INDEX

S. No. NAME OF TOPIC Page No.

1. Index 1
2. Social Science Syllabus 2

Unit -1. India and the Contemporary World – II - Weightage 18 + 2 = 20 Marks

3. Ch- 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 3-11

4. Ch- 2. Nationalism in India + MAP 11-22

5. Ch- 3. The Making of a Global World (Subtopics: 1 to 1.3 -Pre-Modern World 22-24
to Conquest, Disease and trade)
6. Ch- 5. Print Culture and the Modern World 25-30

Unit-2. Contemporary India – II- Weightage 17 + 3 = 20 Marks

7. Ch- 1. Resources and Development 30-38

8. Ch- 2. Forest and Wildlife 38-43

9. Ch- 3. Water Resources + MAP 44-47

10. Ch- 4. Agriculture 48-51

11. Ch- 5. Minerals and Energy Resources + MAP 52-58

12. Ch- 6. Manufacturing Industries + MAP 59-63

13. Ch.-7. Lifelines of National Economy 63-65

Only MAP pointing to be evaluated in the Board Examination
Unit-3. Democratic Politics – II Weightage - 20 Marks
14. Ch- 1. Power Sharing 66-72
15. Ch- 2. Federalism 72-77
16. Ch- 3. Gender, Religion and Caste 77-82
17. Ch- 4. Political Parties 82-87
18. Ch- 5. Outcomes of Democracy 87-92

Unit-4. Understanding Economic Development Weightage - 20 Marks

19. Ch- 1. Development 92-96
20. Ch- 2. Sectors of the Indian Economy 96-102

21. Ch- 3. Money and Credit 103-110

22. Ch- 4. Globalization and the Indian Economy 110-112
To be evaluated in the Board Examination
• What is Globalization?
• Factors that have enabled Globalization
23 Previous Year Question Paper, Solved & Unsolved Sample Question Papers 113-170
• This study material is made for Class X Board Examination Only.

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 CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE SYLLABUS
CLASS – X (2024-25)
(Code No. 087)
HISTORY (INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD-II)
Chapter CHAPTER NAME Marks
No. allocated
1. Rise of Nationalism in Europe
18 + 2 map
2. Nationalism in India pointing

3. The Making of the Global World (Subtopics: 1 to 1.3 From Pre-Modern World
to Conquest, Disease and Trade)

4. The Age of Industrialisation (To be assessed as part of Periodic Assessment

only)
5. Print Culture and the Modern World

GEOGRAPHY (CONTEMPORARY INDIA-II)

1. Resources and Development
2. Forests and Wildlife
3. Water Resources 17 + 3 map
4. Agriculture
pointing
5. Mineral and Energy Resources
6. Manufacturing Industries
7. Lifelines of National Economy
(Only Map will be assessed in Board Exams)

POLITICAL SCIENCE (DEMOCRATIC POLITICS-II)

1. Power Sharing
2. Federalism
3. Gender, Religion and Caste 20
4. Political Parties
5. Outcomes of Democracy
ECONOMICS (UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)
1. Development
2. Sectors of Indian Econom
20
3. Money and Credit

4. Globalisation and Indian Economy

To be assessed in Board Exams
• What is Globalisation?
• Factors enabling globalisation
5. Consumer Rights (Project Work)

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 Chapter -1
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Topic suggested by CBSE under the chapter

• The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
• The Making of Nationalism in Europe
• The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
• The Making of Germany and Italy
• Visualizing the Nation
• Nationalism and Imperialism.

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IMPORTANT TERMS

1. Republic: It's a state where the supreme power is held by the people and their head of the state is
elected. Example: - Indian president is Indirectly elected and our Nation is known as Republic.
2. Democratic Republic: It is a form of government where in rulers are elected by the people.
3. Socialism: It is an economic theory, system or movement, where the production and distribution of
goods is done, owned and shared by the citizens of a society.
4. Absolute monarchy: It is a form of monarchy in which all governmental power and responsibilities
arise from a monarch. Louis XVI of France is the most famous example of absolute monarchy.
5. Aristocracy: A class or group of people believed to be superior (as in rank, wealth, or intellect).
6. Utopian: A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.
7. Nation-state: A large number of people of mainly common descent, language, history, inhabiting a
territory bounded by defined limits and forming a society under one government is called a nation.
8. Nationalism: Loyalty and devotion towards a nation and having feelings of collective identity.
9. Universal Suffrage: The right of all adult citizens to vote in an election.
10. Conservatism: Commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change or
innovation.
11. Ottoman Empire: Turkish empire ruled by the Khalipha (Caliph) - the spiritual and temporal head of
the Muslims.
12. Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.
13. Ethnic: It relates to a common racial, tribal or cultural origin or background that a community
identifies with or claims.
14. Allegory: When an abstract idea is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has
two meanings, one literal and one symbolic.
15. Romanticism: A cultural movement, which aimed at developing a particular form of national
sentiment and promoted a feeling of collective heritage as the basis of a nation.

IMPORTANT EVENTS
1707 Act of Union - Between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain.
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1789 The French Revolution occurred.
1797 Napoleon invades Italy: Napoleonic wars begin.
1801 Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
1804 Napoleonic Code or the Civil Code was introduced, abolishing privileges based on birth. Upheld
equality before law and secured the right to property.
1814-1815 Defeat of Napoleon by European powers-Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria.
1815 The European powers met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The treaty of Vienna
1821- Greek struggle for independence begins.
1848- Revolutions in Europe; artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolt against economic hardships;
middle classes demand constitutions and representative governments; Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles,
Czechs, etc. demand nation-states.
1859-1870- Unification of Italy.
1866-1871- Unification of Germany.

GIST OF THE LESSON

Nation (State):
A large number of people of mainly common descent, language, history, inhabiting a territory bounded
by defined limits and forming a society under one government is called a nation.

Frederic Sorrieu and his visualization:

In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints, visualizing his dream of a
world made up of “democratic and social republics”, as he called them.
In Sorrieu’s Utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through
their flags and national costumes.

The Making of Nationalism in Europe:

1. Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into Kingdom, duchies and cantons these divisions
were having their autonomous rulers.
2. Uses of different languages.
3. Rise of middle class.
4. Industrialization in England, emergence of a working class and liberalism.
5. New conservatism after 1815 and preservation of traditional institution.
6. After the defeat of Napoleon, the European government follows the spirit of conservatism.
7. Conservative regimes were autocratic. Revolutionaries at that time fought for liberty and freedom.
Example- Mazzini founded two underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then,
Young Europe in Berne.

Unification of Italy:
Giuseppe Mazzini had played an important role in the unification of Italy. He formed a secret society
called “Young Italy” in Marseilles, to spread his goals. He believed Italy could not continue to be a
patchwork of small states and had to be forged into a single unified republic. During 1830’s, Mazzini
sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. As uprisings in 1831 and
1848 had failed, the responsibility to unify Italy was led by Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler Emmanuel
II. Under Chief Minister Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in destroying the Austrian forces in
1859. Even Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the kingdom of the
two Sicilies and with the help of the local peasants, drove out the Spanish rulers. In 1861, Victor
Emmanuel II was proclaimed as King of United Italy.

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Unification of Germany:
In the 18th century, Germany was divided into a number of states. Some of these states ceased to exist
during the Napoleonic wars. At the end of the war, there were still 39 independent states in Germany.
Prussia was most powerful, dominated by big landlords known as Junkers.
1. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who had tried to unite the
different regions of the German federation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament.

2. In May 1848, a large number of political associations came together to vote for an all-German
National Assembly. Their representatives met at Frankfurt and the Frankfurt Assembly proposed the
unification of Germany as a constitutional monarchy under the King of Prussia as emperor.

3. Firstly, the King of Prussia rejected the offer and the liberal initiative of nation building was
repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy, the military and the “Junkers”.
4. After that Prussia under its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck led the movement for unification of
Germany. He followed the principle of “Blood and Iron”. Bismarck carried out this process with the
help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars over seven years with Denmark,
Austria and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification was
completed as a result of Prussia’s victory over France.
5. Consequently, on 18th January 1871, an assembly comprising of princes of German States,
representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in the Palace of
Versailles and proclaimed the Prussian King, Kaiser William, the new German Emperor.

Visualizing the Nation:

Marianne and Germania were both female allegories used by artists in the 19th century to represent the
nation.
1. In France she was named Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a
people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of liberty and republic. Marianne images
were marked on coins and stamps.
2. Instead of just having the idea of father land, they wanted to implant a suitable image in the minds of
the people. They invariably chose the mother figure symbolizing nations—Britannia- the symbol of
the British nation, Germania and Marianne reminding us of our concept of Matri Bhumi.
3. Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as
German oak stands for heroism. It was hung from the ceiling of St. Paul’s Church, where Frankfurt
Parliament was convened, to symbolize the liberal revolution.

Napoleonic Code of 1804 (Civil Code of 1804) :

1. The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth, establishing equality before
law and securing the right to property.
2. Administrative divisions were simplified.
3. Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues (abuse of
manorial lords).
4. In towns, guild restrictions were removed.
5. Transport and communication systems were improved.
6. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new found freedom.
7. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods in particular began to realize that uniform laws,
standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and
exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

Nationalism and Imperialism:

Last quarter of the 19th century nationalism became a narrow creed with limited ends, Intolerance
Balkan became the sense of big power rivalry Nationalism, aligned with imperialism cause of World
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War I. Idea of a Nationalism was now same everywhere. But concept of National State was accepted
universe.

LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- click here

2ND LINK (ANIMATED):- CLICK HERE

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. A ‘Utopian Society’ is
(i) a society under a benevolent monarchy
(ii) a society that is unlikely to ever exist
(iii) a society under the control of a chosen few wise men
(iv) a society under Parliamentary Democracy
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) only (d) (iii) only

2. Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?
(a) Britain (b) Russia
(c) Prussia (d) Switzerland

3. Nationality of the artist Frederic Sorrieu who visualised in his painting a society made up of
Democratic and Social Republic.
(a) German (b) Swiss
(c) French (d) American

4. Who made the famous remark, ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches a cold’?
(a) Metternich (b) Mazzini
(c) Garibaldi (d) Louis Philippe

5. The Treaty of Constantinople was signed in _______.

(a) 1835 (b) 1735
(c) 1834 (d) 1832

6. Giuseppe Mazzini founded the secret underground society named ‘Young Europe’ in
__________.
(a) Marseilles (b) Berne
(c) Vienna (d) Brussels

7. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to
power after signing the Treaty of _______.
(a) Vienna (b) Constantinople
(c) Marseilles (d) Prussia

8. Which of the following is true about Liberalism?

(a) Abolition of state-imposed restrictions
(b) Freedom of markets on the movement of goods and capital
(c) Options (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above

9. The first great revolution which gave the clear idea of nationalism with its core words:
‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ was:
(a) The Russian Revolution
(b) The French Revolution
(c) The American Revolution

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 (d) India’s First War of Independence

10. Read the statements and choose the correct option.

Assertion(A): Civil code of 1805 is also known as Napoleonic Code.
Reason(R): Napoleonic Code did away with all privileges based on birth, established
equality before the law and secured the right to property.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true

11. The painting “The Dream of worldwide Democratic and Social Republics” was prepared by
--------

(a) Giuseppe Mazzini (b) Frederic Sorrieu

(c) Henry Patullo (d) Duke Metternich

Answers of MCQ
1-C 2-D 3-C 4-A 5-D 6-B 7-A 8-C 9-B 10-D 11-B

Very Short Type Question:

1. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during
nineteenth century?
Answer: The strong demand of emerging middle class in Europe was freedom of markets and the
abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
2. What was Zollverein?
Answer: In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and was
joined by most of the German states.

3. What was the objective of Treaty of Vienna?

Answer: The aim was to reverse most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the

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 Napoleonic war. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution was
restored to power.
4. Why did weavers in Silesia revolt in 1845?
Answer: Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material
and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
5. What is an Allegory? State any one example to clarify the same.
Answer: Allegory: When an abstract idea for instance; greed, envy, freedom, liberty is expressed
through a person or a thing. It is symbolic.
Examples: Statue of Liberty, Marianne, Germania, etc.

Short Type Question:

1. Write a short note on “The role of women in nationalist struggles”.
Answer: The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the
liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.
Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers, and taken part in
political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied voting rights during the
election of the Assemble. When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul,
women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

Long Type Question:

1. Highlight the reasons for the growth of nationalist tensions in the Balkan region
before the First World War.
Answer: The reasons for the growth of the Nationalist tension in the Balkan region before the first
World war are highlighted below:
● The Balkan was the region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day
Romania, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Croatia, etc.
● A large part of the Balkan was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
● It was an explosive area due to the spread of the ideas of romantic Nationalism in Balkan and the
disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.
● The Empire was not even able to strengthen itself through modernization and internal reforms.
● The people of the Balkan claimed for independence and political rights using their nationality
and history to prove that they were an independent nation but were subjugated by a foreign power.
● The people struggled to define their identity and their Balkan area became an area of intense
conflict.
● At the same time the great European powers of Russia, England, Germany and Austro Hungary
were keen on capturing this area as it was important from the viewpoint of trade.
● This led to a series of War and finally became the cause of the first world war.

2. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more
efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Answer: The following changes were introduced by Napoleon to make the administrative
system more efficient in the territories ruled by him:
1. Civil Code of 1804 or the Napoleonic Code was issued. It abolished all privileges based on
birth. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
2. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions in the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and
Germany.
3. The feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues.
4. Guild restrictions were removed in towns.
5. Improvements were made in the transport and communication systems.
6. Uniform laws, standardized weights, and measures, and a common national currency was
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 introduced. It facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to
another. In view of the above reforms, it is stated that through a return to monarchy, Napoleon had,
no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field, he had incorporated
revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.

3. Describe any five measures which were introduced by the French Revolutionaries
to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer: French revolutionaries introduced various measures such as:
1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National
Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the
nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all
citizens within its territory.
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and
measures was adopted.
5. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became
the common language of the nation.
6. They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the
people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations.

4. Write a short note on the Greek War of Independence.

Answer: Greek War of Independence:
a. An event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the
Greek War of Independence.
b. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.
c. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West
Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
d. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization.
e. The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went to fight in the war.
f. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.
5. Explain the different stages of unification of Germany.
Ans. i. Germany was group of small states before its unification.
ii. The liberal initiative to Nation building failed and was taken over by Prussian empire.
iii. Otto von Bismarck was the chief architect in German Unification.
iv. He led three wars against Austria, Denmark and France which ended in Prussian victory.
v. In 1871 Prussian King William I, was declared German Emperor.

6. Briefly explain the unification of Italy.

Ans. Like Germany, Italy was also politically fragmented .
th
* During the middle of 19 century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia-
Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Prince.
• North was ruled by Austrian Habsburgs.
• Centre was under Pope.
• South was under the Bourbon kings of Spain.
Role of Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini made efforts to unite Italian Republic. He had formed the
secret society called Young Italy for achieving his goal
• Role of Count Cavour: He was the chief minister who led the movement to unite Italy. He
formed a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and defeated the Austrian Forces.

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 • Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi: Garibaldi also formed armed volunteers. In 1860, they marched
into south Italy and the kingdoms of two Sicilies and succeeded in driving out the Spanish
rulers.
In 1861 ,Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of united Italy
SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS:
1. Read the source given below and answer the following questions:-
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the
Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day
Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia
and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans
was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in
the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very
explosive. All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself
through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European
subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples
based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that
they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence
the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their
long lost independence.
1.1 Who were the Slavs? 1
1.2 How had the Ottoman Empire sought to strengthen its power? 1
1.3 What made the region of the Balkans to be described as explosive? 2
Answer of Source Based Questions
1.1 Inhabitants of Balkans
1.2 Through modernization and internal reforms
1.3 a. Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
b. Spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism

Chapter -2
Nationalism in India

Topic suggested by CBSE under the chapter

• First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
• Differing strands within the non-co-operation movement
• Towards Civil Disobedience
• The Sense of Collective Belonging

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IMPORTANT TERMS
Satyagraha: It means holding on to truth or truth force. It was a non-violent struggle introduced by
Gandhiji in the Indian National Movement. It persuades the opponent to understand the truth.
Champaran Movement: It was a movement of workers in the indigo plantations of the Champaran
district of Bihar. It was against the oppressive plantation system.
Kheda Movement: Crop failure and plague epidemic made the life of the farmers miserable in the
Kheda district of Gujarat. So, they started a movement under Gandhiji’s leadership with the demand for
a reduction in land revenue.
Mill workers Movement: Low wages and poor working conditions forced the mill workers of
Ahmedabad to start a movement under Gandhiji’s leadership in 1918.
Rowlatt Act: This Act gave the government the power to imprison any person without any trial for a
period of two years.
Khilafat Movement: It was a movement organized by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali [Ali brothers]
in order to protest against the injustice done to Turkey by Britain after the First World War. The Turkish
Sultan had the title of Caliph. The Muslims considered him as their spiritual leader. So, many Muslims
joined this movement.
Swaraj: It is a system in which the real political powers are in the hands of the elected representatives
of the people. At the same time, India will continue to be a part of the British Empire. It is similar to the
Dominion status.
Poorna Swaraj: It means complete freedom. India will cut all relations with the British and become a
sovereign democratic republic.
Hind Swaraj: It is a famous book written by Gandhiji. Gandhiji put forward the idea of non-co-
operation in this book.
Nagpur Congress: The Congress session was held at Nagpur in 1920. The Congress adopted the non-
co-operation programme in this session.
Justice Party: It was a party of non-Brahmins of Madras. It decided not to boycott council elections
during the period of the Non-Co-operation Movement.
Nai-dhobi bandh: The villagers of Awadh decided to boycott the landlords. So, they started Nai-dhobi
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bandh. The landlords were denied the services of barbers and washermen.
Swatantra Bharat: It was a slogan raised by the tribal’s during the Non-Co-operation Movement.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact: It was signed between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin on 5 March 1931. Gandhiji agreed
to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement. He also agreed to attend the Second Round Table
Conference. Irwin promised to release the political prisoners.
Separate Electorates: It is a system in which the members of a particular social group will elect its own
separate representative to the legislature. The other people of the area will elect another representative.
Poona Pact: It was signed between Gandhiji and Ambedkar in September 1932. Gandhiji brought an
end to his fast. He accepted the demand for reservation of seats for Dalits in the legislatures. Ambedkar
agreed to give up the demand for separate electorates.
Hindu Maha Sabha: It was a Hindu communal organization. It demanded special rights for the Hindus.
IMPORTANT EVENTS
• 1885 : The first meeting of the Indian National Congress in Bombay.
• 1917 : Mahatma Gandhi organized Satyagraha Movement in Kheda District (Gujarat).
• 1918 : Mahatma Gandhi organized Satyagraha Movement in Ahmedabad.
• 1919 : Rowlatt Act was Passed (It gave the government enormous power to repress political activities,
and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years).
• 10th April, 1919 : The police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession. Martial law was imposed.
• March, 1919 : Khilafat Committee founded in Bombay.
• 13th April, 1919 : Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place.
• September, 1920 : Congress Session in Calcutta- Decided to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in
support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.
• December, 1920 : Congress Session at Nagpur—A compromise was worked out and the Non-
cooperation programme was adopted.
• February, 1922 : Mahatma Gandhi decided to Withdraw Non-Cooperation Movement.
• January, 1923- Establishment of Swaraj Party by Motilal Nehru and [Link].
• 1928 : Simon Commission arrived in India.
• December, 1929 : Lahore Session of the Congress- Demand for Purna Swaraj.
• January 26,1930 : Celebrated as the Independence day.
• January 31,1930 : Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating 11 demands.
• April 6, 1930 : The salt march reached Dandi, Gandhiji violated the Salt Law.
• 1930 : Civil Disobedience Movement continues; Salt Satyagraha: Gandhi’s Dandi March; First Round
Table Conference.
• 1930 : Dr. B. R. Ambedkar established Depressed Classes Association.
• March 5, 1931 : Gandhi Irwin Pact was signed.
• December, 1931 : Gandhiji went for Second Round Table Conference.
• September, 1932 : Poona Pact between Gandhiji and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
• 1934 : Civil Disobedience Movement called off.
• 1937 : Election held for Provincial Assemblies.
• 1939 : Outbreak of the Second World War.

GIST OF THE LESSON

Nationalism in India:
The growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to anti- colonial movement. The congress
under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge groups together within one movement.
First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation:
1. National Movement was spreading in new areas in 1919 and incorporating new social groups and
developing new modes of struggle and since national feelings among the people of India.
2. Mahatma Gandhi came to India and The Idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the

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need to search for truth. The satyagrah movement was started with his two principle Truth and Non
violence.
3. He advocated that physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
4. In 1917, He travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the
oppressive plantation system.

The Idea of Satyagraha:

1. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January, 1915. His heroic fight for the Indians in South Africa
was well-known. His method of mass agitation known as Satyagraha had yielded good results.
2. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
3. In 1917, Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the
oppressive plantation system.
4. In 1917, crops field in Kheda district of Gujrat, but the government refused to remit land revenue
and insisted on its full collection.
5. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi intervened in a dispute between workers and mill owners of Ahmedabad.
He advised to workers to go on strike and to demand increase in wages.
6. Satyagraha brought Gandhiji into close touch with the workers in the urban areas.

The Rowlatt act:

1. When the Rowlatt act 1919, was passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative Council inspire
of unanimous opposition of the Indian members, Gandhiji’s patience comes to an end.
2. According to this act any person could be arrested and sent to jail for two years.
3. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
1. On 13 April 1919 a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jalliawalla Bagh.
2. People came to protest against government’s repressive measure while some came to attend the
annual Baisakhi fair.
3. General Dyer entered the area. Blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing
hundreds.
4. The government responded with brutal repression seeking to humiliate and terrorise people.
5. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and do Salaam (salute)
to all Sahibs.

