D”P gva¨wgK ● hyw³we`¨v (wØZxq cÎ) ● Aa¨vqwfwËK m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi

cÖ_g Aa¨vq : †hŠw³K msÁv

1. wk¶K myRb‡K Ôgvbyl' c‡`i msÁv w`‡Z ej‡jb Ges N. DÏxc‡Ki †mv‡n‡ji msÁv h_v_© bq| KviY Zvi
myRb ej‡jv, Ògvbyl nq gbyl¨ RvZxq RxeÓ| †mv‡nj e³‡e¨ Ae¨vcK msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U‡Q|
ej‡jv, Ògvbyl nq wkw¶Z eyw×e…wËm¤úbœ RxeÓ| msÁvq RvZ¨‡_©i AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv ¸‡Yi D‡jøL _vK‡j
wk¶K ej‡jb, Ò†Zvgv‡`i `yR‡biB DËi fyjÓ| Ges Zv we‡”Q`¨ AevšÍi j¶Y (Separable
K. †hŠw³K msÁv Kx? Accident) n‡j Ae¨vcK msÁv AbyccwË ev AwZ
L. e…nËg RvwZi msÁv †`Iqv hvq bv †Kb? msKxY© msÁv AbyccwË (Fallacy of Too
M. DÏxc‡K myR‡bi e³‡e¨ †hŠw³K msÁvi †Kvb Narrow Definition) N‡U| h_v— Ôgvbyl GKUv
wbqgwU j•Nb Kiv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| f`ª eyw×e…wËm¤úbœ Rxe|' G `…óv‡šÍ gvby‡li msÁvq
N. DÏxc‡K †mv‡n‡ji msÁv wK h_v_©? †Zvgvi f`ªZv ¸YUvi AšÍf©yw³ msÁvUv‡K msKxY© K‡i
cvV¨eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡iv| Zy‡j‡Q| KviY, ¸YUv wKQymsL¨K gvby‡liB Av‡Q, me
1 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi gvby‡li †bB|
K. †Kv‡bv c‡`i c~Y© RvZ¨_© D‡jø‡Li gva¨‡g c`wU‡K DÏxc‡K †mv‡nj e‡j, Ôgvbyl nq wkw¶Z
mnR, mij I ¯úófv‡e cªKvk Kiv‡K †hŠw³K msÁv eyw×e…wËm¤úbœ cªvYxÕ | G‡¶‡Î 'wkw¶Z' ¸YwU n‡”Q
e‡j| gvbyl c‡`i we‡”Q`¨ AevšÍi j¶Y, hv gvby‡li msÁvq
L. ciZg ev m‡e©v”P c` nIqvi Kvi‡Y e…nËg RvwZi AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e hy³ nIqvi msÁvwU Ae¨vcK msÁvq
msÁv †`Iqv hvq bv| cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| KviY gvby‡li msÁvq Ôwkw¶ZÕ ¸YwU
e…nËg RvwZ n‡”Q m‡e©v”P RvwZ, hv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv hy³ Kivq †Kej wkw¶Z †kªwY gvby‡li AšÍf©y³
RvwZi DcRvwZ bq| G Kvi‡Y Giƒc RvwZi †Kv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avi Awkw¶Z †kªwY gvby‡li ewnf©~Z i‡q‡Q|
AvmbœZg RvwZ _v‡K bv| Avi msÁvq †h‡nZy A_P wkw¶Z-Awkw¶Z Dfq †kªwYB gvby‡li AšÍf©y³|
AvmbœZg RvwZi D‡jøL _vKv Acwinvh©, ZvB AvmbœZg Kv‡RB Ôwkw¶ZÕ ¸YwU gvby‡li msÁvq e¨envi Kivq
RvwZ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y e…nËg RvwZi msÁv †`Iqv msÁvwU åvšÍ n‡q‡Q|
m¤¢e bq| ZvB ejv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki †mv‡n‡ji e³‡e¨ Ae¨vcK
M. DÏxc‡K myR‡bi e³‡e¨ †hŠw³K msÁvi Z…Zxq msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË NUvq Zvi msÁv h_v_© bq|
wbqgwU j•Nb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†hŠw³K msÁvi Z…Zxq wbqgvbymv‡i ejv nq, ÔmsÁvq 2. `…óvšÍ-1: Òb¨vq Zv‡KB e‡j hv Ab¨vq bq|Ó
†Kv‡bv c‡`i cªwZkã ev mgv_©K fvlv e¨envi Kiv `…óvšÍ-2: Ò‰kke n‡jv Rxe‡bi cªfvZKvj|Ó
hv‡e bvÕ| GB wbqg j•Nb Ki‡j PµK msÁvRwbZ K. eY©bv ej‡Z Kx †evS?
