the following:
∀ > 0∃δ > 0  h ∈ (−δ, δ) ⇒ |h| ∈ (−, ).

• Proof: Take any  > 0 and let δ = . Then h ∈ (−δ, δ) ⇒ h ∈ (−, ) →


|h| ∈ (−, ). Thus limh→0 f (0+h)−f
h
(0)
= 0 and so f is differentiable at
0.

Page 1 of 4
Advanced Mathematics (WS21) Prof. Christoph Vanberg

(
x2 + 1 x≥0
S&B 2.16 (b) f (x) = 2
.
−x − 1 x < 0

Not continuous at x0 = 0:

• To show: It is not the case that limx→0 f (x) = f (0) = 1. Thus we want
the opposite of

∀ > 0∃δ > 0  x ∈ (−δ, δ) ⇒ f (x) ∈ (1 − , 1 + )

And this opposite is

∃ > 0  ∀δ > 0∃x ∈ (−δ, δ) for which f (x) ∈


/ (1 − , 1 + )

• Proof: Let  = 1. Take any δ > 0 and let x = −δ/2. Then f (x) =
−x2 − 1 < −1 and so f (x) ∈
/ (1 − , 1 + ) = (0, 2).

Not differentiable at x0 = 0:

(We already know that it cannot be differentiable because it is not continuous,


but let’s practice using our definitions anyway)
(
h h>0
• To show: Define g(h) = f (0+h)−f h
(0)
= 2
. (Note that
−h − h h < 0
g(h) is not defined at h = 0.) We want to show that limh→0 g(h) does
not exist. I.e. it is not true that ∃c ∈ R such that ∀ > 0∃δ > 0  h ∈
(−δ, δ) ⇒ g(h) ∈ (c − , c + ). That is:

∀c ∈ R∃ > 0  ∀δ > 0∃h ∈ (−δ, δ) with g(h) ∈


/ (c − , c + )

• Proof: Fix any c ∈ R. Then distinguish two cases:

– Suppose c > 1. Let  = 1/2. Take any δ > 0. Let h = min{δ/2, 1/2}.
Then h ∈ (−δ, δ) and g(h) ≤ 1/2 < c − .
– Suppose c < 1. Let  = 1/2. Take any δ > 0. Let h =
max{−δ/2, −1/2}. Then h ∈ (−δ, δ) and g(h) > 2 > c + .
f (0+h)−f (0)
Thus limh→0 h
does not exist and so f is not differentiable at
x0 = 0.

Page 2 of 4
Advanced Mathematics (WS21) Prof. Christoph Vanberg

(2) Using f (x) = |x| and x0 = 0 we have

(
|x0 + h| − |x0 | |h| −1 h < 0
g(h) = = =
h h +1 h > 0
Note that g(h) is not defined at h0 = 0. We are not concerned about this, as
it is not relevant for the question at hand: does it have a limit as we approach
h0 = 0? To see that it does not, begin with the definition:

Definition. Let f be a function in R and let x0 , c ∈ R. We say that c is the


limit of f (x) as x tends to x0 if for any  > 0 there exists a δ > 0 such that
x ∈ Bδ (x0 ), x 6= x0 ⇒ f (x) ∈ B (c).

Then write out what this would mean in our context: c is the limit of
g(h) as h tends to 0 if for any  > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that h ∈
(−δ, +δ), h 6= 0 ⇒ g(h) ∈ (c − , c + ). Now, suppose that such a limit does
exist (seeking a contradiction). Suppose c ≥ 0. Let  = 1/2. Then there
exists δ > 0 such that h ∈ (−δ, +δ), h 6= 0 ⇒ g(h) ∈ (c − 1/2, c + 1/2). Note
that −δ/2 ∈ (−δ, +δ). Then −1 = g(−δ/2) > c − 1/2 and so c < −1/2,
contradicting c ≥ 0. An analogous argument can be made if c ≤ 0 (where
g(δ/2) = 1 > c + 1/2). It follows that no c ∈ R satisfies the definition of
a limit of g(h) as h tends to h0 = 0. Hence the limit (and therefore the
derivative of f at x0 ) does not exist.

(3) To show: If f : D → R is differentiable at x0 ∈ D then f is continuous


at x0 . Again the first step is to look up the relevant definitions:

Definition. A function f : D → R is differentiable at x0 ∈ D if the limit


limh→0 f (x0 +h)−f
h
(x0 )
exists.