Khilafat movement:
1. Rowlatt Satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to cities and
towns.
2. Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India.
3. But he was certain that no such movement could be organized without bringing the Hindus and
Muslims closer together.
4. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumors that a harsh
peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman Emperor, who was the spiritual head (Khalifa)
of the Islamic world.
5. The Muslims of India decided to force Britain to change her Turkish policy.
6. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began
discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhi ji
agreed to give his support for Khilafat movement because he wanted to unite both Hindu and Muslims
against British rule.

Why non-cooperation?
In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in
14 | P a g e
 India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation.

Differing strands within the movement:

In January 1921, the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began. In this movement, various social
groups participated, but the term meant different things to different people.

The Movement in The Towns:

Thousands of students left the government schools and colleges.
[Link] and teachers resigned and lawyers gave up the legal practices.
2. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras. Foreign goods were
boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign goods and clothes were burnt. The import of
foreign cloths was reduced.
3. The production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

Reason for slowdown of movement:

1. Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not buy it.
2. It was difficult for them to boycott mill made cloth.
3. It was felt difficult to boycott the English school and colleges for long in the Absence of
alternate Indian institutions.
Rebellion in the Countryside:
1. From the cities the Non-Cooperation movement spread to the countryside and took up the struggles
of the peasants and tribals.
2. In Awadh Sanyasi Baba Ram Ramchandra was leading the peasants against talukadar and
landlords.
3. This Peasants movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of Begar and social boycotts of
oppressive landlords.
4. This Peasants movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of Begar and social boycotts of
oppressive landlords.
5. Awadh kisan Sabha was setup headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra.
Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj in Gudem hills of
Andhra Pradesh.

Role of Alluri Sitaram Raju

In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant Guerrilla movement spread under the leadership of
Alluri Sitaram Raju. The spoke of Gandhiji’s greatness and his Non-Cooperation movement. He
persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. At the same time, he asserted that the Swaraj
could be attained with use of forces and not with the non-violence.

Swaraj in the Plantation:

1. For plantation workers freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the enclosures where
they were kept.
2. They were not allowed to leave tea garden without permission. When they heard of Non-Cooperation
Movement. They left the plantation and proceeded to their homes. But unfortunately, they never reached
their destination and were caught by the police.

Towards Civil Disobedience:

[Link] February 1922 Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-co-operation Movement because
he felt that the movement was taking a violent turn in Chouri Choura. Gandhiji wanted to train the
Satyagrahis for the mass movement.
2. Within the congress C R Das and Motilal Nehru found the Swaraj Party for return to council
politics.
15 | P a g e
 3. Due to the worldwide economic depression the life of the people was badly affected in India.
Agricultural prices started falling, export declined.

Simon Commission
Constituted under John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and
Suggest changes Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928 and it was greeted with the slogan ''Go
back Simon'' and showed Black flags.
• All parties including the Congress and the Muslim League participated. It was all white member
commission without any Indian members.

How Participants Saw the Movement:

1. The Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement. They became
enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement. But they were
deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931. So, when the movement was restarted
in 1932, many of them refused to participate. The poorer peasants joined a variety of radical
movements, often led by Socialists and Communists.
2. To organize business interests, the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the
Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927 were formed. The
industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience
Movement when it was first launched. Some of the industrial workers did participate in the Civil
Disobedience Movement. In 1930 and 1932, railway workers and dock workers were on strike.

The Limits of Civil Disobedience:

1. Many women went to jail.
2. All social groups were not attracted by the concept of Swaraj e.g. So, called DalitCongress had
ignored them for fear of offending high caste Hindus.
3. Gandhi ji called them Harijan. He believed that swaraj would not come for hundred years if
untouchability was not eliminated. He organized satyagraha to secure them entry into temples and
access to public well tanks, roads and schools.

The Sense of Collective Belonging:

1. Nationalist Movement Spreads when people belonging to different regions and communities begin
to develop a sense of collective belongingness. The identity of a nation is most often symbolized in a
figure or image.
2. The image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1870 when he
wrote ‘Vande Mataram ‘for our motherland. Indian folk songs and folk sung by bards played an
important role in making the idea of nationalism. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore and in Madras,
Natesa, Sastri collection of folk tales and songs, which led the movement for folk revival. During the
Swadeshi Movement, a tri-color (red, green and yellow) flag was designed in Bengal. It had eight
lotuses representing eight provinces and a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. Means of
creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. The nationalist writers urged
the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable
conditions of life under British rule.

VIDEO LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- CLICK HERE

2ND LINK(ANIMATED):- CLICKHERE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ( 1 Marks)

1. In which movement did Gandhi see an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of
a unified national movement :
(a) the oppressive plantation system in Champaran movement
(b) A satyagraha movement to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat
16 | P a g e
 (c) A nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919
(d) A non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj.
Ans: (d) A non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj.

2. Which pact resolved the issue of separate electorates for dalits between Gandhi and
Ambedkar in 1932?
(a) Lucknow pact (b) Nagpur pact (c) Poona pact (d) Surat pact
Ans: (c) Poona pact

3. Which one of the following is not true regarding the impact of the First World War on
India ?
(a) Defence expenditure resulted in increased taxes.
(b) Forced recruitment of soldiers was introduced in the villages
(c) Income tax was introduced and customs duties increased
(d) The hardships ended with the war as the British introduced the Rowlatt Act
Ans: (d) The hardships ended with the war as the British introduced the Rowlatt Act

4. Match the columns. Find out the correct option

Column A Column B
i. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (a) Depressed Classes Association
ii. B R Ambedkar (b) Famous image of Bharat Mata
iii. Abanindranath Tagore (c) The Folklore of South India
iv. NatesaSastri (d) Vande Mataram

(A) 1(d), 2(a), 3(b), 4(c) (B) 1(c), 2(b), 3(d), 4(a)
(C) 1(a), 2(d), 3(c), 4(b) (D) 1(c), 2(d), 3(a), 4(b)
Ans:: (A) 1(d), 2(a), 3(b), 4(c)

5. The resolution of Poorna Swaraj was adopted at which session of the Congress ?
(a) Karachi (b) Haripur (c) Lahore (d) Lucknow.
Ans: (a) Karachi
6. Which of the following was a cause for the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) Lack of coordination among the satyagrahi
(b) Outbreak of violence at Chauri Chaura.
(c) Gandhiji wanted to start Civil Disobedience
(d) Other nationalists persuaded Gandhiji
Ans: (b) Outbreak of violence at Chauri Chaura.

7. Who among the following were associated with ‘Swaraj Party’ formed during India’s freedom
struggle?
(a) C.R. Das and Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das
(c) Motilal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose (d) Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali
Ans: (b) Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das

8. Indians boycotted the Simon Commission because :

(a) It was an all-British Commission (b) It was formed in Britain
(c) It was set up to oppose the nationalist movement (d) None of these.
Ans: (a) It was an all-British Commission
17 | P a g e
9. Who among the following organised the dalits in the Depressed Classes Association in 1930?
(a) Gandhiji (b) Alluri Sitarm Raju (c) Kansi Ram (d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Ans: (d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

10. Assertion (A) :Gandhiji's idea of 'Satyagraha' emphasised the power of truth and the need to search
for truth.
Reason (R) :Gandhiji believed that a Satyagrahi could win the battle by appealing to the
conscience of the oppressor.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.
Ans:. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. Why did Indian leaders oppose Simon Commission?
Ans: Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928 .Its purpose was to look into the functioning of
constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But it did not have any Indian member.

2. What was Poona Pact?

Ans:It was a pact between B R Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi. It gave depressed classes reserved
seats in central provincial councils.

3. Why was Khilafat agitation started?

Ans: There were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was being imposed on Khalifa( Islamic spiritual head
). So to defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers khilafat committee was formed
4. What was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859?
Ans: Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea
gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARK)

1. What were the reasons to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement?
Ans:
(i) At ChauriChaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash
with the police.
(ii) He felt that Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass
struggles as the movement was turning violent at many places.
(iii) Some congress leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in
elections to the provincial councils.

2. Why did non-cooperation movement slowdown in cities?

Ans: This movement in the cities gradually slowed down due to some reasons.
(i) Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
(ii) There were no Indian alternatives to British institutes that could be used in place of those.
(iii) Students, teachers, lawyers started joining back government school, college, courts etc.

3. Explain the Salt March.

18 | P a g e
Ans: (i) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the Nation.
(ii) He sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin in which the most stirring was demand to abolish salt tax but
Irwin refused to accept these demands,
(iii) Gandhi started the salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.
(iv) the march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to a coastal town of
Dandi.
(v) On 6th April he reached Dandi and violated the law by manufacturing salt from sea water.
(vi) It marked the beginning of civil disobedience movement.

4. Explain the role of women in Civil Disobedience Movement.

Ans: (i) During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out and listen to him.
(ii) They participated in protest march, manufactured salt.
(iii) They picketed liquir shops and many went to jail.
(iv) They considered serving nation as their sacred duty.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

1. How did First World War created a new economic & political situation in India?
Ans:. The First World War (1914-1918) created a new political and economic situation.
India faced various problems during war period:
(i) Huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans.
(ii) Increase in taxes, Custom duties raised and income tax introduced.
(iii) Prices increased through the war years, doubled between 1913 to [Link] created hardship
for common people.
(iv) Forced recruitment in rural areas. This caused wide spread anger.
(v) During 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failure in many parts of India. It created shortage of
food.
(vi) 12 to 13 million people perished as result of famines and epidemic
(vii) Hardships did not end after the war was over.

2. How did different social groups join the Non-cooperation movement?

Ans:.(i)The Movement in the Towns
• It started with middle class participation in cities.
• Students, teachers, lawyers gave up studies, jobs, legal practices and joined movements.
• Council elections were boycotted.
• Foreign goods were boycotted.
• Liquor shops were picketed.
(ii) Movement in the countryside
• Peasants and tribals took over the struggle which turned violent gradually.
• The peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh against landlords and talukdars.
•Talukadars demanded high rents from peasants.
• Nai- Dhobi bandhs were organised.
• In 1920, the Oudh KisanSabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and
others
• AlluriSitaramRaju led the guerrilla warfare in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
• The rebels attacked police stations.
(iii) Swaraj in the Plantations
• For the plantation workers, Swaraj means moving freely.
19 | P a g e
 • They protested against the Inland Emigration Act (1859) which prevented them from leaving
the plantation without permission.
• Each group interpreted the term swaraj in their own ways.

3. How did business class participate in Civil disobedience movement?

Ans: (i) Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits during first world war and become
powerful.
(ii) So they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.
(iii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods.
(iv)They demanded a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
(v) They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the FICCI in 1927
to organise their business interests.
(vi) They gave financial assistance to the movement and refused to buy or sell imported goods.

4. “History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in
the making of nationalism”. Examine the statement
Ans: The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles.
(i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played role in making of
nationalism.
(ii) Image of Bharat Mata - The first image was created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay& painted
by Abanindranath Tagore.
(iii) Indian folklore - Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian
folklore.
• Nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk
songs and legends.
• They believed that these tales gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted
and damaged by outside forces.
• Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the
movement for folk revival.
• NatesaSastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of
Southern India.

(iv) Reinterpretation of history - Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through
reinterpretation of history.
• Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
• They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

[Link] the passage given below and answer the questions :
The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were
also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History
and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of
nationalism.
The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a figure or image. This helps create an image with
which people can identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism,
that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was
first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‘VandeMataram’ as a hymn to
the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi
20 | P a g e
movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous
image of Bharat Mata. In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm,
composed, divine and spiritual.

Answer the followings questions. 1+1+2

1. Which hymn to the mother land was widely sung during swadesh movements in Bengal?
2. How did the identity of India symbolise in a figure or image?
3. How did people of different communities, regions or language develop a sense of collective
belonging?

Answer
Ans: 1. ‘VandeMataram’ was widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.
Ans: 2. With the growth of nationalism in twentieth century, the identity of India came to be visually
associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created byBankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay Later Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata.
Ans:3. (i) The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles.
(ii) But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured
people’s
imagination.
(iii) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in
the making of nationalism.

Map based questions :-

1. On the out line map of india show the following:-

I. Congress sessions: • 1920 Calcutta • 1920 Nagpur • 1927 Madras session

II. Satyagraha movements: • Kheda
• Champaran
• Ahmedabad mill workers
• Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar)
• Dandi March (Dandi)

21 | P a g e
 Chapter -3
THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD

Topic suggested by CBSE under the chapter

• The Pre-Modern World
• Silk Routes Link the World
• Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato.

GIST OF THE LESSON

The Pre-Modern World
22 | P a g e
 The Pre-Modern World Globalisation refers to an economic system that has emerged in the last 50
years or so. But the making of the global world has a long history – of trade, of migration, of people in
search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests
and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment or to escape
persecution. As early as 3000 BCE, an active coastal trade linked the Indus Valley civilisations with
present-day West Asia.

Silk Routes Link the World

Silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of
the world. Several silk routes have been identified by historians, overland and sea, connecting vast
regions of Asia and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. In exchange for textiles and species
from India, precious metals – gold and silver – flowed from Europe to Asia.

Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato

Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange. New crops were introduced by traders
and travellers. Ready foodstuff such as noodles travelled west from China to
become spaghetti. Our ancestors were not familiar with common foods such as potatoes, soya,
groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on about five centuries ago. Many of our
common foods came from America’s original inhabitants – the American Indians.

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. The triangular trade route involved the exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and:
(a) Asia (b) Australia
(c) North America (d) South America
Answer: (c) North America
2. The Silk Route connected which two regions during ancient times?
(a) Europe and Asia (b) Africa and Asia
(c) North America and South America (d) Australia and Antarctica
Answer: (a) Europe and Asia
3. Thousands of people fled Europe for America in the 19th century due to
(a) poverty and widespread deadly diseases
(b) natural calamity
(c) outbreak of a war among nations
(d) outbreak of plague
Ans: (a) poverty and widespread deadly diseases

Read the statements and choose the correct option.

4. Assertion(A): Indus valley had no active foreign trade.
Reason(R): For more than a millenium cowries, the currency has been found in China and East
Africa.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true
Ans: (d) A is false but R is true
5. Assertion(A): Pre-modern trade and cultural exchange existed between distant regions
Reason(R): Chinese silk was transported through silk routes to western world.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
23 | P a g e
 (d) A is false but R is true
Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
6. Assertion(A): In ancient times there was a flow of precious metals from Europe to Asia.
Reason(R): Chinese pottery, Indian textiles and spices were sold to Africa and Europe.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true
Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Very Short Type Question:
1. Why did the travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travel vast distances from ancient
times?
OR
How were human societies interlinked in ancient times?
Answer: For knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution.
2. What were cowries?
Answer: Cowries were seashells, used as a currency in olden days.
3. Mention any four of our common foods that were not known to our ancestors until about
five centuries ago.
Answer: Potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes.

4. When did the great Irish potato famine take place and what were its results?
Answer: The Great Irish Potato Famine took place during 1845 to 1849. As a result, around
1,000,000 people died of starvation in Ireland, and double the number emigrated in search of
work.
5. Why did Europeans flee to America in the 19th Century? Give two reasons.
Answer: Poverty and hunger were common in Europe. Cities were crowded and deadly diseases
were widespread. Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted.
6. What do you mean by "El Dorado"?
Answer: "El Dorado" refers to a mythical city or empire believed to be located in the Americas,
particularly in the region of South America. The term "El Dorado" originated during the European
Age of Exploration in the 16th and 17th centuries when Spanish and other European explorers
sought legendary cities of immense wealth and gold.

Long Type Question:

1. How did silk route link the world?
OR
The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between
distant parts of the world. Explain.
Answer: (a) The name ‘silk routes’ points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes
along this route.
(b) Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea.
(c) These routes have helped knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe
and northern Africa.
(d) They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the
fifteenth century.
(e) Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting
points on the silk routes.
LINK OF THIS CHAPTER: - CLICKHERE

24 | P a g e
 Chapter -5
PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD
Topic suggested by CBSE under the chapter
• The First Printed Books
• Print Comes to Europe
• The Print Revolution and its Impact
• The Reading Mania
• The Nineteenth Century
• India and the World of Print
• Religious Reform and Public Debates
• New Forms of Publication
• Print and Censorship

IMPORTANT TERMS
● Vellum :- A parchment made from the skin of animals.
● Ulema :- Legal scholar of Islam and the sharia.
● Ballad :- A historical account or folk tales usually sung or recited.
● Taverns :- places where people gather to drink alcohol to be served food and to meet friends.
● Chapbook :- A term used to describe pocket size books that are sold by traveling pedlars called
Chapman.
● Novel :- Modern form of literature.

IMPORTANT EVENTS
768-770AD - Introduction Of hand printing technology Into Japan.
868AD - The oldest Japanese book. The diamond Sutra was printed.
1295- Marco Polo brought the knowledge of producing books with woodblocks to Europe. 1430-
25 | P a g e
Johann Gutenberg developed first well-known printing press.
1448- Gutenberg printed his first book The Bible.
1517- Martin Luther wrote 95 theses.
1713- Catholic priests printed the first Malayalam book.
Mid-16th century - Print comes to India, first printing press set up in Kolkata.
1812- Grimm brother in Germany published collection of traditional folk tales.
1871- Jyotiba Phule wrote gulamgiri about the injustices of the caste system.
1876 - Rash Sundari Devi wrote her autobiography Amar jiban.
1878- Vernacular press act was passed.
1907- Bal Gangadhar Tilak published kesar.
1938- Kashibaba published " Chote or bade ka seawall ".

GIST OF THE LESSON

THE PRINT REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT:
A new reading public Books flooded the market Content to include the common people into reading
group. Popular ballads were included Folk tales Books were illustrated with pictures.

RELIGIOUS DEBATE AND THE FEAR OF PRINTS:

Print introduced a new world of debate and discussion. Printed books are not welcomed by everyone
and many were apprehensive of the effects that the wider circulation of books could have on people’s
minds. There was a fear of spreading rebellious and irreligious thoughts. In 1517, the religious
reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety-Five Theses, criticising many of the practices and rituals of the
Roman Catholic Church. His textbook printed copy led to a division within the Church and to the
beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

THE READING MANIA:

In most parts of Europe, literacy rates went up through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Schools and literacy spread in European countries, due to which people wanted the production of more
books. Other forms of reading, mainly based on entertainment, began to reach ordinary readers. Books
were of various sizes, serving many different purposes and interests. From the early 18th century,
periodical press developed, which combined information related to current affairs with entertainment.
Journals and newspapers carried information related to wars, trade and developments in other places.
Issac Newton’s discoveries were published, which influenced scientifically-minded readers.

PRINT CULTURE AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

print culture created the conditions within which French revolution occured
1. Print popularised the ideas of enlightened thinkers .
2. Print created a new culture of dialogues and debates.
3. Outpouring of literature mocked the royalty and criticised their morality Print did not directly shape
their minds, but it did open up the possibility of thinking differently.

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

1. Women became an important reader as well as writers.
2. Power-driven cylindrical press by Richard M. Hoe Offset press was developed
which could print up to six colours at a time

Manuscripts Before the Age of Print

India is a country rich in old traditions of handwritten manuscripts – in Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian,

26 | P a g e
 as well as in various vernacular languages. These handwritten manuscripts were copied on palm leaves
or on handmade paper. The production of the manuscript continued well after the introduction of print.
It is considered highly expensive and fragile.

Print Comes to India

In the mid-sixteenth century, the first printing press came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries.
Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin, and in 1713 the first Malayalam
book was printed by them. The English press grew quite late in India, even though the English East
India Company began to import presses in the late seventeenth century. A weekly magazine named
the Bengal Gazette was edited by James Augustus Hickey. Advertisements were published by
Hickey and he also published a lot of gossip about the Company’s senior officials in India. By the
close of the eighteenth century, a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print.

RELIGIOUS REFORMS AND PUBLIC DEBATES:

In this course print not only spread the new ideas, but they shaped the nature of debate. Sambad
Kaumudi - Rammohan Roy, Samachar Chandrika - Hindu orthodox from 1821, Persian
newspaper Jam-I-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar Impact of print among Hindu and Muslims
Religious texts, therefore reached a very wide circle of people, encouraging discussions, debates and
controversies within and among different religions.

NEW FORM OF PUBLICATIONS:

The novel, a literary firm which had developed in Europe soon acquired distinctively Indian forms and
styles.
Other new literary forms such as lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political matters also
entered the world of reading.
Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced visual images for mass circulation.

WOMEN AND PRINTS

Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted Hindu conservatives believes that a literate
girl would be widowed.
Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Rama Bai wrote with passionate about the miserable lives of upper caste
Hindu women.
Vernacular press was devoted for education of women.

PRINT AND THE POOR PEOPLE

Very cheap small books were sold at crossroads Issues of caste discrimination began to be written
increased Involvement of people from working class in writing.

PRINT AND CENSORSHIP

BY 1820 - Calcutta supreme court Passed certain regulation to control press freedom 1835, governor
general Bentinck revised press law on request of editors of English and vernacular newspaper but after
the revolt of 1857, censorship Became strict vernacular press act, 1878 was passed.

LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- CLICKHERE

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which invention played a crucial role in the spread of print culture in Europe during the
15th century?
(a) Steam engine (b) Printing press (c) Telegraph (d) Radio
Answer: (b) Printing press
2. Who invented the printing press with movable type in Europe?
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 (a) Leonardo da Vinci (b) Johannes Gutenberg (c) Isaac Newton (d) Galileo Galilei
Answer: (b) Johannes Gutenberg
3. Which language was the first major European language to adopt printing?
(a) Latin (b) Greek (c) German (d) French
Answer: (c) German
4. Print culture had a profound impact on religious reformations in Europe, such as the
Protestant Reformation led by:
(a) Martin Luther (b) Henry VIII (c) John Calvin (d) Pope Leo X
Answer: (a) Martin Luther
5. The earliest kind of print technology was developed in _______, Japan and Korea, which
was a system of hand printing.
(a) India (b) Britain (c) China (d) Germany
Answer: (c) China
6. As Western powers established their outposts in China, _______ became the hub of the new
print culture.
(a) Shanghai (b) Beijing (c) Guangzhou (d) Hong Kong
Answer: (a) Shanghai

Very Short Type Question:

[Link] reason for the following:
(a)Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.
(b)Wood block print only came to Europe after 1295.
(c)Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for the liberty of speech, liberty of the press,
and freedom of association.