AbyccwË (Circle in definition) N‡U| †hgb- L. †gŠwjK ¸‡Yi msÁv †`Iqv hvq bv †Kb?
ÔMvQ nq e…¶Õ, ÔUvKv nq A_©' BZ¨vw`| Gme `…óv‡šÍ M. `…óvšÍ-1 G †hŠw³K msÁvi †Kvb ai‡bi
GKB c‡`i mgv_©K ev cªwZkã e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| AbyccwË N‡U‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
d‡j msÁvq bZyb wKQyB ejv nqwb| G‡Z ms‡Áq N. `…óvšÍ-2 Gi †hŠw³K msÁvwU wK h_v_©?
c‡`i A_© †gv‡UB my¯úó nqwb| eis GKB kã GKB cvV¨eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡iv|
Ave‡Z© wd‡i Avmvq PµK msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË 2 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
N‡U‡Q| K. †Kv‡bv c‡`i Dcj¶Y ev AevšÍi j¶Y A_ev
DÏxc‡Ki myRb e‡j, Ôgvbyl nq gbyl¨RvZxq cªvYxÕ | RvZ¨‡_©i Askwe‡kl D‡jøL K‡i †h wee…wZ †`Iqv nq
GwU GKwU åvšÍ msÁv| KviY gvby‡li G msÁvwU‡Z Zv‡K eY©bv e‡j |
GKB K_vi cybive…wË N‡U‡Q| †Kbbv 'gvbyl' Ges L. †gŠwjK ¸‡Yi Acwinvh© A_© cªKvk Kiv hvq bv e‡j
Ôgbyl¨Õ GKB A_©‡evaK kã| Kv‡RB Ôgbyl¨Õ kãwU G wel‡qi †Kv‡bv msÁvI †`Iqv hvq bv|
Øviv gvbyl‡K msÁvwqZ Kivq msÁvwU PµK msÁvq e¨w³ ev e¯Íyi wewfbœ †gŠwjK ¸Y i‡q‡Q| †hgb:
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| myZivs ejv hvq, DÏxc‡K myR‡bi wZ³Zv, wgóZv, Avb›`, †e`bv BZ¨vw`| Gme †gŠwjK
e³‡e¨ †hŠw³K msÁvi Z…Zxq wbqgwU j•Nb Kiv ¸‡Yi AvmbœZg RvwZ I we‡f`K j¶Y bv _vKvi
n‡q‡Q|
 Kvi‡Y Acwinvh© A_© cªKvk Kiv hvq bv| ZvB Gme AwbK ej‡jv, Ògvbyl n‡jv nvm¨wcªq Abyf~wZcªeY
c‡`i †hŠw³K msÁv †`Iqv m¤¢e bq | mvgvwRK RxeÓ| cvVvb ej‡jv, Ògvbyl bq Roe¯Íy|Ó
M. `…óvšÍ-1 G †hŠw³K msÁvi bT_©K AbyccwË N‡U‡Q| Df‡qi K_v ï‡b gvgyb ej‡jv, Ò‡Zvgv‡`i Kv‡iv
†Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq b_©K fvlv e¨envi Kiv n‡j †`Iqv msÁv †hŠw³K nqwb| KviY gvbyl n‡jv
msÁv åvšÍ ev ÎywUc~Y© n‡e| Giƒc msÁv‡K ejv nq eyw×e…wËm¤úbœ Rxe|Ó
bT_©K ev †bwZevPK msÁv| †hgb Ôcvc bq cyY¨Õ, K. †hŠw³K msÁvi Dcvq Kx?