Definition. A function f : D → R is continuous at x0 ∈ D if limx→x0 f (x) =


f (x0 ).
Suppose that f satisfies the first of these definitions, i.e. limh→0 f (x0 +h)−f
h
(x0 )

exists. Call it c. Note that this immediately implies that f is defined at x0


(otherwise the expression of which we are taking a limit is not defined). We
want to show: limx→x0 f (x) = f (x0 ). Note that this is equivalent to showing

Page 3 of 4
Advanced Mathematics (WS21) Prof. Christoph Vanberg

that limx→x0 (f (x) − f (x0 )) = 0 (exercise: prove this). Let x = x0 + h. Then

lim (f (x) − f (x0 )) = lim (f (x0 + h) − f (x0 ))


x→x0 h→0
 
f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
= lim h ·
h→0 h
 
  f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
= lim h · lim
h→0 h→0 h
= 0·c=0

Page 4 of 4

Common questions

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The approach involves showing that for any proposed limit c, there exists an ε > 0 such that no δ > 0 could force g(h), the difference quotient, to stay within (c − ε, c + ε) for all h in (−δ, δ). Proofs such as those for f(x) = |x| use contradiction by separately considering cases for c > 0 and c < 0, demonstrating the impossibility of satisfying the limit definition at x0 = 0 .

Functions that are increasing on an interval have the property that for any two points x1 and x2 within the interval, if x1 < x2, then f(x1) ≤ f(x2). Conversely, functions that are decreasing exhibit the opposite behavior: for any points x1 and x2 within the interval where x1 < x2, f(x1) ≥ f(x2). Source 1 provides various examples, such as part (ii) indicating a function decreasing everywhere, and (iii) detailing where a function is decreasing on (−∞, 0) and increasing on (0, ∞).

Exercise #3 illustrates that if a function is differentiable at a point, it must also be continuous there. This is shown by acknowledging that differentiability (the existence of the derivative as per its definition) inherently brings the limit of the function value to coincide with the function's actual value, thus ensuring continuity as per the definition that lim(x→x0) f(x) = f(x0).

Differentiability at a point implies continuity because if a function f is differentiable at x0, then the limit lim(h→0) (f(x0+h)−f(x0))/h exists, which implies that f(x0+h) approaches f(x0) as h approaches 0. Therefore, lim(x→x0) f(x) = f(x0), satisfying the condition for continuity .

Determining the domain of a function is crucial in calculus as it defines the set of all permissible input values (x-values) for which the function is defined. This is important to avoid undefined expressions such as division by zero or taking the square root of a negative number. As seen in the document, part (a) specifies that the domain D excludes {1} to avoid division by zero .

Analyzing intervals of behavior such as increasing or decreasing sheds light on where local extrema occur and determines the shape of the function's graph. For instance, a transition from decreasing to increasing indicates a local minimum, while increasing to decreasing suggests a local maximum. The document's examples, such as problem (v), depict changing behaviors on different intervals, thus identifying specific points of local maxima and minima and assisting in understanding the overall profile and key features of the function's graph .

The proof demonstrates differentiability at x0 = 0 using the definition of a derivative, by showing that the limit of (f(0+h)−f(0))/h exists as h approaches 0. The key component is handling the absolute value of h, which shows lim(h→0) |h| = 0. The argument finds δ such that for every ε > 0, |h| is within the range (−ε, ε), concluding f is differentiable with a zero derivative at 0 .

Maximum and minimum values help describe the behavior of functions over certain intervals regarding their 'peaks' or 'valleys.' In the context of one-variable calculus, a local maximum occurs at a point if the function value at that point is greater than at nearby points, while a local minimum is lower. Global extremes are the absolute highest or lowest values over the entire domain. The document details examples such as in (v) where local maxima and minima are identified within different intervals .

A function is continuous at a point x0 if the limit as x approaches x0 of the function equals the function value at that point, i.e., lim(x→x0) f(x) = f(x0). This involves showing that for any ε > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that for all x in the neighborhood (−δ, δ), f(x) is within ε of f(x0).

To demonstrate that a function is not continuous at a point, one must show that there exists an ε > 0 such that for every δ > 0, there is an x within the interval (−δ, δ) for which the function value f(x) does not fall within ε of f(x0). For example, in S&B 2.16 (b), continuity fails at x0 = 0 because for ε = 1, we can always find a δ > 0 such that f(x) falls outside the interval (1 − ε, 1 + ε).

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