Answer:(a) Martin Luther was in favor of print and spoke out in praise of it primarily because
printing technology facilitated the rapid dissemination of his ideas and contributed significantly to
the success of the Protestant Reformation. By using the printing press, Luther could widely
distribute his theological writings, such as the Ninety-five Theses, challenging the authority of the
Catholic Church. This accessibility allowed Luther's ideas to reach a broader audience,
empowering individuals to interpret religious texts for themselves and ultimately fostering the
growth of Protestantism across Europe. Thus, Luther saw print as a powerful tool to reform the
Church and empower believers through direct access to religious teachings.

Answer:(b) Marco Polo, the Italian explorer, visited China and learnt the technology of
woodblock printing. When he returned to Italy in 1295, he brought this knowledge back with him.
Gradually this knowledge spread from Italy to other parts of Europe.

Answer:(c) Gandhi considered that the liberty of speech, liberty of press and freedom of
association were three most powerful vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion.
Therefore, he said the fight for Swaraj was a fight for liberty of speech, press, and freedom for
association.
2. Write short notes to show what you know about:
(a)The Vernacular Press Act
(b)The Gutenberg Press
Answer:(a) The Gutenberg Press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, revolutionized
printing by introducing movable metal type. This innovation allowed for faster, cheaper, and more
accurate printing of books and pamphlets. The Gutenberg Press played a pivotal role in spreading
knowledge, accelerating the Renaissance, and democratizing access to information across Europe.

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 Answer:(b) The Gutenberg Press, invented around 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany,
revolutionized printing with its movable type technology. This innovation allowed for faster and
more efficient production of books and pamphlets, democratizing access to knowledge and
significantly impacting the spread of ideas during the Renaissance and beyond.

Long Type Question:

1. Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.
Answer: Print culture played a crucial role in fostering the growth of nationalism in India by facilitating
the dissemination of ideas, promoting cultural unity, and mobilizing public opinion against British
colonial rule. Here’s how print culture assisted in the growth of nationalism:

1. Dissemination of Ideas: Print media, including newspapers, journals, and pamphlets, became
powerful tools for spreading nationalist ideologies and political awareness among Indians.
Nationalist leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Mahatma Gandhi used print to
articulate their visions of self-rule, critique colonial policies, and advocate for Indian interests.
2. Cultural Unity: Print culture helped forge a sense of shared identity and cultural unity among
diverse communities across India. Vernacular newspapers and publications played a crucial role in
promoting regional languages, literature, and traditions, while also connecting local movements to
the broader nationalist cause.
3. Mobilization and Organization: Newspapers such as "Bengal Gazette," "The Indian Mirror," and
"The Hindu" provided platforms for political debates, mobilization of public opinion, and
coordination of nationalist activities. They served as forums for discussing grievances, rallying
support for protests and boycotts, and coordinating resistance against oppressive colonial policies.
4. Education and Awareness: Print media contributed to the spread of education and literacy among
Indians. Vernacular newspapers and publications made political and social issues accessible to a
broader audience, empowering ordinary Indians to participate actively in the nationalist movement
and understand their rights and responsibilities.
5. Counteracting Colonial Narratives: British colonial authorities controlled the narrative through
their own publications and propaganda. Indian print media provided a counter-narrative, exposing
injustices, highlighting economic exploitation, and challenging colonial assumptions about Indian
culture and capabilities.
6. Impact on Political Thought: Print culture facilitated the exchange of ideas not only within India
but also with nationalist movements in other parts of the world. Indian intellectuals and leaders
were influenced by global movements for freedom and democracy, adapting and integrating these
ideas into the Indian nationalist discourse.

2. Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one
example from Europe and one from India.
Answer: The fear of easily available printed books stemmed from concerns about their potential to
spread controversial ideas, challenge established authorities, and disrupt social order. Here are
examples from both Europe and India:

Europe Example:
In Europe, one significant example of fear regarding printed books was during the Protestant
Reformation in the 16th century. Martin Luther's translation of the Bible into German and its
subsequent printing and distribution challenged the monopoly of the Roman Catholic Church over
religious interpretation. This led to fears among Catholic authorities that Luther's ideas, propagated

29 | P a g e
 through printed materials, would undermine the Church's authority, lead to religious dissent, and
cause social unrest.

India Example:
In India, during the British colonial period, the introduction of printing presses and the rise of
vernacular newspapers and publications also sparked fears among British authorities and
conservative Indian elites. These publications facilitated the dissemination of nationalist ideas,
critiques of colonial rule, and calls for self-governance. For example, newspapers like "The Hindu"
and "Bengal Gazette" became platforms for Indian nationalists to articulate their demands and
mobilize public opinion against British policies. This dissemination of nationalist sentiments
through print media was viewed as a threat to British colonial authority and raised fears of potential
unrest and challenges to British rule in India.

In both cases, the fear of easily available printed books was rooted in concerns about the power of
ideas to influence public opinion, challenge existing authority structures, and potentially destabilize
social and political order. These examples illustrate how the advent of print culture brought about
significant societal changes and provoked reactions from those who sought to maintain control over
information and discourse.

CHAPTER 1
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
Gist of the topics
Resources:-
Everything in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs - is technologically accessible,
economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

Problems associated with the resources:-

Following major problems have been seen while using resources-
1. Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a few individuals.
2. Accumulation of resources in a few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two
segments i.e. rich and poor.
3. It has led to global Ecological Crises Such As Global warming, Ozone Layer depletion,
environmental pollution and land degradation.

Sustainable Economic Development means: -

Development without damaging environment and compromising need of the future generation.

Resource Planning-
Resource planning is widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources is known as Resource
Planning.

Stages of Resource Planning in India- It involves-

(i)Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves
surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the
resources.
(ii)Evolving a Planning Structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and
institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(iii)Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
Resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate

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 technological development and institutional changes.

Land Resources
In India has land under a variety of relief features, namely; mountains, plateaus, plains

Land Utilisation
Land resources are used for the following purposes:
Forests
Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and wasteland
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses
(c) Fallow lands
(d) Other uncultivated lands (excluding fallow land)
(e) Net sown area

Land Use Pattern in India

1. The use of land is determined
2. Physical factors: such as topography, climate,
soil types

3. Human factors: such as population

density, technological capability and culture
and
tradition sectors

Land Degradation and Conservation Measures

Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying have contributed
significantly to land degradation. Mining sites leave deep scars and traces of over-burdening the
land. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water
pollution in many parts of the country.

Some of the ways through which we can solve the problems of land degradation are:
1. Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
2. Planting of shelter belts of plants.
3. Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
4. Proper management of waste lands.
5. Control of mining activities.
6. Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluent sand wastes after treatment.

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Soil as a Resource
[Link] is the most important renewable natural [Link] is the medium of plant growth and supports
different types of living organisms on the earth.

[Link] takes millions of years to form soil up to a few cms in depth. Various forces of nature such as
change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc.
contribute to the formation of soil.
[Link] rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time
are important factors in the formation of soil.
[Link] and organic changes which take place in the soil play an important role.
[Link] also consists of organic(humus)and inorganic materials.

Classification of Soils-
Alluvial Soils
1. The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil.
2. The Alluvial Soil is deposited by important Himalayan River systems –the Indus, the Ganga
and the Brahmaputra.
3. It is also found in Rajasthan, Gujarat and eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the
Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
4. The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. As we move inlands
towards the river valleys, soil particles appear to be bigger in size whereas in the upper side of
the river valley, the soils are coarse.
5. Based on age, Alluvial soils can be classified as:
Old Alluvial (Bangar)The Bangar soil has a higher concentration of kanker
nodules than the Khadar.
New Alluvial (Khadar): It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the
Bangar. Alluvial soils are very fertile. These soils contain an adequate proportion of
potash, phosphoric acid and lime, which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy,
wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.

Black Soil
1. This soil is black in colour and is also known as regur soil. Climatic conditions along with
the parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil.
2. The soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.
3. This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt)region spread over northwest Deccan
plateau and is made up of lava flows.
4. The soil covers the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh and extend in the south-east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.
5. The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. Clayey material and well-
known for their capacity to hold moisture.
6. Black soil is nutrients rich and contains calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash
and lime.
Red and Yellow Soils:
1. This type of soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and
southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
2. These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and
metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.
3. Found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Southern parts of the Middle Ganga plain and
along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.

Laterite Soil:
1. Develops under tropical and subtropical climate with the alternate wet and dry
season.
2. It the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain.
3. Lateritic soils are acidic (pH<6.0) in nature and generally deficient in plant nutrients.
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 This type of soil is found mostly in Southern states, Western Ghats region of
Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and North-east regions.
4. The soil supports deciduous and evergreen forests but humus poor.
5. This soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee.
Arid Soils:
1. Range from red to brown in colour.
[Link] sandy in texture and saline in nature.
[Link] humus and moisture.
[Link] lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content
downwards.
[Link] Kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water.
Forest Soils
1. These are found in the hilly and mountainous areas.
2. Texture is loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.
3. In the snow-covered areas of Himalayas, These soils experience denudation and are acidic with
low humus content. The soil is fertile on the river terraces and alluvial fans.
*The map below shows the different types of soils found in India.

Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation:

1. The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion.
2. The soil erosion is caused due to human activities like deforestation, over- grazing, construction
and mining etc. Some natural forces like wind, glacier and water which lead to soil erosion.
3. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies.
4. When water flows as a sheet over large areas down slope and the top soil is washed away, it is
known as sheet erosion.

Different Ways for Soil Conservation:

1. Ploughing along the contour lines decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.
This is called Contour Ploughing.
2. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. This type of agriculture practice is done in
Western and Central Himalayas.
[Link] a large field is divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow between
the crops. Then, this breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as Strip
Cropping.
4. Planting lines of trees to create shelter helps in the stabilization of sand dunes and in
stabilizing the desert of western India. Rows of such trees are called Shelter Belts.
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LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- ClICK HERE

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which one of the following soils is ideal for growing cotton?
(a) Regur soil (b) Laterite soil (c) Desert soil (d) Mountainous soil
Ans: Regur soil

2. Land left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year is called
(a) Culturable waste land (b) Current fallow land (c) Waste land (d) None of the above
Ans: Current fallow land

[Link] one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive cultivation (b) Deforestation (c) Over irrigation (d) Overgrazing
Ans: Over irrigation

[Link] planning is essential for _________ existence of all form of life

(a) Ecological balance (b) Exploitation (c) Sustainable (d) None of these
Ans : Sustainable

5. The first International Earth Summit was held in

(a) Geneva (b) New York (c) Japan (d) Rio de Janeiro
Ans: Rio de Janeiro

6. The most widespread relief feature of India is

(a) Mountains (b) Forests (c) Plains (d) Plateaus
Ans: Plains

[Link] red soil is red in colour because

(a) it is rich in humus. (b) it is rich in iron compounds. (c) it is derived from volcanic origin.(d) it is
rich in water.
Ans: it is rich in iron compounds
8. Which of the following statements about Agenda 21 is true?
a) It aims at achieving global sustainable development.
b) It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty and disease through global cooperation.
c) One of the major objectives of Agenda 21 is that every local government should not draw its own
local Agenda 21.
d) Option (a) and (b).
Ans: Option (a) and (b).

9. Soil is formed by the process of

(a) Denudation (b) Gradation (c) Weathering (d) Erosion
Ans: Weathering

10. Soil formed by intense leaching is

(a) Alluvial soil (b) Red soil (c) Laterite soil (d) Desert
Ans: Laterite soil
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11. In which one of the following States is terrace cultivation practised?
(a) Punjab (b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (c) Haryana (d) Uttarakhand
Ans: Uttarakhand

[Link] sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as:
(a) Net sown area (b) Forest cover (c) Waste land (d) Gross cropped area
Ans: Gross cropped area

13. Which of the following is not important for soil formation?

(a) Relief (b) Parent rock (c) Climate (d) Duration of day
Ans: Duration of day

14. The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and _______ energy but lacks water
resources.
a) Geothermal b) Hydro c) Wind d) Tidal
Ans: Wind
Question number 15-17 are assertion and reason based question. Choose the correct option from
the following.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true

15. Assertion (A): Resources are vital for human survival as well as for maintaining the quality of life.
Reason (R): It was believed that resources are free gifts of nature

Ans: A is true but R is false.

16. Assertion (A): Black soils are black in colour and are also known as regur soils.
Reason (R): Black soils are made up of lava flows
Ans: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

17. Assertion (A): Resource planning is an easy process in India.

Reason (R): Resource planning involves identification and inventory of resource across the regions of
the country.
Ans: A is false and R is true.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

[Link] two disadvantages of the redsoil.
Answer: (i) The soil lacks in nitrogen, organic and phosphoric acid contents and is less fertile.
(ii) Red soils are porous in nature but not retentive to moisture.
2. Why is it necessary to conserve resources?
Answer:Necessary to conserve resources because:
(i) Their irrational consumption and over utilisation have led to socio-economic and environmental
problems.
(ii) It takes million of years for the formation of natural resources.
(iii) Natural resources are available in fixed quantity and they are non – renewable.

35 | P a g e
3. “Planning of resources is very important for a country like India”. Justify by giving three
reasons.
Answer:
(i) India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. There are many regions which are rich
in certain type of resources but are deficient in some other resources.
(ii) The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits but
lacks in infrastructural development.
(iii) The states like Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh are rich in soil but lacks minerals.
4. Mention the factors on which the land- use pattern of India depends upon.
Answer:
The use of land is determined by physical as well as human factors.
(i) Physical factors: Topography, climate and soil types.
(ii) Human factors: Population density, technological capability, culture and traditions.
5. What are the methods adopted to solve the problems of land degradation?
Answer:
(i). Afforestation.
(ii). Proper management grazing land.
(iii). Planting of shelter belts in desert areas.
(iv). Control of overgrazing.
(v). Stabilization of sand dunes by growing theory bushes.
(vi). Proper management of waste lands.
(vii) Control on mining activities.
(viii) Proper discharge disposal of effluents waster after treatment can reduce land degradation.

6. Explain any three factors responsible for the formation of soil.

Answer: (i) Relief, parent rock or bedrock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are
important factors in the formation of soil.
(ii) Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers,
activities of decomposers, etc. contribute to the formation of soil.
(iii) Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil are equally important.
(iv) Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.
7. Describe the steps to control soil erosion in hilly areas?
Answer
The soil erosion in hilly areas can be controlled by:
(i) Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the
slopes.
(ii) Terrace cultivation: Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces which restricts erosion.
(iii) Strip cropping: Large fields are divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow between the
crops.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Mention any four characteristics of the black soil.
Answer:
(i) These have been formed due to withering of lava.
(if) The black soils are made of extremely fine materials, i.e., clayey materials.
(iii)These soils are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, potash and
lime.
(iv)These soils are generally poor in phosphoric content.
(v)The soil is well known for its capacity to hold moisture.

36 | P a g e
2. Which geographical factors are responsible for the evolution of black soil? Why is it considered
the most suitable for growing cotton?
Answer: (1) Climatic conditions like temperature, rainfall etc. along with present rock material are
important factors for making of black soil. The parent rock is volcanic rock.
(2) It is ideal for growing cotton because:
(i)It has capacity to hold moisture.
(ii)They are rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
(iii)This soil is also known as black cotton soil,
(iv) They develop deep cracks during hot weather.

3. Discuss the problems which have been caused due to over-utilisation of resources. Suggest any
two ways to save the resources.
Answer: (i) Depletion of resources: Over-utilisation has led to the depletion of the resources for
meeting the greed of a few individuals. For example, over-utilisation of petroleum products has led to a
situation where most of the countries of the world are facing energy crisis.
(ii) Concentration of resources: This has divided the society into ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ or the rich and
the poor.
(iii) Global ecological crisis : Over utilisation of resources has led to the global ecological crisis such as
global warming, depletion of ozone layer, pollution and land degradation.
Suggestions:
(i) Minimising wastage.
(ii) Use of renewable resources.
4. “The earth has enough resources to meet the need of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of
even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer: (i) Resources are vital for any developmental activity.
(ii) The irrational consumption and over utilization of resources may lead to socio economic and
environmental problems.
(iii) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources led to global ecological crises such as global warming,
environmental pollution, etc
(iv) The greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modem technology is the root cause
for resource depletion at the global level.
(v) If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continues, the future of
our planet is in danger.
(vi) There is need for sustainable development.
It means development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the
present shout not compromise with the need of future generations’.

Case Study Based Questions:

1 Read the following passage carefully. On the basis of passage answer the following question.
Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. It has importance in a country
like India, which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. There are regions which are
rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources. There are some regions
which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some
regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. For example, the states of Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh has
abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural development. The state of Rajasthan is very
well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources. The cold desert of Ladakh is
relatively isolated from the rest of the country. It has very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in
water, infrastructure and some vital minerals. This calls for balanced resource planning at the national,
state, regional and local levels.
[Link] is resource planning? 1
Ans judicious use of resources
37 | P a g e
[Link] two states rich in minerals and coal deposits? 1
Ans : Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
[Link] can we say the resources found in the Rajasthan are much beneficial? 2
Ans: (i) these are renewable.
(ii) These are in ample amount.

[Link] the following passage carefully. On the basis of passage answer the following question
Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-
burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to
mining have caused severe land degradation. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab,
Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging
leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. The mineral processing like grinding of
limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of
dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on
the land. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water
pollution in many parts of the country.
[Link] two states which are facing the problem of land degradation due to mining? 1
Ans: Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh
[Link] factor is responsible for increasing salinity and alkalinity in the soil in the Punjab? 1
Ans: water logging
3. How can we control water pollution? 2
Ans: (i) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in water.
(ii) recycling of waste water.

CHAPTER – 2
FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
INTRODUCTION
[Link] live with various type of animals and micro-organism. Also share resources like water,
soil and forest with them.
[Link] Biodiversity creates a balance in our environment.
3. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse
in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of
interdependencies.
Flora and Fauna in India
1. India have very rich biodiversity. Variety of species live here and some are only
found in India. India holds 8th rank in terms of biodiversity.
2. Our flora and fauna are under great stress mainly due to insensitivity to our
environment.
Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India
Conservation of forest and wildlife is very important for our future because it preserves the
ecological diversity and our life support systems – water, air and soil.
Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972. The central government also
announced several projects for protecting specific animals, which were gravely threatened,
including the tiger, the one horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul.
In 1991, for the first-time plants were also added to the list, starting with six species.
Types and Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources
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To protect our forest various programme laid down by our government. Forest are divided into
three categories-
(i) Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land has been declared
Reserved forests. Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the
conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.
(ii) Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest, as
declared by the Forest Department.
(iii) Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and wastelands belonging to both government
and private individuals and communities.
Distribution of Forest
1. Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests, constituting 75 per cent of its
total forest area.
2. Jammu and Kashmir,Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and
Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved forests of its total forest.
All North eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as
unclassed forests managed by local communities
Various movements of communities
1. Chipko movement-A movement started to protect forest and wildlife from being destroyed.
People used to hug the tree and protect them from wood cutters. It gain popularity under the
leadership of Sunder Lal Bahuguna.
2. Farmers and citizen’s groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown
that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals are
possible and economically viable.
[Link] India joint forest management (JFM) programme furnishes a good example for involving local
communities in the management and restoration of degraded. Firstly, launched in Odisha, by
protecting forest villager gets to use non timber forest produce.
Project Tiger
In 1973, the authorities realised that the tiger population had dwindled to 1,827 from an estimated
55,000 at the turn of the century.

Reason
The trade of tiger skins and the use of their bones in traditional medicines, especially in the Asian
countries left the tiger population on the verge of extinction.

Features: -
❖ One of the well-publicised wildlife campaigns in the world, was launched in 1973.
❖ Tiger conservation has been viewed not only as an effort to save an endangered species, but
with equal importance as a means of preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude.
❖ Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal,
Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan,
Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala are some of the tiger
reserves of India

LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- CLICK HERE

Multiple Choice Questions:

[Link] Buxa Tiger Reserve is seriously threatened by:

(a) Iron ore mining
(b) Oil exploration

39 | P a g e
(c) Dolomite mining in that area
(d) Volcanic eruption in that area
Ans: Dolomite mining in that area

2. The Himalayan yew is found in parts of:

(a) Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Punjab and Haryana
(c) West Bengal and Kerala
(d) Madhya Pradesh and Goa
Ans: Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh

3. Teak monoculture has damaged the natural forests in:

(a) Ganga Plain
(b) South India
(c) Brahmaputra Plain
(d) None of the above
Ans: South India

4. Which one of the following is not responsible for the decline in India’s biodiversity?
(a) Mining activities
(b) Hunting and poaching
(c) Forest fire
(d) Afforestation
Ans: Afforestation

[Link] need to conserve our forests and wildlife:

(a) to preserve the ecological diversity
(b) to preserve the genetic diversity
(e) for maintenance of aquatic biodiversity
(d) All the above
Ans: All the above

6. The Indian Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in:

(a) 1972
(b) 1971
(c) 2010
(d) 1982
Ans: 1972

[Link] one is considered as Primary Producers in an ecological system

(a) Forest
(b) Animals
(c) Sun
(d) Humans
Ans: Forest

8. Which of the following conservation strategies does not directly involve community
participation?
(a) Joint forest management
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chipko Movement
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries
Ans: Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries
9. .In which one the following states Periyar tiger reserves located?
(a) Kerala
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(b) Chhattisgarh
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) West Bengal
Ans: (a) Kerala
10. What was the aim of the Chipko movement?
(a) Human right
(b) Agriculture expansion
(c) Political rights
(d) Forest conservation
Answer: (d) forest conservation
11. Which is the first project for Wildlife Conservation in India?
a. Project Elephant
b. Project Tiger
c. Project Crocodile
d. None of these
Answer: Project Tiger

12. In which of the following tiger reserves have the local communities fought for conservation of
the forests?
(a) Manas Tiger Reserve
(b) Periyar Tiger Reserve
(c) Simlipal Bio Reserve
(d) Sariska Tiger Reserve
Ans: Sariska Tiger Reserve

13. Substantial parts of the tribal belts, especially in the Northeastern and ______, have been
deforested or degraded by shifting cultivation (Jhum), a type of ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
a) Central India
b) Western India
c) South India
d) Northwest India
Ans: Central India

14. Assertion (A): Forests play a key role in the ecological system.
Reason (R): Forests are the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.
Ans: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

15. Assertion (A): Neglect of our environment has led to the destruction and extinction of many
species of animals and plant life.
Reason (R): Decreasing Forest cover area is a major reason for the destruction of species
Ans :. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

16. Assertion (A): Destruction of forests and wildlife resulted into the loss of cultural diversity.
Reason (R): The conservation of forests and wildlife is essential to provide a better quality of life.
Ans. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

17. Which of the following animals were gravely threatened, and the Central Government
announced several projects for protecting them?
a) Kashmir stag
b) The Asiatic lion
c) One-horned rhinoceros
d) All of the above
Ans: All of the above

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SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
[Link] three major reasons for the depletion of forest cover.
Answer:
(i) Deforestation for agricultural purposes.
(ii) Shifting cultivation which is still practised in substantial parts of tribal belts.
(iii) Environmental pollution and forest fires have also led to depletion of forests.

2. Why do we need to conserve our biodiversity?

Answer:
Conservation of biodiversity is necessary because it:
(i).Preserves the ecological diversity.
(ii)Preserves our life support systems, i.e., water, air and soil.
(iii)Preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth and breeding of species.
(iv)Fisheries too are heavily dependent on the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity.

3. List various provisions made by “The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972” for protecting
habitats.
Answer:
(i)An All India list of protected species was published.
(ii)The thrust was on protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species by-
o banning hunting;
o giving legal protection to their habitats and
o restricting trade in wildlife.
LONG ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS
1. Write three examples of conservation of biodiversity at community level.
Answer:
Three examples of community participation:
(i) In ‘Sariska Tiger Reserve’, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife
Protection Act. In many areas, villagers themselves, are protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting
Government involvement.
(ii) The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar District of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of
forest as the ‘Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and regulations, which do
not allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.
(iii) The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas has successfully resisted deforestation and has
also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be a great success.

2. “Forests play a key role in the ecological system.” Highlight the value of forests in our life.
Answer:
(i) Forests play a key role in the ecological system as these are the primary producers on which all other
living beings depend.
(ii) Many Forests dependent communities directly depend on them for food, drink, medicine, culture,
spirituality etc.
(iii) Forest provide us timber.
(iv) Forests also provide bamboo, wood for fuel, grass, charcoal, fruits, flowers, etc.

3. “Grazing and fuel-wood collection are responsible for deforestation in India.” Support the
statement with suitable reasons
Answer:
(i) Overgrazing destroys the saplings and plants are tom out by the roots by animals.
(ii) Overgrazing also leads to soil erosion. Soil erosion is one of the important factors for deforestation.
(iii) While collecting fuel wood the locals also destroy the trees, which lead to deforestation.

4. What are the main objectives of JFM?

Answer:
(i) Under the Joint Forest Management programme, local communities are involved in the management
42 | P a g e
and restoration of degraded forests.
(ii) The major purpose of the JFM is to protect the forests from encroachments, grazing, theft and fire
and also to improve the forests in accordance with an approved Joint Forest Management plan.
(iii) In return, the members of these communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-timber
forest produces.
5. What are the disadvantages of deforestation?
Answer:
Consequences of deforestation include:
(i)Reduction in groundwater levels.
(ii)Exposing soil to heat and rain, leading to soil degradation.
(iii)Increased risk of flooding due to reduced water absorption.

Case Based Question

Conservation strategies are not new in our country. We often ignore that in India, forests are also home
to some of the traditional communities. In some areas of India, local communities are struggling to
conserve these habitats along with government officials, recognising that only this will secure their own
long-term livelihood. In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by
citing the Wildlife Protection Act. In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and
explicitly rejecting government involvement. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of
Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, declaring their
own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any
outside encroachments. The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has not only successfully
resisted deforestation in several areas but has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous
species can be enormously successful. Attempts to revive the traditional conservation methods or
developing new methods of ecological farming are now widespread. Farmers and citizen’s groups like
the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop
production without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable.

Q 1: How have local communities in Alwar, Rajasthan contributed to forest conservation?

1
Answer: In Alwar, Rajasthan, five villages declared 1,200 hectares of forest as Bhairodev Dakav
‘Sonchuri,’ creating rules to prohibit hunting and protect wildlife against external encroachments,
thereby preserving the habitat.

Q 2: What has the Chipko movement demonstrated about community afforestation?

1
Answer: The Chipko movement in the Himalayas has shown that community afforestation with
indigenous species can successfully resist deforestation and promote environmental conservation,
proving its effectiveness in several areas.

Q 3: What role have local communities and movements played in forest conservation and ecological
farming in India?
2
Answer: Local communities and movements in India, such as the Chipko movement, have successfully
resisted deforestation and promoted community afforestation with indigenous species. Initiatives like
the Beej Bachao Andolan and Navdanya have demonstrated that diversified crop production without
synthetic chemicals is both possible and economically viable.

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 CHAPTER-3
WATER RESOURCES

Dams- A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating
a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
Multipurpose project – A multipurpose project fulfils a variety of purposes at the same time, for
example - irrigation, generation of electricity, flood control, fish breeding, etc.
Multi-Purpose River Projects
Advantages:- Disadvantages:-
i. Electricity generation i. Affect natural flow and excessive sedimentation at the
ii. Irrigation bottom of the reservoir
iii. Water supply for ii. Submergence of natural vegetation
domestic and iii. Difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate
industrial uses iv. Large-scale displacement of local communities
iv. Flood control v. Unsuccessful in control of floods at the time of excessive rain
v. Recreation fall
vi. Inland navigation vi. induced earthquakes, caused water-borne diseases and pests
vii. Fish breeding vii. Inter-state water disputes
Water Scarcity- Shortage of water for a sustained period is called water scarcity.
Causes of Water Scarcity- growing population, growing demands for water, over exploitation, water
pollution, industrialisation and urbanization, commercialisation of agriculture.
Why do we need to conserve water?-to safeguard ourselves from health hazards, to ensure food
security, continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities and also to prevent degradation of our
natural ecosystems.
Rainwater harvesting – Rain water harvesting is collection and storage of rain water that runs off from
roof tops, parks, roads, open grounds, etc. This water runoff can be either stored or recharged into the
ground water.

‘Guls’ or ‘Kuls’- Diversion channel for agriculture in the hill and mountainous regions.
Khadins' and 'Johads'- Rain fed storage structures in agricultural fields that allow water to stand and
moisten the soil.
Bamboo Drip Irrigation- A type of irrigation where water gets dropped in the form of drops near the
roots of the plant mainly to conserve the moisture.
Inundation channels- In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate
their fields.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1Marks)

1. Which of the following is not the cause of water scarcity?

(a) Growing population (b) Expansion of irrigation facilities
(c) Industries (d) Water harvesting technique
2. Who proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Pt. JawaharLal Nehru
(c) Indira Gandhi (d) SardarVallabhBhai Patel
3. The main objective of rain water harvesting is?
(a) to reduce surface run off (b) to recharge the water table
(c) to avoid flooding of roads (d) all of these
4. Which of the following is not an adverse effect of dams?
(a) Inter-state water dispute (b) Excessive sedimentation of reservoir
(c) Displacement of population (d) Flood control
5. The diversion channels seen in the Western Himalayas are called:
(a) Guls or Kuls (b) Khadins (c) Johads (d) Recharge pits

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 6. Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multi purpose
river projects?
(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.
(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow helps to control floods.
(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.
(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.
7. The Narmada BachaoAndolan is associated with
(a) Sardar Sarovar Dam (b) Tehri Dam
(c) Hirakud Dam (d) Gandhi Sagar Dam
8. Which of the following is not a method of water harvesting used in Rajasthan?
(a) Johads (b) Khadins (c) Guls (d) Tanka
9. BhakraNangal River Valley Project is made on the river:
(a) Sutlej-Beas , (b) Ravi-Chenab , (c) Ganga , (d) Son
10. In the question given below there are two types of statements assertion (A) and
Reason(R) Read the statement and choose the correct option:
Assertion (A): Dams are called multipurpose projects
Reason (R) : Dams are now built not only for irrigation but for generation of electricity, water
supply for domestic use, flood control, recreation inland navigation and fish – breeding.
Options:
(a) Both a and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is correct but R is wrong.
(d) A is wrong but R is correct.

Ans. 1.d, 2.b, 3.d, 4.d, 5.a, 6.c, 7.a, 8.c, 9.a, 10.a

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. What is dam?
Ans.A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a
reservoir, lake or impoundment.
2. What is Rainwater harvesting?
Ans. Rain water harvesting is collection and storage of rain water that runs off from roof tops, parks,
roads, open grounds, etc. This water runoff can be either stored or recharged into the ground water.
3. How did people in West Bengal practice water harvesting?
Ans. People developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
4. Which are the two social movements that have been started against multi-purpose
projects?
Ans. 1. Narmada BachaoAndolan and 2. Tehri Dam Andolan.
5. Why was the Narmada BachaoAndolan started?
[Link] focused on environmental issue, rehabilitation of displaced people against the building of
SardarSarovar Dam.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1. Give any three causes of water scarcity.

Ans. growing population, growing demands for water, over exploitation, water pollution,
industrialisation and urbanization, commercialisation of agriculture.
2. Why multipurpose dam projects are called as ‘temples of modern’ India?
Ans. Economic prosperity-agriculture, urbanization, Promotion of tourism, Integrate the development of
agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialization
3. Why do we need to conserve water resources?
Ans. (i) to safeguard ourselves from health hazards,
(ii) to ensure food security,
45 | P a g e
(iii) forcontinuation of our livelihoods and productive activities and also to prevent degradation of our
natural ecosystems.
4. Why dams are now referred as multi-purpose projects?
Ans. (i) The uses of the impounded water are in integration with one another.
(ii) Dams are constructed to control flood, irrigation, generation of electricity.
(iii) Dams are constructed to conserve water, vegetation and soil.
(iv) It also helps to promote tourism.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

1. In recent years, multi-purpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny
and opposition – Why?
Ans. [Link] natural flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir
ii. Submergence of natural vegetation
iii. Difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate
iv. Large-scale displacement of local communities
v. Unsuccessful in control of floods at the time of excessive rain fall
vi. induced earthquakes, caused water-borne diseases and pests
2. Analyse the merits of multipurpose projects.
Ans. [Link] generation iv. Flood control
ii. Irrigation v. Recreation
iii. Water supply for domestic vi. Inland navigation
and industrial uses vii. Fish breeding
3. How are traditional rainwater harvesting methods being carried out to conserve water
resources in different regions? Explain with examples.
Ans.
i. Guls or Kuls in western Himalayas. iv. Khadins in Jaisalmer.
ii. Roof Top rain water harvesting in iv. Johads in Rajasthan.
Rajasthan. v. Tankas in arid region of Rajasthan.
iii. Inundation channels in Bengal.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS (4 Marks)

[Link] the content and give answer
Multi-purpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of many new environmental movements
like the ‘Narmada BachaoAndolan’ and the ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’ etc. Resistance to these projects has
primarily been due to the large-scale displacement of local communities. Local people often had to give
up their land, livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources for the greater good of the
nation. So, if the local people are not benefiting from such projects then who is benefited? Perhaps, the
landowners and large farmers, industrialists and few urban centres. Take the case of the landless in a
village – does he really gain from such a project?

(a) What was the reason behind Narmada BachaoAndolan?

(b) Who is benefited by multi-purpose projects?
(c) What is your opinion on resistance against large dam from local people. Write in your own
words.
Ans. (a) Displacement of local people on a large scale
(b) Zamindars and big farmers or industrialists and some urban centers
(c) The government should compensate the displaced people and make them partners in profit sharing.

46 | P a g e
Important Dams in the India-

47 | P a g e
 CHAPTER -4
AGRICULTURE

Cropping Seasons:

• Kharif- Grown with onset of monsoon, harvested in September-October, Crops-Rice

(Paddy), Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Tur, Cotton, Jute, Groundnut, Soyabean
• Rabi- Sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to
June.
Crops – Wheat, Barley, Peas, Gram, Mustard.
• Zaid- Between Kharif and Rabi seasons, short season,
Crops- watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables, and fodder crops
Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of the following is not correct about plantation farming?

(a) In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
(b) The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
(c) Plantations cover large tracts of land called estates.
(d) Farmers clear a patch of land by felling trees and burning them, to produce cereals and other food
crops.
Ans: (d)

2.. The three major cropping seasons of India are:

(a) Aus, Aman and Boro
(b) Rabi, Kharif and Zaid
(c) Baisakh, Paus and Chait
(d) None of the above
Ans: (b)

3. The main food crop of Rabi season is:

(a) Wheat
(b) Rice
(c) Maize
(d) Jowar
Ans: (a)

48 | P a g e
4. Which is the right condition for the growth of maize?
(a) Temperature between 21 °C to 27°C and old alluvial soil
(b) Temperature below 17°C and shallow black soil
(c) Temperature of 25°C and 200 cm of rainfall
(d) None of the above
Ans: (a)

5. Which of the following crops is a major source of protein in a vegetarian diet?

(a) Wheat
(b) Rice
(c) Pulses
(d) Oilseeds
Ans: (c)

6. Which of the following is known as golden fibre?

(a) Cotton
(b) Jute
(c) Hemp
(d) Sil
Ans: (b)

7. Which is the ideal condition for the growth of sugarcane?

(a) Temperature of 21°C to 27°C and an annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm
(b) Temperature below 17°C and 50 to 75 cm rainfall
(c) Temperature of 25°C and 200 cm of rainfall
(d) none of the above
Ans: (a)

8. Assertion (A) : Tea cultivation is a labour – intensive industry.

Reason (R): Cultivation can be done throughout the year. Tea bushes require warm and moist
frost- free climate.
Ans: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)

SHORT ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS

[Link] is the importance of agriculture in Indian economy?

Answer:
(i) India is an agricultural country.
(ii) Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on agriculture for its livelihood.
(iii) Agriculture is the main stay of India’s economy.
(iv) It produces several raw materials for industries

2. What is plantation agriculture?

Answer :
(i) Plantation farming is bush or tree farming.
(ii) It is a single crop farming of rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, coconut and fruits like apples, grapes,
oranges etc.
(iii). It is capital intensive and demands good managerial ability, technical know-how, sophisticated
machinery, fertilizers, irrigation and transport facilities.

3. What factors have hindered the pace of agricultural development in India?

Answer:
(i) Most of the farmers still depend upon monsoons.
(ii) Farmers still depend on natural fertilizer and manures and therefore the land does not gain fertility.
49 | P a g e
(iii) Indian farmers are still using outdated tools and implements and have not implemented the use of
modern farming machinery.
(iv) They are still using traditional methods of farming and have not made use of new technique of
farming, technical and institutional reforms.
(v) Division of land after every generation has led to fragments, allow of the land and small holdings
which have become uneconomic.

4. What are the cropping seasons are found in India?

Answer :
India has 3 cropping seasons Rabi, Kharif and Zaid.
(i)Rabi – Crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from april to
june. Some of the important crops are – wheat, barley, mustard, peas, grass.
(ii) Kharif – Crops are grown with the outset of monsoons and harvested in September – October.
Important crops are – paddy, maize, jowar, bazra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, ground nut, soya bean.
(iii)Zaid – Crops are grown between rabi and kharif, there is a short season during summer known as
Zaid season. Important crops are – watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.
Sugar cane takes almost a year to grow.

5. Give the characteristics of commercial farming?

Answer :
(i) Use of higher doses of modern inputs, that is high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers,
insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
(ii) Agriculture goods are mainly produced for sale.
(iii) The main crops are rice, millets, spices, cotton, etc. The farmer can sell them on commercial lines.
(iv) The degree of commercialization varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a
commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Orissa, it is subsistence farming

LONG ANSWE BASED QUESTIONS

1. Which crop is known as the “golden fiber” Explain two geographical

conditions essential for the cultivation of this crop. Mention any four
uses.
Answer:
Jute is called golden fiber.
Geographical conditions for its cultivation are as follows:
(i) Jute grows well in well-drained fertile soils of the flood plains where the soil
is renewed every year.
(ii) High temperature is required during the time of growth.
(iii) It grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains.
Uses:
(i)It can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yam, carpets and other artifacts.
(ii)Jute is used in the manufacture of fabrics, such as Hessian cloth, sacking, scrim, carpet backing cloth
(CBC), and canvas.
(iii)Hessian is lighter than sacking, and it is used for bags, wrappers, wall-coverings, upholstery, and
home furnishings.
(iv)Sacking, which is a fabric made of heavy jute fibers, has its use in the name.
2. Describe various technological and institutional reforms which led to the
Green Revolution in India.
Answer:
Institutional and technological reforms undertaken by the Government of India to improve agriculture
were:

A. Institutional Reforms:
[Link] Land Development Programme was initiated.
50 | P a g e
[Link] of crop insurance against drought, floods, cyclone, fire and disease was introduced.
[Link] Banks, Cooperative Societies and Banks were established for providing loan facilities to the
farmers at lower rates of interest.
iv -Kisan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced.
[Link], consolidation of holding, abolition of Zamindari etc. we’re given priority

B. Technological Reforms:
[Link] seeds, chemical fertilizer and pesticides were provided.
[Link] of irrigation were modernized.
[Link] agricultural equipment’s were introduced.
[Link] weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on radio and
television.

[Link] the government of India’s efforts to modernize agriculture.

Answer:
(i) Establishment of agricultural universities veterinary services and animal breeding centers.
(ii) Horticulture development research and development in the field of metrology and weather
forecast etc – have been given priority for improving India’s agriculture.
(iii) Improvement in the rural infrastructure, the basic system the country needs in order to work
properly (i.e) transport, communication and banking system.
(iv) Encouragement to the care of machines and chemical fertilizers, development of high
yielding varieties of seeds.
(v) The government has launched various schemes to protect and save plants from pests and
diseases.
(vi) Development of various kinds of tools and implements like factors, harvesters, thrashers etc.
have led to increased population and time, minimize chances of wastage, fire and rain destroying
the grains lying in the few fields.

LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- CLICKHERE

51 | P a g e
 CHAPTER-5
MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES

What is a Mineral?
Mineral is defined as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable
internal structure.”

Mode of Occurrence of Minerals

Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of
any mineral mixed with other elements. Minerals generally occur in the following forms:
• In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or
joints.
• In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers.
• The decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents also forms
the minerals.
• Minerals also occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills.
• The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals.

Energy resources can be classified as

[Link] Sources: It includes firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas
and electricity.
[Link]-Conventional Sources: It includes solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic
energy.

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IMPORTANT MAP LOCATIONS-

53 | P a g e
54 | P a g e
 LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- CLICKHERE

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used?
(a) Magnetite
(b) Pyrite
(c) Goethite
(d) Hematite
Answer: Hematite

2. Which one of the following minerals is not obtained from the veins and lodes?
(a) Tin
(b) Zinc
(c) Lead
(d) Gypsum
Answer: Gypsum

3. Koderma , in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which of the following minerals

(a) Bauxite
(b) Mica
(c) Iron ore
(d) Copper
Answer: Mica

4. India’s _______ deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the
plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
a) Bauxite
b) Iron Ore
c) Steel

55 | P a g e
d) Manganese
Answer: Bauxite

5. Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of which of the following rocks ?
(a) Sedimentary rocks
(b) Metamorphic rocks
(c) Igneous rocks
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Sedimentary rocks

6. The principal lignite reserves are found in ________, in Tamil Nadu and are used for the
generation of electricity.
a) Madurai
b) Vellore
c) Neyveli
d) Tuticorin
Answer: Neyveli

7. Majority of India’s petroleum production is from ______.

a) Mumbai High
b) Assam
c) Gujarat
d) None of the above
Answer: Mumbai High

8. Which one of the following minerals are formed by decomposition of rocks , leaving a residual
mass of weathered material ?
(a) Coal
(b) Bauxite
(c) Gold
(d) Zinc
Answer: Bauxite

9. Gold, silver and platinum are examples of ______.

a) Ferrous minerals
b) Non-ferrous minerals
c) Precious minerals
d) Non-metallic minerals
Answer: Precious minerals

10. Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat and
_________ have most of the petroleum deposits.
a) Madhya Pradesh
b) Telangana
c) Assam
d) Maharashtra
Answer: Assam

SHORT ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS

[Link] are the uses of copper? Name the two leading copper producing states of India.
Answer
Uses of copper:
(i) In manufacturing electrical cables.
(ii) In electronic industries.
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(iii) In chemical industries.
The two leading copper producing states of India are Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

[Link] is conservation of mineral resources essential?

Reasons for Conservation:
(i)The strong dependence of industry and agriculture upon minerals.
(ii)The process of mineral formation is slow.
(iii)They are non-renewable.
(iv)They are limited in quantity.

[Link] is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development. As concerned

citizens, how can you help to conserve energy?
Answer:
(i) Promotion of energy conservation.
(ii)Increased use of renewable energy sources. As concerned citizens we can do our bit by:
(iii)Using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
(iv)Switching off electricity when not in use.
(v)Using power–saving devices.
(vi)Using non-conventional sources of energy.

LONG ANSER BASED QUESTIONS

[Link] does solar energy have a bright future in India?
Ans.
i. India is a tropical country and gets abundant sunshine.
ii. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy
iii. It is an inexhaustible source of energy which is freely available in nature.
iv. It is a cheaper source of energy and is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas
v. Photovoltaic technology is available which converts sunlight directly into electricity.

2.“Minerals are unevenly distributed in India.’’ Support the statement with examples.
Ans. i. Minerals are unevenly distributed in various regions of India.
ii. Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other non-
metallic minerals.
iii. Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam have
most of the petroleum deposits.
iv. Rajasthan with the rock systems of the peninsula, has reserves of many non-ferrous minerals.
v. The vast alluvial plains of North India are almost devoid of economic minerals.

3. “Minerals are indispensible part of our lives’. Support the statement with examples.
Answer
Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives:
(i)Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from
minerals.
(ii)The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made
from minerals.
(iii)Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived
from the earth.
(iv)Even the food that we eat contains minerals.
(v) In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration,
festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.

Case Based Questions

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[Link] the content and give answer :
Electricity has such a wide range of applications in today’s world that, its per-capita consumption is
considered as an index of development. Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water
which drives hydro turbines to generate hydroelectricity; and by burning other fuels such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power. Once generated the electricity is
exactly the same. Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing water, which is a renewable resource.
India has a number of multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra-Nangal, Damodar Valley corporation, the
Kopili Hydel Project etc. producing hydroelectric power. Thermal electricity is generated by using coal,
petroleum and natural gas. The thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating
electricity.
(i) How hydro electricity is generated? 1
Ans. Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing water.
(ii) How does thermal power stations generate electricity? 1
Ans : Thermal electricity is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas.
(iii) What are the two ways to generate electricity? 2
Ans: By running water and burning other fuels as coal.

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 CHAPTER-6
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Industrial Location
Industrial locations are influenced by the availability of:
i. Raw material ii. Labour iii. Capital iv. Power v. Transport & communication
vi. Market vii. Water viii. Government policies

Control of Environmental Degradation-

Here are some ways through which industrial pollution can be reduced:
1. Minimising the use of water by reusing and recycling it.
2. Harvesting rain water to meet water requirements.
3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in river sand ponds.
4. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to
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 factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial
separators.
5. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
Machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

MAP SKILLS-

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 LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- CLICKHERE

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of the following is not a raw material used in the Iron and Steel industry?
a. Limestone
b. Coal
c. Iron Ore
d. Uranium
Answer : Uranium

2. Which of the following is an example of a cottage industry?

a. Textile Industry
b. Sugar Industry
c. Handloom Industry
d. Electronic Industry
Answer: Handloom Industry

3. Which of the following is not a factor affecting the location of an industry?

a. Availability of raw materials
b. Unavailability to markets
c. Availability of labour
d. Climate
Answer: Unavailability to markets

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4. Which of the following measures the government takes to promote industries in backward
areas?
a. Tax concessions
b. Infrastructure development
c. Subsidies
d. All of the above
Answer: All of the above

5. Which of the following is a plant in Chhattisgarh that manufactures Steel?

a. TISCO
b. Bhilai Steel Plant
c. Bokaro Steel Plant
d. Rourkela Steel Plant
Answer: Bhilai Steel Plant

SHORT ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS

1.“Manufacturing industry is considered the backbone of economic development of India.” Give
reasons.
Answer:
Importance of manufacturing industries for India:
(i)It helps in modernizing agriculture, which is the base of our economy.
(ii)It reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in non-agricultural sectors.
(iii)Industrial development is necessary for eradication of poverty and unemployment because people
get jobs and generate more income.
(iv)Export of manufactured goods expands trade and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

2.“Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other, but move hand in hand.” Give
arguments in favour of this statement.
Answer:
(i) Agro-industries in India have boosted agriculture by raising its productivity.
(ii)Industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials, e.g. cotton textile industry.
(iii)Industries provide many agricultural inputs like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, PVC
pipes, machines and tools etc. to the farmers.
(iv)Manufacturing industries have assisted agriculturists to increase their production and also made the
production processes very efficient.
(v)Development of different modes of transport by industrial sector has not only helped farmers to
obtain agricultural inputs but has also helped them trade their products.

3. List the major factors which affect the location of an industry at a place. What is the key to the
decision of ‘factory location’?
Answer:
(i) Raw material. Cheap and abundant availability of raw material. Industries which use heavy and
perishable raw material have to be located close to the source of raw material.
(ii) Labour. Availability of cheap labour is necessary for keeping the cost of production low.
(iii) Power. Cheap and continuous supply of power is extremely necessary for continuity in the
production process.
(iv)Capital. It is necessary for developing infrastructure, for the entire manufacturing process and for
meeting manufacturing expenditure.
(v)Banking and insurance facilities, favourable government policies are other factors which affect
location of an industry.

LONG ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS

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1. Explain the main factors which are responsible for the concentration of jute mills along the
banks of Hugli river.
Answer:
Factors responsible for the concentration of jute industry on the banks of Hugli:
(i)Proximity of the jute producing areas to the Hugli Basin.
(ii)Inexpensive water transport provided by the Hugli river.
(iii)It is well connected by a good network of railways, waterways and roadways to facilitate movement
of raw materials to the mills.
(iv)Abundant water for processing raw jute.
(v)Availability of cheap labour from West Bengal and the adjoining States of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar
Pradesh.
(vi)Kolkata as a port and large urban centre, provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of
jute goods.
[Link] are sugar mills shifting and concentrating in southern and western State of India? Give
reasons.
Answer:
Sugar Industry is shifting towards southern and western States, because:
(i)Cane produced here has higher sucrose content.
(ii)The favourable climatic conditions (cooler climate) ensure a longer growing and crushing season.
(iii)The Cooperatives are more successful in these States and sugar industry being seasonal in nature, is
ideally suited to cooperative sector.
(iv)Yield per hectare is higher in southern States.

3. Why is iron and steel industry called the basic or key industry? Explain.
Answer:
(i)Since all the other industries- heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
(ii)Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods.
(iii)Steel is needed for construction material, defence and medical equipments.
(iv)Steel is needed for telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
(v)Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.

CHAPTER- 7
LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

As per CBSE syllabus only Map work will be evaluated from this chapter.

MAJOR AIRPORTS AND SEA PORTS OF INDIA-

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LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- CLICKHERE

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 Chapter-1
POWER SHARING

1. In every nation, diverse communities and social groups live together. They may live in harmony
with each other or alternatively, diversities among communities may become a perpetual source
of conflict and fighting among them.
Examples-Belgium, where different communities live in harmony
-Sri Lanka, where different communities are engaged in a civil war.
2. Belgium adopted a political system in which different communities share power and the
government takes into consideration the interest of different communities while conducting the
affairs of the state. There is harmony and the country is marching ahead on the road to prosperity.
3. Sri Lanka gave preference to majoritarianism, the majority community chose to play rough with the
minority community .All the political power came to be concentrated with the majority group. Sri
Lanka has been faced with a civil war for long. It has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural
and economic life of the country.
4. Power sharing is favoured due to number of reasons .These reasons can be divided into two groups
(i) Prudential reasons (ii) Moral reasons.
While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes, moral reasons
emphasise the very act of power sharing as valuable.

5. In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements can take many forms.

→ Horizontal distribution of power: Power is shared among different organs of government, such
as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Example: India.
→ Federal Government (Vertical distribution of power): Power can be shared among governments
at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the
provincial or regional level. Example: USA.
→ Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic
groups. Example: ‘Community government’ in Belgium.
→ Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and
movements control or influence those in power.

❖ Why power sharing is desirable?

• Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
• Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
→ A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to
live with its effects.

LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- CLICKHERE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 How many people speak French and Dutch in the capital city of Brussels?
a) 60 percent French 40 percent Dutch
b) 50% Dutch 50% French
c) 80% French 20% Dutch
d) 80% Dutch 20% French
Ans.C) 80% French 20% Dutch

Q.2 How many times leaders of Belgium amended their constitution?

A) Two times
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B) Three times
C) Four times
d) Since time
Ans.C) Four times

Q.3 Which one of the following is correct regarding power sharing?

A) It leads to conflict between different groups.
B) It ensures the stability of the country.
C) It helps to reduce the conflict between different groups.
a) Only A is true b) Only B is true
c) Both A and B are true d) Both B and C are true
Ans. d) Both B and C are true

Q.4 Which was the only official language of Sri Lanka?

a) Tamil (b) Malyalam
c) Sinhala (d) none of the mention above
Ans. c) Sinhala

Q.5 Which community was rich and powerful in Belgium?

a) German (b) French
c) Dutch (d) none of the mention above
Ans. (b) French

Q.6 Two languages among the following are prominently spoken by Belgium nationals.
(a) Dutch and French
(b) French and English
(c) Russian and Dutch
(d) Russian and French
Ans-(a) Dutch and French

Q.7 Which of the following is the capital city of Belgium?

(a) Brussels
(b) Bruges
(c) Ghent
(d) Antwerp
Ans-(a) Brussels

Q.8. Belgium shares borders with Germany, the Netherlands,

Luxembourg and ______ .
(a) England
(b) Norway
(c) France
(d) Italy
Ans-(c) France

[Link] constitution of Belgium prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers
______ in the central government.
(a) Dutch-speaking shall be more
(b) French-speaking shall be more
(c) Shall be equal
(d) None of these
Ans-(c) Shall be equal

Q.10. One of the following communities constituted a majority in Brussels.

(a) French-speaking
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(b) Dutch-speaking
(c) German-speaking
(d) None of these
Ans-(a) French-speaking

Q.11 What percentage of Belgium’s population live in the Flemish region.

(a) 40%
(b) 30%
(c) 59%
(d) 50%
Ans-(c) 59%

Q.12 One of the following is a major ethnic group of Sri Lanka?

(a) Christian and Tamil
(b) Sinhala and Tamil
(c) Buddhist and Hindu
(d) Sinhala and Christian
Ans-(b) Sinhala and Tamil

Q.13 When did Sri Lanka emerge as an independent country?

(a) 1948
(b) 1947
(c) 1949
(d) 1950
Ans-(a) 1948

Q.14 the following in the correct sequence:

(i) An act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the official language.
(ii) Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country.
(iii) A civil war broken out
(iv) Several political parties were formed demanding an independent Tamil state.
(a) (i),(ii),(iv),(iii)
(b) (ii),(i),(iv),(iii)
(c) (ii),(i),(iii),(iv)
(d) (i),(ii),(iii),(iv)
Ans-(b) (ii),(i),(iv),(iii)
Q15. What is the percentage of Sinhala-speaking people in Sri Lanka?
(a) 74%
(b) 75%
(c) 14%
(d) 19%
Ans-(a) 74%

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VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:-
Q.1. What is Majoritarianism?
Ans. A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whatever way it wants, by
disregarding the wishes and needs of the minorities.

Q.2 Mention one step which was taken by Sri Lankan Government to create Majoritarianism.
Ans. In 1956, an act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the official language.

Q.3. State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing from the Indian context.
Ans. India is a multinational society and India is a democratic country.

[Link] the country which has lost peace due to Majoritarianism.

Ans. Sri Lanka.

Q.5. Who elects the community government in Belgium?

Ans. People belonging to one language community-Dutch, French and German .

Q.6. Name two subgroups of Tamils in Sri Lanka.

Ans. Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Origin Tamils.

Q.7 What is the system of checks and balances of power sharing?

Ans. Under this system, one organ of the government keeps the check over other. None of the organs
can exercise unlimited power.

Q.8 State two main bases of the social divisions in Sri Lanka.
Ans. Religion and Language

Q.9. Who formed majority in terms of population in Sri Lanka?

Ans. Sinhalese Buddhist formed majority.

Q10. Who formed majority in terms of population in Belgium?

Ans. The Dutch formed majority

Q11. In which year, Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country?

Ans. 4 February, 1948

Q12. What is the linguistic composition of Belgium?

Ans. 59% people speak Dutch, 40% people speak French and 1% people speak German.

Q13. What do you mean by federal division of power?

Ans. Power shared at different levels of government

Q14. Name the community that is relatively rich and powerful in Belgium.
Ans. French minority community

Q15. What does the word ethnic refer to?

Ans. It refers to a social division based on shared culture.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:-

Q.1 Describe three demands of Sri Lankan Tamils. How did they struggle for their independence?
Ans. a) Recognition of Tamil as an official language.
b) Regional autonomy
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c) Equal opportunity in securing jobs and education.
They formed several political organizations, but when the government tried to suppress their activities
by force, this led to civil war

Q2. Write down the features of Horizontal division of power sharing.

Ans. Horizontal Division of power, in which power is shared among different organs of the government
like legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
a) Different organs of the government exercise the power.
b) It specifies the concept of check and balance.
c) It ensures the concept of the expansion of the democracy.
d) Examples: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary are the organs Government of India .

Q.3 Write Down the features of Vertical division of power sharing.

Ans. In vertical division of Power Sharing power is shared among the different levels of the government
like Union Government, state government and Lower levels.
a) Different levels of the government exercise the power of the government.
b) No specification of the system of checks and balance.
c) It ensures the concept of deepening of democracy.
d) Central Government, State Government and Panchayat Raj are the example of the Vertical division of
Power Sharing.

[Link] is the reason for tension in Belgium?

Ans. a) The Dutch form 59%, the French form 40% and the German about 1% comprises the population
of Belgium.
b) The French community is in majority in the capital of Belgium,
Brussels.
c) They are rich and powerful and this is not liked by the Dutch.
d) The Dutch speaking community got the benefit of economic development and education much later
showed the resentment.
e) This led to conflict between French and Dutch speaking people.

Q5. What is power sharing?

Ans. Power sharing is a strategy wherein all the major segments of the society are provided with a
permanent share of power in governance of the country.

Q6. Why power sharing is desirable?

a) Power sharing is desirable because it reduce the possibility of conflict.
b) It ensures the stability of political order.
c) It strengthens the unity of the country

[Link] is Majoritarianism?
Ans. a) Majoritarianism is a political philosophy which asserts that a majority of the population has the
right to take the decisions affecting the society.
b) It means submission of the majority group for all the decisions affecting their lives.

Q 8. What is civil war? Name the country and two social groups between whom civil war broke out due
to majoritarianism.
Answer: a) Civil war is a violent conflict between opposing groups within the country that becomes so
big that it appears like a war.

b) Sri Lanka.

c) Sinhalese and Tamil

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:-

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1. Explain the Belgian model of power sharing for accommodating diversities?
Ans. a) Equal no of Ministers for both the groups: The Belgium constitution prescribes that the number
of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws
require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group.
b) More powers to the state government: Under the proper power sharing arrangement many powers of
the central government were given to state government for the two regions of the country. The state
governments were not subordinate to the central government.
c) Equal representation at state and the central level: A separate government has been set up at Brussels
in which both the communities have equal representation.
d) Formation of community government was made that is community government. This community
government is elected by the people belonging to one language community. Dutch,
French and German speaking people have their own community government.

2. Explain the power sharing arrangement among the different political parties, pressure groups
and movements.
Ans. a) In a democracy power is also shared among the different political parties, pressure groups and
movements.
b) Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose. This choice is provided by the various political
parties, who contest elections to win. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.
c) In the long run power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies
and social groups.
d) Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties from an alliance to contest
elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power.
e) In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also remain active. They will also have a
share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or bringing
influence on the decision making process.

3. Explain the power sharing arrangement among the different organs of the government.
Ans. a) In a democracy power is shared among the different organs of the government such as
Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. This is also called as the horizontal distribution of power sharing.
b) Legislature is lawmaking body; Executive is law implementing body and Judiciary is dispute solving
body of the Government.
c) Because it also allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different
power.
d) Under this kind of power sharing arrangements, no organ of the government can exercise unlimited
powers.
e) Each organ has its own power and checks the powers of other.
f) This results in the in a balance of power among various institutions.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: Two different sets of reasons can be given in
favour of power-sharing. Firstly, power-sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of
conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability,
power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. Imposing the will of the majority
community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run, it
undermines the unity of the nation. The tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority; it
often brings ruin to the majority as well. There is a second, deeper reason why power sharing is good for
democracies. Power-sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power
with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be
consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens, through
participation, acquire a stake in the system. The first set of reasons is Prudential and the second is moral.
While prudential reasons stress that power-sharing will bring out better outcomes, the former
emphasises the very act of power sharing as valuable.
Q1. Which reasons help in avoiding conflict in society and preventing majority tyranny?
Ans: Prundential reason help in avoiding conflict in society and preventing majority tyranny.
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Q.2. What are the ill impact of social conflicts?.
Ans: violence and political instability
Q.3. Write the feature of a legitimate government?
Ans: A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system.
The first set of reasons is Prudential and the second is moral.

CHAPTER – 2
FEDERALISM
What is federalism?
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and
various constituent units of the country.
Federalism has two levels of government:
Under a unitary system, there is either only one level of government or sub-units are subordinate to the
centre.
In a federal system, the central government cannot order a state government to do something.

There are two kinds of federations:

Holding Together Federation – In this type, powers are shared between various
constituent parts to accommodate the diversity in the whole entity.
Coming Together Federation – In this type, independent states come together to
form a larger unit.

The key features of federalism:

(i) There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
(ii) Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own
JURISDICTION in a specific matter of legislation, taxation and administration.
(iii) The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the
Constitution.
(iv)The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of
government.
(v) Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and the powers of different levels of
government.
(vi)Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial
autonomy.
(vii) The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote the unity of the
country, while at the same time accommodate regional diversities.
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What makes India a federal country?
1. The constitution declared India as the Union of States.
2. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union
Government or what we call the Central Government, representing the Union of India and the
State government.
3. Later the third tier of federalism was added in the form of Panchayats and municipalities.
4. The Constitution contains three lists:
I) Union Lists includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign
affairs, banking, communications and currency.
II) State Lists contains subjects of States and local importance such as police, trade, commerce,
agriculture and irrigation.
III) Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Governments, such as
education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.

How is federalism practiced?

1. Constitutional provisions are necessary for the success of federalism but these are not sufficient.
2. The real success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic politics in
our country.
Linguistic States:
1. The creation of linguistic states was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our
country.
2. Many old States have vanished and many new States been created.
3. In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new States.
4. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same States.
5. When the demand for the formation of States on the basis of language was raised, some national
leaders feared that it would lead to the disintegration of the country.

Language Policy:
1. The second test for Indian Federation is the language policy.
2. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language.
3. Hindi was identified as the official language.
4. According to the Constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965.
5. The central government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi
for official purposes.
6. Promotion does not mean that the Central Government can impose Hindi on states where people
speak a different language.
Centre-state relation:
1. Restructuring the centre-state relations is one more way in which federalism has been
strengthened in practice.
2. In 1990 there was the rise of regional political parties in many States of the country.
3. This was also the beginning of the era of COALITION GOVERNMENT at the Centre.
4. Since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties had led to
enter into an alliance with many parties.
5. This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of State Government.
6. Thus, federal power sharing is more effective
today than it was in the early years after the
Constitution came into force.

Decentralization in India:

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[Link] government has two or more tiers of government.
2. But a vast country like India cannot be run only through these two-tiers.
3. Federal power sharing in India needs another tier of government
4. This resulted in a third-tier if the government called local government.
5. When power is taken away from Central and State government, it is called decentralisation.
6. As the local level, it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making.
7. A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992.
8. The rural local government is popularly known by the name panchayati raj.
9. This is a council consisting of several ward members, often called panch, and a president or
sarpanch.
10. They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. How many scheduled languages are recognized by the constitution?
a) Besides Hindi, there are 18 scheduled, languages.
b) Besides Hindi, there are 21 scheduled languages.
c) Besides Hindi there are 22 scheduled languages.
d) Besides Hindi there are 19 scheduled language.
Ans. b) Besides Hindi, there are 21 scheduled languages.

2. What is the government at Block level called?

a) Gram Sabha
b) Gram Panchyat
c) Panchayat Samiti
d) Nayay Panchyat
Ans. c) Panchayat Samiti

3. Which local govt works at district level?

a) Panchayat Samiti
b) Village panchayat
c) Zila Parishad
d) None of the mention above
Ans. c) Zila Parishad

4. By what name local govt at urban area called?

A) Municipality
B) Municipal corporation
C) Panchayat samiti
a) Only A is true
b) Only B is true
c) Both B and C are true
d) Both A and B are true
Ans. d) Both A and B are true

5. Who is the chairperson of Municipal Corporation?

a) Block development officer
b) Mayor
c) Sarpanch
d) Member of Lok Sabha
Ans. b) Mayor

6. Which among the following is an example of the unitary system of government?

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a) Belgium
b) Sri Lanka
c) Both Sri Lanka and Belgium
d) None of the above
Answer: Option (b)

7. ___made the shift from a unitary to a federal system of government.

a) Sri Lanka
b) Belgium
c) Both Belgium and Sri Lanka
d) None of the above
Answer: Option (b)

8. Which of the following does not have a federal system of government?

a) India
b) USA
c) Russia
d) None of the above
Answer: Option (d)

[Link] of the following is an example of holding together federations?

a) India
b) USA
c) Switzerland
d) None of the above.
Answer: Option (a)

10. Which of the following is an example of 'coming together federations?

a) Spain
b) Belgium
c) USA
d) All the above.
Answer: Option (c)

11. Which of the following are included in the Union List?

a) Banking
b) Foreign Affairs
c) Defence of the country
d) All of the above
Answer: Option (d)

Directions:- In the following questions, Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are given. Read both the
statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the answer given below:

(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A).

(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).

(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.

(D) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.

12. Assertion (A): The third tier of government is local government.

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 Reason (R): It strengthened democracy.

Answer- (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
13. Assertion (A): Hindi is recognised as the only official language of India.
Reason (R): It helped Hindi speaking people to dominate others.
Answer- (C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION :

1. Why is the central government of India not compelling states to adopt Hindi as their official
language?
Ans. a) India is multilingual country. According to the census of 1991 recorded more than 1500 distinct
languages, people mentioned their mother tongues.
b) Hindi is mother tongue of only 40% of the people of India.
c) There are 22 languages recognized by the constitution.
d) In states of Southern India there has been violent opposition to Hindi.

2. Contrast a federal system of government with a unitary set-up with examples.

Ans.
a) Federalism has at least two levels of government.
b) The central government is responsible for subjects of national importance.
c) The state government looks after the daily administration of the states.
d) In Unitary system there is only one level of government and if any subunits are there that remains
subordinate to the central government.
3. What are significances of Panchayat Raj?
Ans.
a) It is the third level of Indian Federal System.
b) This level gives a chance to the people to become the representatives of people.
c) There are 36 lakhs elected representatives in the local bodies.
d) There is reservation for women, SCs and STs.
e) They strengthen the democratic system of India.

LONG QUESTION ANSWER:

[Link] are the features of Federalism?
Ans. 1) There are two or more levels of government.
2) Different tiers of government govern same citizens but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific
matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
3) The jurisdiction of respective levels is specified in the constitution. So the existence and authority of
each tier of government is constitutionally granted.
4) Fundamental provisions of the constitutions cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of
government and require the constitutions and the powers of government of different levels. The highest
court acts as the umpire if disputes arise in the exercise of their respective powers.
5) Sources of revenues are specified to ensure the financial autonomy.

2. Explain how power is shared among different organs of the government.

Ans. 1) Union List: Subjects of national importance like defense, foreign affairs, atomic energy,
banking, post and telegraph are included in the Union List. Only the central government can pass laws
on the subjects mentioned in the union list because we need a uniform policy on important or national
issues throughout the country. The union list has 97 subjects.
2) State List: It comprises those important subjects on which the state government can pass laws.
Subjects like police, local government, trade and commerce, agriculture are within the state included in
the State list. The state list has 66 subjects.
3) Concurrent List: The concurrent list comprises the subjects which are of common concern both to

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the centre and state government. Both the centre and state governments can frame laws on these
subjects. However if there is a conflict between the central law and state law, over a subject in the
Concurrent list, the central law would be effective. The concurrent list has 47 subjects.
4) Residuary Powers: Matters which are not included in the division of powers are known as residuary
powers. It was felt that there can be subjects which are not mentioned in either of these lists. The central
government has been given the power to legislate on the residuary subjects.
3. What major steps were taken in 1992 towards decentralization?
Ans. i) Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.
ii) States are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes.
iii) At least one third of all positions are reserved for women.
iv) An independent institution called the state Election Commission has been created in each State to
conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
v)The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.
The nature of sharing varies State to state.

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTION:

Read the content and give answer:

The latest information that we have is from the Census of India held in 2011. This census recorded more
than 1300 distinct languages which people mentioned as their mother tongues. These languages were
grouped together under some major languages. For example languages like Bhojpuri, Magadhi,
Bundelkhandi, Chhattisgarhi, Rajasthani and many others were grouped together under ‘Hindi’. Even
after this grouping, the Census found 121 major languages. Of these 22 languages are now included in
the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution and are therefore called ‘Scheduled Languages’. Others
are called ‘non-Scheduled Languages’. In terms of languages, India is perhaps the most diverse country
in the world.

Q-i)-What are scheduled languages? 1

Ans-Scheduled languages are the 22 languages which are included in the eighth schedule of the Indian
constitution.
Q-ii) What languages were grouped under Hindi? 1
ANS- Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Bundelkhandi, Chhattisgarhi, and Rajasthani were grouped together under
‘Hindi’
Q-iii) How has the linguistic diversity posed a challenge for democratic politics of India? 2
ANS –National leaders feared that formation of linguistic states would lead to disintegration of the
country.
-The south Indian states resorted to violence when Hindi was imposed on them.

CHAPTER- 3
GENDER RELIGION AND CASTE
Important Key Words
• Gender division is a form of hierarchical social division. It tends to be understood as natural
and unchangeable. It is not based on biology, but on social expectations and stereotypes.
• Sexual division of labour: Women do all the work inside the home or take the help of domestic
workers and men do work outside the home.
• Patriarchal society is the system that values men more and gives them power over women.
• Status of women in India-

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 (i) India is a patriarchal society.
(ii) The literacy rate among women is 54% as compared to the 76% among men. (According
to Census 2011, it was 65.46 as compare to 82.14%.)
(iii) Every year girls do better than boys in school, but more girl dropout as parents want to
spend their son’s education.
(iv) Though there is an Equal Wages Act which states that women should be paid equal
wages for equal work, women are paid less for the same work.
(v) A woman works an hour more than a man on an average, yet her work is neither valued
nor recognised.
(vi) The percentage of elected women members in 17th Lok Sabha (2019) has 14.36% of its
total strength.
• Feminist Movement: A movement aimed at equality in personal and family life as well.
(Believe in equal rights and opportunities.)
• Caste is a social category to which a person belongs involuntarily.
• Occupational mobility is shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new generation
takes occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors.
• Religion is usually defined as a social-cultural system of designated behaviours and practices,
morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organisations,that generally
relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental and spiritual elements.
• Communalism is a situation when a particular community tries to promote its own interest at
the cost of other communities.
• The use of religion for political purpose where one religion is shown as superior to the other
religion is called communal politics. Communal politics is based on the idea of that religion is
the principal basis of social community.
• Social division of the Indian society is clearly indicated by casteism, gender inequalities and
communal divisions.
• Relationship between Religion and Politics:

(a) Gandhi’s view: Religion can never be separated from politics. It must be guided by ethics
from religion.
(b) Human Right groups views: Victims of communal riots in our country are religious
minorities.
(c) Women’s Movement view: Family laws of religions discriminate against women demanded
that such laws should be changed to make them equitable.
• Caste in electoral politics-
(i) No parliamentary constituency has only caste dominating it.
(ii) All voters belonging to one caste, do not vote for the same party.
(iii) Sometimes more than one candidate of the same caste stands for elections and sometimes the
voters may find no candidate of their own caste.
(iv) The ruling party MPs and MLAs lose elections frequently. This could not happen in all voters
voted according to caste.
• Politics in Caste-
(i) Each caste group tries to increase in numbers by including sub-castes or neighbouring castes.
(ii) New caste groups come up, like backward and forward caste groups.
(iii) Caste politics have helped Dalit and OBC castes to gain better access to decision making.
(iv) Various caste groups get into a coalition with other castes during elections.
(v) Political parties make demands, agitate against discrimination on the basis of caste. They demand
more dignity, more resources, more opportunities.
• Secular state: A state in which the constitution provides to all individuals and communities to
practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Patriarchal society means ________.
a) A society dominated by men
b) A society dominated by women
c) A society where there is equality between men and women
d) None of the above
Answer: Option (a)

[Link] Equal Remuneration Act of _______ provides that equal wages should be paid to equal
work.
a) 1986
b) 1976
c) 1966
d) 1972
Answer: Option (b)

3. ___________ of seats in local government bodies, in panchayats and municipalities, are

now reserved for women.
a) Three-fourth
b) One-third
c) One-fourth
d) One-fifth
Answer: Option (b)

4. ____________ used to say that religion can never be separated from politics. He believed
that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
a) C Rajagopalachari
b) Sardar Patel
c) Gandhiji
d) Nehru
Answer: Option (c)

[Link] is no official religion in _______.

a) Sri Lanka
b) England
c) Pakistan
d) India
Answer: Option (d)

[Link] system in which father is known as the head of the family

(a) Monarchy
(b) Patriarchy
(c) Hierarchy
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b) Patriarchy

7. A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for men and women is termed as
(a) Feminist
(b) Patriarchy
(c) Caste hierarchy
(d) Social change
Answer: (a) Feminist

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 8. Which of the following aspects of voters
which politicians consider is depicted in the
cartoon?
[Link] loyalties
[Link] bank
[Link] loyalties
[Link] of the above
Ans: b. Vote bank

9. Which one of the following option best

signifies this cartoon?
a. Women searching a way to enter.
b. Challenge in the providing reservation
[Link] protesting in front of parliament
d. None of the above
Ans: [Link] in the providing
reservation

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

[Link] are feminist movements?
Answer: The movements which aimed at equality of men and women in all spheres of life.

[Link] any two provisions of Indian Constitution which makes India a secular state.
Answer: (i) There is no official religion for the Indian state,
(ii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

[Link] is communalism?
Answer: It is a situation when a particular community tries to promote its own interests at the cost of other
communities.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

[Link] the need for more representation for women as elected representatives. How can it be
achieved?
Answer:
(i) The percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10 percent of its
total strength.
(ii) The share of women in the State Assemblies is less than 5 percent. In this respect, India is among
the bottom group of nations in the world. India is behind the averages for several developing countries
of Africa and Latin America.
(iii) In the government, Cabinets are largely all male even when a women becomes the Chief Minister
or the Prime Minister.

2. What were Gandhiji’s views regarding religion and politics? Explain.

Answer: Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated from politics. What he meant by
religion was not any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that form the basis

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of all religions. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religions

3. Besides caste, which other factors does matter in electoral politics ?

Answer: (i) Voting on the basis of community : Political leaders pursue the voters to cast their
vote on the basis of communal lines.
(ii) Political Mobilization on Religious lines : Political mobilization on religious lines is another
frequent form of communalism.
(iii) Performance of the government : Along with caste and community people also check the
performance of the political party or the agenda of the party.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in
India.
Answer.
The women in India are discriminated or disadvantaged in the following ways:
Literacy – The literacy rate for women is 65.46 per cent, against 82.14 per cent for men. This
shows that since independence, the gap between the ratio of men and women with respect to
literacy still cannot be filled.
Higher education – When you compare the percentage of boys and girls opting for higher studies
after school, it is lower for girls as they tend to drop out after schools. This is because parents do
not wish to spend their resources on a girl’s education, which is quite expected in boys’ cases.
Highly paid jobs – The percentage of women working in high-paying jobs is still smaller than that
of men. On an average, an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day.
Yet, much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 states that equal wages should be paid for equal work.
However, in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema to factories and fields, women are
paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
Sex-ratio – Sex Ratio of India is 107.48, i.e., 107.48 males per 100 females in 2019.

2. State different forms of communal politics with one example each.

Answer.
The different forms of communal politics are:
Communalism takes the form of religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and a
belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions. E.g., militant religious groups.
The quest for political dominance of one religion over another in a community. It takes a form of
majoritarianism. For example, rift between political parties based on religion.
Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. Example –
During elections, hate speeches come to the surface, revealing the communalism.
Communal violence is another form of communalism in politics. For example, riots on the basis of
religious sentiments.
3. Explain the various forms that caste can take in politics.
Answer: Various forms of caste in politics:
i)When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different
castes and tribes find a place in it.
ii)When parties choose candidates, they keep in mind the composition of the electorate and
accordingly choose candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win
elections.
iii)Political parties make appeals to caste sentiments to gain support. Some political parties are
known to favour some castes.
iv) Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote compelled political leaders
to mobilise political support. It also brought new consciousness among people belonging to those
castes which were treated as inferiors.

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTION

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In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. For example, the percentage of
elected women members in Lok Sabha has touched 14.36 per cent of its total strength for the 17th Lok
Sabha in 2019. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 percent. In this respect, India is among
the bottom group of nations in the world. India is behind the averages for several developing countries
of Africa and Latin America. In the government, cabinets are largely all-male even if a woman becomes
the Chief Minister or the Prime Minister. One way to solve this problem is to make it legally binding to
have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies. This is what the Panchayati Raj has done in
India. One-third of seats in local government bodies – in panchayats and municipalities – are now
reserved for women.

1. What is the status of proportion of women in legislature in India? (1)

Ans: The status of proportion of women in legislature in India has been very low.

2. India is behind the averages for several developing countries. Name these countries. (1)
Ans: India is behind the averages for several developing countries of Africa and Latin America.

3. What are the percentage share of representation of women in Lok Sabha and state legislative
assemblies of India? What is the one way to solve the problem to have a fair proportion of women
in the elected bodies in India?
(2)
Ans: The percentage share of representation of women in Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies are
14.36% and less than 5% respectively. The one way to solve the problem to have a fair proportion
of women in elected body in India has done through the reservation of one-third of seats in local
government bodies-panchayats and municipalities.

CHAPTER- 4
POLITICAL PARTIES

Why Do We Need Political Parties?

A Political Party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in
the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for society with a view to
promoting the collective good. Parties reflect fundamental political divisions in society. Thus, a
party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it
upholds.

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 A political party has three components:

Party System
There are three types of party system a country can have.
One Party System
• Only one party is allowed to control and run the government. Ex- China
Two Party System
• Power usually changes between two main parties. Ex- USA, UK
Multi-Party System
• Several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of
coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others.
Ex-India

NATIONAL PARTIES OF INDIA:

A party that secures at least six percent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or
Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is
recognised as a national party.
Indian National Congress (INC)
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M)
Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)
National Peoples Party

State Parties
A party that secures at least six percent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative
Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a state party.

How can Parties be reformed?

Recent efforts and suggestions in India:
• The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties.
• New law states that if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose the seat in the
legislature.
• The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals.
• The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their
organizational elections and file their income tax returns. Some suggestions to reform political
parties:
• A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties.
• To give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates
• There should be state funding of elections.
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 LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- CLICKHERE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1) _________ is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in
the government.
a) Pressure group
b) Political party
c) Interest group
d) Business lobby
Answer: Option (b)

2) The ___________ has officially banned wall writing by parties during election times.
a) Parliament
b) President
c) Election Commission
d) Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
Answer: Option (c)

3) Political parties reflect fundamental ______in a society. Parties are about a part of society
and thus involve PARTISANSHIP.
a) Social divisions
b) Economic divisions
c) Religious divisions
d) Political divisions
Answer: Option (d)

4) In countries like India, _________ choose candidates for contesting elections.

a) Top party leaders
b) Members of the party
c) Supporters of the party
d) None of the above
Answer: Option (a)

5) A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ________.
a) Opposition parties
b) Ruling party
c) President
d) Parliament
Answer: Option (b)

6) The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of _______.

a) Monitory democracies
b) Direct democracies
c) Representative democracies
d) Constitutional democracies.
Answer: Option (c)

7) In India, ______ parties are registered with the Election Commission of India.
a) Less than 750
b) Less than 75
c) Less than 100
d) More than 750
Answer: Option (d)

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8) The ___________ and the United Kingdom are examples of a two-party system.
a) United States of America
b) Russia
c) China
d) Canada
Answer: Option (a)

9) Which of the following is an example of a multi-party system?

a) India
b) New Zealand
c) Canada
d) All of the above
Answer: Option (d)

IMAGE BASED QUESTION

[Link] of the following function of political parties is depicted in this cartoon?
i. Playing a decisive role in making laws for the country
ii. Forming and running the government
ii. Providing people access to government machinery and welfare schemes
iv. Shaping public opinion
Ans: i. Playing a decisive role in making laws for the country.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. What is meant by ‘Political Party’?
Answer: A political party is a group of people come together to contest elections to hold power in
the government.
2. How do parties run the government of a country?
Answer: Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in
the way they want.

3. What is the role of opposition in a democracy?

Answer: Opposition parties voice different views and criticise the government for its failures or
wrong policies.

4. What is one-party system?

Answer: In some countries, only one party is allowed to control and run the government. It is
called one party system. E.g., China.

5. Which organization does recognize ‘Political Parties’ in India?

Answer: Political Parties in India are recognized by: Election Commission

Short Answer Questions

1. What are the components of a political party?
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 Answer: A political party has three components:
• Its leaders
• Its active members and
• Its followers.

2. Describe any three main features of Two-Party system.

Answer: Main features of two-party system:
• Power usually changes between two parties, several other parties may exist.
• In such system, people get clear choice.
• The party that wins majority forms the government and the other sits in opposition.

3. What is a multi-party system? Why has India adopted a multi-party system? Explain.
Answer: Multi-party system: If several parties compete for power and more than two parties
have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with
others, we call it a multi-party system.
India adopted a Multi-party system because:
• There is social and geographical diversity in India.
• India is such a large country which is not easily absorbed by two or three parties.

4. What is meant by ‘regional political party’? State the conditions required to be

recognized as a ‘regional political party’.
Answer: A regional party is a party that is present in only some states.
Conditions required for a party to be recognized as a regional political party are:
• A party that secures at least six percent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative
Assembly of a state.
• Wins at least two seats in the Legislative Assembly.

Long Answer Questions

1. Describe any five major functions of political parties.
Answer :Functions of political parties:
• Parties contest elections.
• They put forward policies and programmes.
• Parties play a decisive role in making laws.
• Parties form and run government.
• Defeated parties in the election play its role of opposition to the parties in power.

2. Suggest and explain any five effective measures to reform political parties.
Answer: Five suggestions made to reform the political parties:
i. Law to regulate the internal affairs of political parties like maintaining a register of its members,
to follow its own constitution, to have independent authority, to act as judge in case of party
dispute, to hold open elections to the highest post.
ii. It should be mandatory for political parties to give one-third tickets to women candidates. Also
there should be quota for women on the decision-making bodies of the party.
iii. There should be state funding of elections. The government should give money to parties to
support their election expenses in kind (petrol, paper, telephone, etc.) or in cash on the basis of
votes secured by the party in the previous election.
iv. The candidate should be educated, so that he can solve and understand people’s problems. His
previous record should be cleared. He should be honest and there should be no criminal case
against him.
v. Citizens can reform politics if they take part directly and join political parties. People can put
pressure on political parties through petitions, publicity in media, agitations etc.

3. What are the various challenges faced by political parties?

Answer:- The various challenges faced by political parties are:
Lack of Internal democracy:
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• Every member of the party does not have a chance to take part in the decision-making process.
• Every member is not consulted before taking a decision.
• There is no proper organisation or registration of members.
• Power remains in the hands of a few top leaders, who do not consult ordinary members.
• Ordinary members have no information about the internal working of the party.
Dynastic Succession
With power in the hands of a few top leaders, all party positions go to their family members.
These members may not be qualified or have the ability to hold their positions.
Money and Muscle Power:
• Money is needed to organise demonstrations, public meetings, and speeches to publicise the
image of the party. Parties choose those candidates who can raise money for the party and win
elections with their money.
• Sometimes parties also support criminals candidates because they can win elections.
Lack of meaningful choice to voters
Most of the political parties have the same fundamental and ideological issues. Voters do not have
a meaningful choice. Even leaders keep changing parties, thus confusing the voter.

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTION

Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow-
Every party in a country has to register with the Election Commission. While the Commission treats all
parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a
unique symbol-only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol. Parties that get
this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognized’ by the Election Commission for this
purpose. This is why these parties are called, ‘recognized political parties’. The Election Commission
has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a
recognized party. A party that secures at least six percent of the total votes in an election to the
Legislative assembly of a State and wins at least two seats are recognized as a state party. The party that
secures at least six percent of the total votes in Lok sabha election or Assembly elections in four states
and wins at least four seats in the Lok sabha is recognized as a National Party.

i) Who gives the unique symbol to every political party? 1

ii) How many percent of votes does a party need to win in a legislative assembly of a state? 1
iii) Which parties are recognized as political parties? 2
Answer: i) The Election Commission.
ii) at least 6 percent.
iii) Parties that are given a unique symbol and that get this privilege and some other special
facilities are ‘recognized’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. Party that register with the
Election commission.
CHAPTER- 5
OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

Democracy is a form of government in which the power and authority rest with the people. In a
democratic system, citizens typically participate in decision- making processes through voting or
elected representatives. This political structure emphasizes individual freedoms, equal
representation, and the protection of human rights.

How Do We Assess Democracy's Outcome

Regular elections: In a democratic government, general elections are held to elect a new
government.
Right to vote: All the citizens of the country, of and above a certain age, have the right to vote.
Political parties: political parties are an essential part of democracy. They put up candidates who
contest the election.
Rule of law: Another common feature of all democracies is that it ensures rule of law. Law is

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 supreme and all citizens are equal in the eyes of law. No one is above the law.

Why democracy is considered as a better form of government?

Democracy is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other
alternative form of government.
a. Promotes equality among citizens.
b. Enhances the dignity of the individual.
c. Improves the quality of decision-making.
d. Provides a method to resolve conflicts.
e. Allows room to correct mistakes.

OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY
Accountable, Responsive and Legitimate government

✓ Democracy produces an accountable government: Democracy produces an accountable

government, as the people have the right in choosing their representatives through the electoral
process
✓ Democracy Produces Responsive Government: Democratic governments are elected by the
people and are responsible towards the people and Parliament.
✓ Democracy Produces Legitimate Government: A democratic government is people’s own
government. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them
Economic growth and development
✓ The inability of democracy to achieve higher economic growth
✓ Economic less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible
✓ Significant difference in the rates of economic growth between countries under dictatorship and
democracy
Reduction of inequality and poverty
✓ Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal weight in electing
representatives
✓ Governments can intervene to promote equity and reduce inequality and poverty,
✓ Growing inequality prevents sustainable development, reduces economic growth and damages
social cohesion within societies
Accommodation of social diversity
✓ India is a democratic republic State and the Constitution is the supreme law
✓ India is a vast and diversified nation. It harbours various cultures, traditions, religions, castes,
languages, races and ethnic groups.
✓ The conflict among the different community of people
✓ There is an equal representation of the minority along with the majority
✓ The Rights and interest of everyone are protected irrespective of Status and Unity
Dignity and freedom of the citizens
✓ Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and
freedom of the individual
✓ The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy
✓ Caste-based inequalities and atrocities are also not acceptable to democracies
✓ Most societies across the world are male-dominated but democracies have created sensitivity
that equal treatment

LINK OF THIS CHAPTER:- CLICKHERE

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTION

1) Which of the following statements are true about the democratic government?
a) Democratic government is a legitimate government.
b) Democratic government may be slow, less efficient, and not always very responsive or clean.
c) Democratic government is the people’s own government.
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d) All of the above.
Answer: Option (d)
2) Among the given below countries, which country has the highest support for democracy?
a) India
b) Nepal
c) Bangladesh
d) Pakistan
Answer: Option (a)
3) Which of these factors plays a role in the economic development of a country?
a) Cooperation from other countries.
b) Size of the population
c) Economic priorities adopted by the government.
d) All of the above
Answer: Option (d)
4) The rates of economic growth for different countries from 1950 to 2000 were highest among ___.
a) All democratic regimes.
b) Poor countries under dictatorship.
c) Poor countries under democracy.
d) All non-democratic country.
Answer: Option (d)
5) Which of the following statements is true?
a) Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences.
b) Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of democratic
regimes.
c) Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct their competition.
d) All of the above.
Answer: Option (d)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. What is meant by transparency?
Answer: Any citizen can examine the process of decision-making in a democracy.

2. How does democracy produce an accountable government?

Answer: People have the right to elect the leaders to form government and if possible they participated
in decision making process.

3. How can you say that democracies are based on political equality?
Answer: All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives.

4. What is meant by economic inequality?

Answer:It refers to disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. “There is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world.” Support the statement.
Answer: There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world because:
* A democratic government is people’s own government.
* The evidence from South Asia shows that the support exists in countries with democratic regimes.
* People wished to be ruled by representatives elected by them.

2. State any three merits of democracy.

Answer: Merits of Democracy are:
* Democracy assures equality in every sphere of life like political, social and economic.
* It upholds basic individual liberties like freedom of speech, etc.
* Due obedience to laws.

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3. When is democracy considered successful? Explain.
Answer: Democracy is considered to be successful because:
* The rulers elected by the people must take all major decision and not the rich and powerful.
* The election must offer a free choice and opportunity to the people.
* The choice should be available to all the people based on political equality.

4. What outcomes can one reasonably expect of democracies?

Answer: The outcomes one can reasonably expect of the democracy are:
* In the political sphere we can expect accountable and legitimate government.
* In the economic sphere we can expect minimised economic inequalities.
* In the social sphere we can expect equal protection to oppressed classes and women.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
Answer→ Democracy produces an accountable government: Democracy produces an accountable
governments, as the people has the right in choose their representatives through the electoral process.
These elected representatives form the government and participate in the decision-making process on
behalf of the people. If these elected representatives not work properly, people have a chance to not
elect them in next election.
→ Democracy Produces Responsive Government: Democratic governments are elected by the people
and are responsible towards the people and Parliament. These governments promote the formation of
public opinion and take care of the needs and expectations of the people.
→ Democracy Produces Legitimate Government: A democratic government is people’s own
government. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They also believe that
democracy is suitable for their country. Democracy’s ability to generate its own support is itself an
outcome that cannot be ignored

2. “Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities”. Examine

the statement with examples.
Answer:
Over the years, careful evidence has been gathered to see what the relationship of democracy with
economic growth and economic inequalities is.

It is seen that on an average dictatorial regimes have had a slightly better record of economic growth, i.
e., 4.34%. But when we compare their record only in poor countries (4.28%), there is no difference.
There is enough evidence to show that within democracies there can be very high degree of inequalities.
In countries like South Africa and Brazil, the top 20 per cent people take away more than 60 per cent of
the national income, leaving less than 3 per cent for the bottom 20 per cent population.
Perhaps more than development, it is reasonable to expect democracies to reduce economic disparities.
Democracies are based on political equality, but despite equality in the political arena there are growing
economic inequalities. The poor constitute a large proportion of our voters and no party would like to
lose its votes. Yet democratically elected governments do not appear to be keen to tackle the problem of
poverty.

Democracies are expected to produce good government, but there is no guarantee that they would also
produce development. As evidence shows, the economic development depends on several factors, such
as country’s size, global situation, co-operation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the
country etc.

Assertion Reason Question:

The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these
questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
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(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

Q.1. Assertion (A): Democracy is not simply a rule by majority of opinion.

Reason (R): In a democracy, majority always need to work with the minority so that governments can
function to represent the general view.
Answer: (a)

Q.2. Assertion (A): Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting
dignity and freedom to the individuals.
Reason (R): Democracies have successfully reduced economic disparities.
Answer: (c)

Q.3. Assertion (A): The democratic government will take more time to follow procedures before
arriving at a decision.
Reason (R): Democratic government has followed procedures, its decisions may be both more
acceptable to the people and more effective.
Answer: (a)

Q.4. Assertion (A): Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures.
Reason (R): A citizen in a democracy who wants to know if a decision was taken through correct
procedures can find this out easily.
Answer: (a)

Q.5. Assertion (A): Democracy transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen.
Reason (R): Most individuals believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the governments run
and to their own self-interest.
Answer: (a)

CASE BASED QUESTION:

If democracies are expected to produce good governments, then is it not fair to expect that they would
also produce development? Evidence shows that in practice many democracies did not fulfil this
expectation. If you consider all democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and
2000, dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth. The inability of democracy to achieve
higher economic development worries us. But this alone cannot be reason to reject democracy.
As you have already studied in economics, economic development depends on several factors: country’s
population size, global situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the
country, etc. However, the difference in the rates of economic development between less developed
countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible. Overall, we cannot say that democracy is a
guarantee of economic development. But we can expect democracy not to lag behind dictatorships in
this respect. When we find such significant difference in the rates of economic growth between
countries under dictatorship and democracy, it is better to prefer democracy as it has several other
positive outcomes.

Question 1:
Why is it not reasonable to expect democracies to always produce economic growth, despite the
assumption that they should create good governments?
1
Answer:
Economic growth depends on various factors, including population size, global position, international
cooperation, and national economic priorities. Therefore, democracies do not always guarantee
economic growth, as these elements can affect both democratic and dictatorial regimes similarly.

Question 2:
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What does the evidence from the fifty years between 1950 and 2000 indicate about the economic growth
rates of dictatorships compared to democracies? 1
Answer:
The evidence indicates that dictatorships have slightly higher rates of economic growth compared to
democracies over the fifty years between 1950 and 2000. However, this difference is minimal and does
not necessarily justify rejecting democracy in favor of dictatorship.

Question 3:
Why should we prefer democracy despite its sometimes lower economic growth compared to
dictatorships? 2
Answer:
We should prefer democracy because it offers many other positive outcomes beyond economic growth.
Democracies ensure better governance, protect individual freedoms, promote political stability, and
encourage citizen participation, making them more desirable despite slightly lower economic growth
rates.
CHAPTER 1
DEVELOPMENT

Economic development: -
Economic development, in general, means a long term increase in the real per capita income or per
capita GDP of a country .Along with per capita income, there are certain other criteria also like the
education, health, social security, self-confidence, gender equality, dignity of the individual etc.
Economic development means long-term and sustainable improvement in Real Per Capita GDP
and standard of living of the people. Economic development is concerned with the improvement of
quality of life of the people and their capabilities, nourishment, literacy, education, gender
equality, health care facilities, housing facilities etc.

1. Development or progress has many aspects. Different people have different goals to
achieve. There may be some common goals for all of us. Development for one may not be
development for others. People desire more income.
Only income is not sufficient to make life happy.
1. Security, respect, equal treatment and freedom are equally important. People do not have a
single goal. There are many goals in life.
2. National development is the concern of all citizens.
3. Differentpersonscouldhavedifferentaswellasconflictingnotionsofacountry‟sdevelopment.
4. Per capita income is the main criterion for comparison of development of nations.
5. Total income cannot be considered a useful measure for comparison between countries.
We use average income/per capita income or per capita GDP for comparison. Average income
(per capita income) of a nation can be obtained by dividing the total income of the nation by its
population. Per capita GDP means Gross Domestic Product divided by population.

2. Income and other goals: -

● Money is considered to be the basic need of people and to fulfill their daily requirements
making money or income is very important.
● Money is required to buy materialistic things as well as freedom, security, treatment,
respect to maintain a quality lifestyle.
● Hence, developmental goals are necessary to get a better income and other things in
life.

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3. National Development: - Development means not only high income and more
consumption but other goals or factors also. These are:
(i) Equal treatment in society,
(i) Freedom
(ii) Social Security
(iii) Respect of others
(iv) Working atmosphere etc.
● It is defined as a country’s ability to enhance the living standards of its residents.
● For people, belief in nations' development is different.
● Improvement in people’s living standards, providing basic things to citizens like
food, education, social service, medical aid, etc, and increase in per capita income,
is referred to as National development.

4. How to compare different countries or states? can you differentiate different

countries or states?

Other Goals:
Besides average income, we can use other goals such as security, respect for others, equal
treatment, freedom etc, to compare different regions or nations.
INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA: -
Infant mortality rate is the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion
of 1,000 live children born in that particular year.
Literacy rate means literate population of a country in the 7 and above age group.

PUBLIC FACILITIES:-
Income is not a completely adequate indicator of goods and services
that citizens are able to use. People require pollution-free environment, unadulterated
medicines, protection from infectious diseases, security, public education etc. All these can be
provided by the Government for collective use in the form of public facilities.
Kerala has low IMR because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
Health and nutritional status of the people of those states will be high where PDS is functioning
well.
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 Body Mass Index (BMI) = Weight (in kg) / (Height in meter)2

COMPARISON OF COUNTRIES BASED ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) :

Human Development Report, published by UNDP, compares countries based on:-
(i)The educational levels of the people (Gross Enrolment Ratio and Mean Years Schooling),
(ii)Their health status (Life Expectancy, counted at birth- LE)
(iii)Per capita income (PCI).

SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT:-
“Sustainable development means the development strategy that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the needs of the future generations”. Development must be
sustainable. Even though groundwater is renewable, still nearly one-third of the country is over using
it.
I. Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use.
II. Its alternative and new resources are to be discovered and used.
[Link] of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.
[Link], economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together
on sustainable development.

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTION

(1) Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of the age group ________ attending
school as a percentage of the total number of children in the same age group.
a) 17 and 18 years
b) 9 and 10 years
c) 12 and 13 years
d) 14 and 15 years
Answer: Option (d)

(2) If the Body Mass Index (BMI) is _________, then the adult person would be considered
undernourished.
a) less than 18.5
b) less than 10.5
c) less than 25.5
d) less than 28.5
Answer: Option (a)

(3)Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on _________.

a) health status
b) per capita income
c) educational levels of the people
d) all of the above
Answer: Option (d)

(4)Among the following South Asian countries, ______ had the highest life expectancy at birth.
a) Myanmar
b) Sri Lanka
c) Nepal
d) India
Answer: Option (b)

(5) Which of the following statements about money are true?

a) Money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment.
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b) Money cannot ensure that you get unadulterated medicines.
c) Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases.
d) All of the above.
Answer: Option (d)

(6)Identify which of the following cannot be a developmental goal for a landless rural laborer?
(a) More days of work
(b) Better wages
(c) Quality education for children
(d) Foreign tours
Answer: Option (d)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. What is development?
Answer: It is a comprehensive term which includes increase in real per capita income, improvement in
living standard of people, reduction in poverty etc.

2. Mention any two developmental goals of a landless rural labourer.

Answer: (i) More days of work and better wages. (ii) Quality education for his children.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. Other than income, What are the other factors that are important for our lives?
Ans: Important factors for our lives are:
● Safe environment for women at their workplace.
● Freedom, respect, treatment, and security.
● Pollution-free environment.
● Political rights

[Link] neighboring country of India has better performance in terms of Human development?
Ans:● Sri Lanka performed better in terms of human development than India.
● Its per capita income is $4390, 91% literacy rate, 93 HDI rank, 74 life expectancy at birth which is
better than India and other neighboring countries that are Myanmar, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, and
Bangladesh.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. Besides income, what can be the other attributes to compare economic development?
Answer: (1) Of course, for comparing economic development of countries, their income is considered
to be one of the most important attributes. This is based on the understanding that more income means
more of all things that human beings need. That is why, the World Bank uses Per Capita Income to
compare economic development.
(2) Apart from income, educational levels of the people and their health status are considered as
measures to compare economic development of a nation. (i) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) : This indicates
the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1,000 live children born in
that particular year. ‘ (ii) Literacy Rate : This measures the proportion of literate population in the 7
years and above age group. (iii) Net Attendance Ratio : This is the total number of children of age group
6-10 attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group. (iv) Life
Expectancy at birth : It denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth

2. What is Per Capita Income? Can it be regarded as the sole indicator of economic development
of a country? Give four valid arguments to support your answer.
Answer: (i) Per capita income is the average income of a country. (ii) Per capita income criteria takes
into account only the economic aspect of life and ignores the social, aspect of life. (iii) Per capita
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income criteria ignores education, health, life expectancy, sanitation etc. (iv) Per capita income criteria
also ignores non material things like peace, pollution free environment, democracy, etc. (v) Though
Punjab has higher per capita income as compared to Kerala but it has been ranked lower on Human
Development Index because it is far behind than Kerala in literacy rate and has higher infant mortality
rate than Kerala.

CASE BASED QUESTION

1. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Besides seeking more income, one way or the other, people also seek things like equal treatment,
freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent discrimination. All of these are important goals. In
fact, in some cases, these may be more important than more income or more consumption because
material goods are not all that you need to live. Money, or material things that one can buy with it, is
one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of our life also depends on non-material things.
Consider an example: If you get a job in a far-off place, before accepting it you would try to consider
many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity
to learn. In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances
your sense of security. Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no
time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom. Similarly, for development,
people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the
household and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there
would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and
secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. Hence, the
developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important
things in life.

Q 1: How do non-material factors influence people's decisions and quality of life beyond just income?
Answer: Non-material factors such as equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect significantly
influence people's decisions and quality of life. For example, a job with lower pay but better job security
and a supportive working environment may be preferred over a higher-paying job with less stability and
time for family.

Q 2: Why are non-material goals important for overall development, especially in the context of
women's participation in the workforce?
Answer: Non-material goals like respect, security, and a safe environment are crucial for overall
development. They enable women to participate more in the workforce and household chores,
enhancing their dignity and acceptance in society. These factors contribute to a balanced and fulfilling
life beyond just income.

Q 3. How do non-material factors influence people's development goals, and why might these be
prioritized over income?
Answer: Non-material factors like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect significantly impact
people's development goals. These elements can be more important than income, as they enhance life
quality. For instance, job security, a supportive work environment, and opportunities for learning and
family time often outweigh higher salaries in decision-making processes.
.

CHAPTER 2
SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY

People are engaged in various economic activities. Some of these activities are producing goods.
Some others are producing services. Generally, the economic activities performed are divided
into various groups called sectors.
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 ON THE BASIS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Primary Sector:
● All the economic activities which are undertaken by using or exploiting natural resources
directly are grouped into the primary sector.
● It forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make.
● It is also called agriculture and related sectors since most of the natural products are
obtained from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, etc.

Secondary Sector:
● It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms or finished
items through ways of manufacturing.
● Since this sector gradually became associated with the different kinds of industries, it is also
called the industrial sector. For example, making clothes from cotton fibre or making sugar or
gur from sugarcane etc.

Tertiary Sector:
● It covers activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These
activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or a support for the
production process. For example, providing transport facilities to move goods from factories to
shops etc.
● Since these activities generate services rather than goods, the tertiary sector is also called as the
Service sector.

Historical change in the sectors:

● At the initial stages of development, the primary sector has been the most important sector
of economic activity. Most people were employed in this sector.
● With the change in farming methods, the agriculture sector began to prosper. Moreover, with
the introduction of new manufacturing methods, factories were set up and people shifted to
the Industrial Sector.
● People from farms, now started working in factories in large numbers, and this sector now
assumed importance.
● In the past 100 years, a further shift from the secondary sector to the service sector has now
taken place.
● Today in terms of contribution to production and employment, the service sector plays a vital
role in most developed economies.

Rising Importance of the Tertiary Sector in Production:

The tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary
sector, due to the following reasons:
● Development of support services such as transport, trade, storage, etc.
● Increased demands for more services such as eating out, tourism etc. with rising income
levels.
● Basic services like schools, hospitals, policing etc. provided by the government.
However, the rise in the service sector is not uniform with high skill-oriented services
registering a high growth as compared to sustenance levels of other services like small shop
keeping.
Methods to create more employment:
● Providing affordable credit facilities to agricultural dependents to allow them to modernize
their techniques.
● Infrastructural development to improve health and education scenarios, to allow people to
undertake alternative occupation.
● Providing transportation facilities to allow good marketing of agricultural produce to far off
marketplaces.
● Identifying alternate services and industrial opportunities in semi-rural areas.
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 ON THE BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT CONDITION
Division of Sectors as Organized and Unorganized:
● Organised Sector: It is characterized by regular terms of employment, mandatory registration
with the government and mandatory adherence to laws and rules like Minimum Wages Act etc.

Features of Organised Sector:

• Follows systematic rules and procedures set by the government
• They are registered under the government
• Fixed salary at the end of the month with incentives and perks
• Fixed working hours and decent work atmosphere
• Benefits like job security, paid leave, paid holidays, PF, gratuity, medical allowance,
etc.
● Unorganized sector: It is characterized by lack of government control, non-adherence to rules and
regulations and unsecured employment.

Features of Unorganized Sector:

• No systematic rules and procedures are followed
• It is outside the control of the government as they are not registered
• Salary is not fixed. They mostly rely on daily wages
• Risk of job insecurity. People can be asked to leave at any time without any reason
• Working hours are not fixed. Work environment is mostly congested and unhygienic

ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP

Public and Private Sectors:
● Public sector is characterized by government ownership of most of the assets and provides all the
services. For example, Railways, post offices, etc.
● On the contrary, Private sector is characterized by private ownership of assets and delivery of
services by private individuals or companies. For example, Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited
(TISCO) or Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) etc.

Important Terms:-
1. Intermediate goods: Those goods which are sold by one firm to another for resale or for further
processing.
2. Final goods: They have crossed the boundary line of production and are ready for use by the
final users. E.g. cloth, coolers, [Link].
3. GDP (Gross Domestic Product): It is the value of only final goods and services produced
within the domestic territory of a country.
4. Unemployment: When the person is willing to work at the prevailing wage rate, but he/she is not
getting a job it is called unemployment.
5. Seasonal Unemployment: The unemployment which takes place due to the variation in the
season is called seasonal unemployment. It is mostly seen in the agricultural sector.
6. Underemployment or disguised unemployment means more people engaged in a job than
needed.
[Link] Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005, (MNREGA 2005):
Under NREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and are in need of, work have been guaranteed 100
days of employment in a year by the government. If the government fails in its duty to provide
employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people. Right to Work was
implemented by Mahatma Gandhi Nnational Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005
(MGNREGA 2005)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

[Link] of the following activities is part of the primary sector?
A) Banking
B) Textile Manufacturing
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C) Farming
D) Retail Trade
Answer: C) Farming

2. Which of the following activities is considered part of the secondary sector?

A) Fishing
B) Tourism
C) Automobile Manufacturing
D) Information Technology
Answer: C) Automobile Manufacturing

[Link] one correct statement from the following:

Underemployment occurs —
A. when people are not willing to work.
B. when people are working slowly.
C. when people are working less than what they are capable of doing.
D. when people are not paid for their jobs.
Answer : C) when people are working less than what they are capable of doing.

[Link] do big private companies contribute in the development of a nation?

A. By increasing the demands for their products through advertisements.
B. By increasing their profits.
C. By increasing productivity of the country in the manufacturing of industrial goods.
By providing private hospital facilities for the rich.
Answer:C) By increasing productivity of the country in the manufacturing of industrial goods.

5. Which of the following measures the proportion of children that die before the age of 1 year as
a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year?
A. IMR - Infant mortality rate
B. Literacy rate
C. Net attendance ratio
D. Drop out ratio
Answer:A) IMR - Infant mortality rate

[Link] of the following is the largest contributor to India’s GDP?

A) Agriculture
B) Manufacturing
C) Services
D) Mining
Answer: C) Services
[Link] of the following sectors employs the largest portion of the Indian workforce?
A) Primary Sector
B) Secondary Sector
C) Tertiary Sector
D) Quaternary Sector
Answer: A) Primary Sector

[Link] is the main reason for the shift of employment from the primary sector to the secondary
and tertiary sectors in India?
A) Decrease in agricultural productivity
B) Increase in industrialization and services
C) Government policies
D) Population growth
Answer: B) Increase in industrialization and services

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9. Who among the following fall under the organized sector?
A. Raghu, a daily wage labourer working in a dam site under a contractor.
B. Nafeesa, a doctor getting all employment benefits.
C. Purushothaman, a cleaning staff in a private bank.
D. Ammini, a tailor stitching clothes at his home.
Answer:B) Nafeesa, a doctor getting all employment benefits.

10. Underemployment is hidden in contrast to some who does not have a job and is clearly visible as
unemployed. It is also called .
A. Hidden employment
B. Disguised unemployment.
C. Unstable employment
D. Less employment
Answer:B)Disguised unemployment

11. Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the
statements and choose the appropriate option.
Assertion (A): The share of tertiary sector in employment has not increased in proportion to its increase
in production.
Reason (R): Still more than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector.
Options:
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true but R is false.
A is false but R is true.
Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. What are the main differences between the secondary and tertiary sectors?
The secondary sector involves transforming raw materials into finished goods, such as manufacturing
and construction. The tertiary sector provides services, such as banking, education, and IT.

2. What measures can be taken to improve productivity in the primary sector?

Measures include adopting modern farming techniques, improving irrigation facilities, and providing
better access to credit and markets.

3. How has the growth of the service sector influenced urbanization in India?
The growth of the service sector has led to increased job opportunities in urban areas, driving migration
and urbanization.

4. Explain the concept of sustainable development and its importance in the context of the
primary sector.
Sustainable development involves meeting current needs without compromising future generations'
ability to meet theirs. It is crucial for the primary sector to ensure the long-term availability of natural
resources.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is
useful? Explain how.
Answer:
I) Yes, classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary sector is useful as it
helps in estimating the relative importance in the growth in GDP of the economy.
II) it helps in asserting that which sector contributes the most in the GDP and which sector has the scope
to employ more people and increase the National Income.
III) It helps in calculating how much goods and services are produced and how many people work in
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 each sector
IV) This type of classification helps in comparing the level of growth in different countries.

2. How far is it correct to say that several services which cannot be provided by private sector, can
be provided by the public sector? Explain.
Answer:
(i) There are several things needed by the society as a whole like sanitation system, safe drinking water,
education, etc. which the private sector will not provide at reasonable cost
(ii) There are some activities, which the government has to support. The private sector may not continue
their production or business unless government encourages it. For example, selling electricity at the cost
of generation may push up the costs of production of industries.
(iii) Similarly, the government in India buys wheat and rice from farmers at a ‘fair price.’ This it stores
in its godowns and sells at a lower price to consumers through ration shops.

3. “Economic activities, though grouped into three different categories’, are highly
interdependent.” Discuss. Do you agree with the view that primary, secondary and tertiary sectors
are dependent on each other?
Answer:
Primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are interdependent as mentioned below :
1. When we produce goods by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector. It is
primary because it forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make.
2. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms
manually or by machines. For example wheat is used to manufacture bread. So there is mutual
dependency between primary and secondary sectors.
3. The activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors fall under the tertiary
sector. These activities by themselves do not produce a good but they are an aid or a support for the
production process. Transport, storage, communication and banking are some examples of tertiary
activities.

4. Why is the tertiary sector becoming the most important sector in India?
Ans. In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph
services, police stations etc. are required, these are called basic services. In developing countries the
government has to take the responsibility for provision of these services.
● Development of agriculture and industry leads to development of services like transport, trade,
storage etc. Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors more would be the
demand for such services.
● As income level rises people start demanding more services like eating out, tourism, shopping,
private hospitals etc. especially in cities.
● Over the past decade certain new services such as those based on information and communication
technology have become important and essential. The production of these services has been rising
rapidly

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. How does the public sector contribute to the economic development of a nation? Explain.
Answer:
(1) The public sector promotes rapid economic development through construction of infrastructure.
(2) It creates employment opportunities.
(3) It helps to generate revenue to support the holistic development of all classes and Castes
(4) It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates.
(5) It adds to the Gross Domestic Product of the country.

2. Suggest any five measures to reduce unemployment.

Answer:
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 (1) Unemployment can be reduced by capacity building. Capacity must be built to acquire jobs and new
skills through education and training.
(2) More investments in employment creation schemes can be another way.
(3) The National Rural Employment Programme scheme is an effective way of generating employment
too. This Programme aims at creating community assets for strengthening rural infrastructure like
drinking water wells, community irrigation wells, village tanks, rural roads and schools.
(4) Credit should be made easily available for young men and women from all classes and regions to
push them towards establishing startups and native industries.
(5) Farmers should be given credit easily to encourage them to set up food processing units which
would generate more employment.

3. Evaluate the contribution of the tertiary sector to the Indian economy.

The tertiary sector, encompassing a wide range of services such as banking, education, healthcare, IT,
and tourism, is the largest and fastest-growing sector in the Indian economy.
Contribution to the Economy:
GDP Contribution: The tertiary sector contributes over 50% to India’s GDP, reflecting its dominant
role in the economy.
Employment: It generates significant employment opportunities, absorbing labor from the primary and
secondary sectors and providing high-skilled jobs.
Urbanization: The growth of services has spurred urban development, leading to the expansion of
cities and improved infrastructure.
Quality of Life: Services such as healthcare, education, and financial services enhance the quality of
life and contribute to human capital development.
Technological Advancements: The IT and telecommunications sectors have positioned India as a
global leader in technology and innovation.

CASE BASED STUDY QUESTION

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total
production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. It is the value of all final goods and services produced
within a country during a particular year. GDP shows how big the economy is. In India, the mammoth
task of measuring GDP is undertaken by a central government ministry. This Ministry, with the help of
various government departments of all the Indian states and union territories, collects information
relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices and then estimates the GDP. When we
produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector. The secondary
sector in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we
associate with industrial activity. After primary and secondary, there is a third category of activities that
falls under the tertiary sector and is different from the above two. These are activities that help in the
development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a
good but they are an aid or a support for the production process.

I) Which sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India? 1

II) Life insurance is an activity of which sector? 1
III) What is GDP? 2
Answer:
I : Tertiary Sector
II : Tertiary Sector
III : The money value of all the final goods and services produced within a country during a particular
year.

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 CHAPTER 3
MONEY AND CREDIT
Money as a medium of exchange: -
Money is anything which is generally accepted as medium of exchange and at the same
time acts as a measure and store of value.
Barter system is the direct exchange of goods or services, without using money. Barter is a
system of mutual exchange, where goods are exchanged for goods directly, without the use of
money as a medium. There is the absence of Double coincidence of wants. There is the lack of a
common method to store value, lack of standard for deferred payments, lack of a common unit of
value and lack of transfer of value.

A person holding money can exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she might
want. Thus everyone prefers to receive payments in money and then exchange the money for
things that they want. Both parties have to agree to sell and buy each other commodities. This is
known as a Double coincidence of wants.

Functions of Money: -
1. Medium of exchange
2. Measures of value
3. Store of value
4. Standard of deferred payments
5. Transfer of value

Modern forms of money:-

Currency
• In the modern times, paper notes and coins are used as a medium of exchange
• The Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government
• According to the law no one can refuse payment made in rupees to settling transactions

Deposits with Banks

• People deposit extra cash in the banks by opening a bank account in their name
• Banks accept the deposits and also pay an amount as interest on the deposit

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 • Deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand are called Demand Deposits

Cheque: A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s
account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.

Loan Activities of Banks: -

• In India, the bank holds about 15% of their deposits as cash to pay to the depositors who
might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day

• Banks mediate between those who have extra funds (the depositors) and those who are in need
of these funds (the borrowers).

• Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference
between these interests is the bank's main source of income.

Two different credit situations: -

1. Credit (loan) plays a positive role when the borrower is able to return the loan amount on time
and also made some profit with the use of that money. For example, Salim, a shoe manufacturer
took a loan from different sources to complete the order of 3000 pairs of shoes. In the end, he
delivered the order, made a profit, and repaid the loan.
2. In some cases, Credit pushes the borrower into a situation from which recovery is very painful.
For example, a small farmer Swapna took a loan for crop cultivation but due to being hit by
pests, her crops were destroyed. So she took another loan for spraying pesticides but the
production was not enough to repay the loan. So she was caught in debt-trap.
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 Terms of Credit: -
1. Collateral (Security or Guarantee)
2. Documentation
3. Tenure
4. Mode of Repayment
5. Rate of Interest

FORMAL SECTOR CREDIT IN INDIA:

Formal and Informal Sector of Credit: Who gets what?
Banks and cooperative banks constitute the formal sector sources of credit in India.
The informal lenders include moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc.
54% of the loans taken by poor households in the urban areas are from informal sources.
SELF-HELP GROUPS FOR THE POOR: -

Thus, the SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral. They can get timely
loans for a variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate. Moreover, SHGs are the building blocks
of organization of the rural poor. Not only does it help women to become financially self-reliant, the
regular meetings of the group provide a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as
health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1. All the banks act as mediator between------------- and ----------------
a. rural people, urban people
b. literates, illiterates
c. people, government
d. depositors, borrowers
ANS: d) depositors, borrowers
2. Which of the following is not a feature of Self-Help Groups (SHGs)?
a. It consists of 15-20 members or more.
b. Here members pool their savings which acts as collateral.
c. Loans are given at nominal rate of interest.
d. It is an informal source of credit.
ANS: (d) It is an informal source of credit.

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3. Which one of the following is the appropriate meaning of collateral?
(a) It is the sum total of money borrowed from banks.
(b) The amount borrowed from friends.
(c) It is an asset of the borrower used as guarantee to a lender.
(d) The amount invested in a business.
ANS: (c) It is an asset of the borrower used as guarantee to a lender.
4. Which one of the following is a major reason that prevents the poor from getting loans from the
banks?
a. Lack of capital
b. Not affordable due to high rate of interest
c. Absence of collateral security
d. Absence of mediators
ANS : (c) Absence of collateral security
5. Which one of the following is the important characteristic of modern form of currency?
a. It is made from precious metal
b. It is made from thing of everyday use
c. It is authorized by the commercial banks
d. It is authorized by the Government of the country
ANS : (d) It is authorized by the Government of the country
6. At present which form of money is increasingly used apart from paper money?
(a) Commodity money
(b) Metallic money
(c) Plastic money
(d) All the above
ANS: (c) Plastic money

ASSERTION/REASON TYPE QUESTIONS:

DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

1. Assertion: In India, no individual can refuse to accept a payment made in rupees.

Reason: Rupee is the legal tender in India.
Ans: (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
The law legalizes the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in settling
transactions in India

2. Assertion: The facility of demand deposits makes it possible to settle payments without the use of
cash.
Reason: Demand deposits are paper orders which make it possible to transfer money from one person’s
account to another person’s account.
Ans : (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
The facility of cheques against demand deposits makes it possible to directly settle payments without
the use of cash. Since demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment, along with currency,
they constitute money in the modern economy

3. Assertion: Rohan took credit in the form of advance payment from a buyer and he delivered the
goods to the buyer on time and also earned profit. The credit made Rohan better off in this situation.
Reason: Credit can never push a person into a debt trap.
Ans: (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.

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The credit made Rohan better off in this situation, however, Rohan would have been worse off if he had
failed to deliver the goods on time or he had made a loss in the production process. The latter two
situations may have caused Rohan to fall in a debt trap.

4. Assertion: Credit would be useful or not depends on the risk involved in a situation.
Reason: The chance of benefitting from credit is highest in agriculture sector.
Ans: (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
Whether credit would be useful or not depends on the risks in the situation and whether there is some
support, in case of loss.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. How do the demand deposits share the essential features of money?
ANS: The demand deposits share the essential features of money:
The facility of cheques against demand deposits make it possible to directly settle payments without the
use of cash.
Since demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment, along with currency, they constitute
money in the modern economy.

2. What is meaning of Barter system? Why is double coincidence of wants is an essential feature of
a Barter system?
ANS : Meaning of Barter system: A system in which goods are directly exchanged without the use of
money is called barter system.
Double coincidence of wants means when both the parties – seller and purchaser – agree to sell and buy
each other’s commodities. It implies that what a person desires to sell is exactly what the other wishes to
buy. No money is used in such an arrangement. Therefore, it is an essential feature of barter system.

3. Why is it necessary for the banks and cooperative societies to increase their lending facilities in
rural areas?
ANS: (i) Banks and cooperative societies can help people in obtaining cheap and affordable loans.
(ii) This will empower people in a variety of ways. They could grow corps, do business,
set up small- scale industries etc. They could set up new industries or trade in goods.
[iii]Loans from informal lenders carry a very high interest rate and do little to increase the
income of the borrowers. Thus, it is necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their
lending particularly in the rural areas, so that the dependence on informal sources of
credit reduces. Cheap and affordable credit is also important for the country’s development.
(Any two points)

4. How do banks play an important role in the economy of India?

ANS : (i) Banks provide people the facility to deposit their surplus money by opening a
bank account in their name. Banks also pay an amount as interest on the deposits.
In this way, people’s money is safe with the banks and it earns an amount as interest.
Thus, banks add to the income of the family.
(ii)Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans to the needy. There is a
huge demand for loans for various economic activities. Banks, thus, mediate
between those who have surplus money and those who are in need of this money.
(iii) Banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators,
small-scale industries, to small borrowers, etc. Thus, they empower these people and help indirectly in
the country’s development.
(iv)The rate of interest that banks demand from the borrowers is always cheap and affordable. This
helps people to improve their condition. Banks also give loans to industrialists. These industrialists use
these loans to expand their industries. In this way, they contribute in country’s development. By
employing a large number of people banks solve the problem of unemployment to a great extent.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is meant by double coincidence of wants? What is its inherent problem?
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ANS : Double coincidence of wants is a situation when both parties have agreed to sell and buy each
other’s products or commodities. It can only work when both the persons are ready to exchange each
other’s goods.

2. “There is a great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India.” Examine the
statement.
ANS : There is great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India because: In the informal
sector there is no organisation to supervises the credit activities of lenders. They lend at whatever
interest rate they choose. No one can stop rural money-lenders from using unfair means to get their
money back .
3. Why is it necessary for the banks and cooperative societies to increase their lending facilities in
rural areas? Explain.
OR
b. Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?
ANS : There is no organization that supervises the credit activities of lenders in the informal sector.
They lend at whatever interest rate they choose.
• No one can stop rural money-lenders from using unfair means to get their money back.
• Informal lenders charge a very high rate of interest on loans and as a result a larger part of the earnings
of the borrowers and farmers are used to pay the loans.
• The amount to be repaid is often greater than income, and farmers and other borrowers in villages fall
in a debt trap.
Thus, it is necessary that banks and co-operatives increase their lending, particularly in rural areas, so
that dependence on informal sources of credit ends.

4. What comprises ‘terms of credit’?

Ans : Rate of interest, collateral security, documentation requirements and mode of repayment together
comprise terms of credit. This varies from bank to bank and borrower to borrower.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. “RBI plays a crucial role in controlling formal sector loan.” Explain.
ANS : (1) The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of credit in India. It
is the central bank of India.
(2) It supervises the functioning of banks in the following ways :
(3) The RBI monitors that the banks actually maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they
receive. Banks in India these days, hold about 15 per cent of their deposits as cash.
(4) RBI ensures that the banks give loans not just to profit-making business and traders but also to small
cultivators, small-scale industries, small borrowers, etc.
(5) Periodically, banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom,
at what interest rates, etc.

2. Why is the share of formal sector credit higher for the richer households compared to the
poorer households? Give any two reasons responsible for this.
ANS : (1) Undoubtedly, credit arrangements are not very fair for all sections of society The share of
formal sector credit is higher for the richer households as compared to the poorer households. This has
the following reasons:
(i) Poverty affects poor households’ capacity to borrow. Formal sector credit requires proper documents
and collateral as security against loans. Collateral is an asset. So, poor people lack in providing such
things which affect their capacity to borrow.
(ii) The poor people do not repay
(iii) The people in villages may not have access to banks in their village. Also, they are R. loan on time
because of the various day-to-day needs. - hesitant and unsure about the functioning of the banks.
Reasons
(i) More credit facilities should be made available in rural areas by opening more banks there.
(ii) The procedure of giving loans should be made easier and simpler.

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[Link] do SHG’s act to provide a platform for women to address their various social issues?
ANS : SHGs act to provide a platform for women to address their various social issues in the following
ways:
(1) A Self-Help Group is an organization of rural poor, particularly women who pool their savings.
(2) The SHG encourages its members for savings and enables them to take small loans from the group
itself to meet their needs. In this way, it addresses their economic issue that is the base of many social
issues.
(3) SHGs are the building blocks of the organization of the rural poor. Not only does it help women to
become financially self-reliant, but the regular meetings of the group also provide a platform to discuss
and act on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.
(4) The SHG provides self-employment opportunities to its members by providing them loans for
meeting working capital needs, for housing materials, for acquiring assets like a sewing machine,
handlooms, cattle, etc.
(5) The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than what the money- lenders charge.

4.“Cheap and affordable credit is essential for poor households both in rural and urban areas.” In
the light of the above statement explain the social and economic values attached to it.
Or
“Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development.” Assess the statement.
Or
‘Credit has its own unique role for development’. Justify the statement with arguments.
Answer: It refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or
services in return for the promise of future repayment.
1. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s growth and economic development. Credit is
in great demand for various kinds of economic activities—big or small investments, to set up business,
buying cars, houses, etc.
2. In rural areas credit helps in the development of agriculture by providing funds to farmers to buy
seeds, fertilizers, expensive pesticides.
3. Manufacturers need credit for buying raw material or to meet ongoing expenditure of production.
Credit helps in the purchase of plant, machinery, equipment, etc.
4. Some people may need to borrow for illness, marriages etc. Thus, cheap and affordable credit is
crucial for the country’sgrowth and economic development.

5. Why is it necessary for the banks and cooperative societies to increase their lending facilities in
rural areas? Explain.
ANS:- Banks and Cooperatives can help people in obtaining cheap and affordable loans. This will help
people to grow crops, do business, set up small-scale industries or trade in goods and also help
indirectly in the country’s development. They should do so, so that relatively poor people do not have to
depend on informal sources of credit (moneylenders).

SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:-
Modern forms of money include currency-paper notes and coins. Unlike the things that were used as
money earlier, modern currency is not made of precious metal such as gold, silver and copper. And
unlike grain and cattle, they are neither of everyday use. The modern currency is without any use of its
own. Then, why is it accepted as a medium of exchange? It is accepted as a medium of exchange
because the currency is authorised by the government as it legalises the use of rupee as a medium of
payment that cannot be refused in settling transactions in India. No individual in India can legally refuse
a payment made in rupees. Hence, the rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange in the country.
In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. As per
Indian law, no other individual or organisation is allowed to issue currency. Moreover, the law legalises
the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in selling transactions in India. No
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individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupees. Hence, the rupee is widely accepted as
a medium of exchange.

1. What is accepted as the medium of exchange in India? 1

ANS : Rupee is accepted as the medium of exchange in India
2. What does the Indian Law say about the currency? 1
ANS: As per Indian law, no other individual or organization is allowed to issue currency. Moreover, the
law legalizes the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in settling transactions in
India.
3. Who issues the currency notes in India? Which is our currency used nowadays? 2
ANS : The Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the Central government. Nowadays
paper notes and coins are used as currency in our country.

CHAPTER 4
GLOBALISATION AND INDIAN ECONOMY

Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.

Production across Countries:

● Trade was the main channel of connecting distant countries. Large companies, which are now called
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) played a major role in trade.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs):

A MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one
[Link] set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can
get cheap labour and other resources. This is done so that the cost of production is
low and the MNCs can earn greater profits.

● Today more and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between
countries, not just in terms of sales of products overseas but in terms of global production as well.
● Globalisation also happens through the movement of people between countries. People usually
move from one country to another in search of better income, better jobs or better education.

Interlinking production across countries:

●Corporations look for availability of factors of production and favourable government policy
while
scouting to set up production in a country.
● The money spent by corporations to acquire assets is termed as foreign investment by the host
country.
●These MNCs use various routes like setting up new companies, joint ventures with local
companies, buying a local company (most common) or placing orders to the local companies to
manufacture under MNC's brand name, to set up in the host country.
● These corporations also bring enormous wealth and technical know how with them.
● In this way geographically, dispersed production is getting interlinked.

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Foreign trade and integration of markets:
● Foreign trade allows producers to sell their goods outside their domestic nations.
● It allows consumers to buy goods apart from those, made in their country.
● Foreign trade thus results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different
countries.

Enabling factors of Globalisation

● Technology:
⮚Rapid improvements in technology for instance, improvements in transportation technology
have made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.
⮚ Information and communication technology has made global transmission of information
and communication possible at negligible costs.

● Liberalisation of foreign trade and investment policy:

⮚ Liberalisation is a process of removing barriers or restrictions set by the government.
⮚ With liberalisation of trade, businesses are allowed to make decisions freely about the imports,
exports and their investments.

⮚ Starting around 1991 in India, the government decided to lift many barriers on foreign trade and
foreign investment to a large extent.

KEY NOTES:-
Trade barriers :-Tax on imports is an example of trade barrier
Liberalisation :-Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is what is known as
liberalisation.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

[Link] is globalization?
i) The process of decreasing interactions between different countries
ii) The process of increasing interactions and integration among people, companies, and
governments worldwide
iii) The process of a country isolating itself from the rest of the world
iv) The process of reducing the population of a country
Answer: ii) The process of increasing interactions and integration among people, companies, and
governments worldwide

[Link] sector in India has benefited the most from globalization?

i) Agriculture
ii) Manufacturing
iii) Information Technology (IT) and Services
iv) Mining
Answer: iii) Information Technology (IT) and Services

[Link] of the following is a key factor that has enabled globalization?

i) Increased tariffs on international trade
ii.) Development of advanced transportation systems
iii) Restrictions on foreign direct investment
iv) Limited access to information technology
Answer: ii) Development of advanced transportation systems

[Link] role do multinational corporations (MNCs) play in globalization?

i )They restrict the flow of goods and services across borders
ii) They promote cultural isolation
iii) They invest in different countries and create global supply chains
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iv) They reduce competition in local markets
Answer: iii) They invest in different countries and create global supply chains

[Link] are international trade agreements important for globalization?

i) They increase trade barriers
ii) They simplify cross-border trade regulations
iii) They limit the flow of goods between countries
iv) They discourage foreign investments
Answer: ii) They simplify cross-border trade regulations

[Link] Indian policy reform was aimed at liberalizing the economy in 1991?
i) Green Revolution
ii) Industrial Policy Resolution
iii) New Economic Policy
iv) Five-Year Plan
Answer: iii) New Economic Policy

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. What is globalization, and what is its impact in the Indian economy?
Ans. Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among
countries through trade, investment, technology, and cultural exchange. In India, globalization has
led to economic growth, increased foreign investment, improved access to technology, and
expanded export markets. However, it has also posed challenges such as increased competition and
economic inequality.

2. How has globalization affected employment patterns in India?

Answer: Globalization has led to job creation in sectors such as IT, services, and manufacturing.
However, it has also resulted in job losses in traditional and uncompetitive industries. The nature
of employment has shifted towards more skilled and technology-driven jobs.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER 2023-2024

AND
SOLVED & UNSOLVED SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER

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