ÔcvwL bq PZy®ú`Õ| G msÁv `y‡Uv‡Z ÔcvcÕ I ÔcvwLiÕ L. Ô`ªe¨' c`wUi wK †hŠw³K msÁv †`Iqv m¤¢e?
g‡a¨ Kx Kx ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q Zv ejv nqwb| eis †h ¸Y M. DÏxc‡Ki cvVv‡bi e³‡e¨ msÁvi †Kvb ai‡bi
†bB ïay ZvB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Abyiƒc åvwšÍ j¶ AbyccwË N‡U‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
Kiv hvq `…óvšÍ-1 G| N. DÏxc‡K AwbK Gi msÁv †_‡K gvgy‡bi msÁv
`…óvšÍ-1 G D‡jøwLZ, Ôb¨vq Zv‡KB e‡j hv Ab¨vq †Kb c…_K? we‡kølY K‡iv|
bq|' G msÁvq 'b¨vqÕ Kx Zv e¨³ nqwb, eis Ôb¨vqÕ 3 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
Kx bq †Kej ZvB e¨³ n‡q‡Q| G‡Z b¨vq Gi A_© K. †hŠw³K msL¨vi Dcvq n‡jv Acwinvh© ¸Y wn‡m‡e
my¯úó bv n‡q A¯úóB i‡q †M‡Q| Giƒc †bwZevPK c‡`i RvZ¨_© D‡jøL Kiv|
A_© cªKvkKvi‡Y ejv hvq, `…óvšÍ-1 G bT_©K L. bv, `ªe¨ c`wUi msÁv †`Iqv m¤¢e bq|
msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb, `ªe¨ n‡jv m‡e©v”P RvwZ| Gi †P‡q
N. `…óvšÍ-2 Gi †hŠw³K msÁvwU h_v_© bq| KviY GB e¨vcKZi RvwZ †bB| cvkvcvwk Gi †Kv‡bv AvmbœZg
msÁvq iƒcK msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U‡Q| RvwZI †bB| ZvB G c‡`i msÁv †`Iqv hvq bv|
†hŠw³K msÁvi Ab¨Zg åvšÍ iƒc n‡”Q ÔiƒcK msÁv', M. DÏxc‡K cvVv‡bi e³‡e¨ bT_©K msÁvRwbZ
hvi D™¢e N‡U msÁvi †¶‡Î cª‡hvR¨ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AbyccwË N‡U‡Q|
wbq‡gi j•Nb †_‡K| GB wbq‡gi g~jK_v n‡”Q, †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq bT_©K fvlv e¨envi Kiv n‡j
†Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁv`v‡bi †¶‡Î †mB c‡`i †P‡q ¯úó msÁv åvšÍ ev ÎywUc~Y© n‡e| Giƒc msÁv‡K ejv nq,
I mnR fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| msÁv‡K †Kv‡bv bT_©K ev †bwZevPK msÁv| †hgb- Ôcvc bq cyY¨Õ,
Ae¯’vq `y‡e©va¨ ev iƒcK fvlvq cªKvk Kiv hv‡e bv| ÔcvwL bq PZy®ú`x'| G msÁv `y‡Uv‡Z ÔcvcÕ I ÔcvwLiÕ
KviY msÁvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q ms‡Áq c‡`i A_©‡K g‡a¨ Kx Kx ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q Zv ejv nqwb| eis
my¯úó I mnR‡eva¨ Kiv| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁv c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †h ¸Y †bB ïay ZvB D‡jøL Kiv
†`Iqvi †¶‡Î iƒcK kã e¨envi Kiv n‡j c`wU wfbœ n‡q‡Q|
A_© aviY K‡i| G‡Z msÁvwU A¯úó n‡q c‡o| hvi Abyiƒcfv‡e DÏxc‡Ki cvVvb e‡j, Ògvbyl bq Ro
d‡j msÁvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ nq| Avi Giƒc e¯Íy|Ó A_©vr †m gvby‡li msÁv bv w`‡q eis gvbyl wK
†¶‡ÎB D™¢e N‡U ÔiƒcK msÁvÕ bvgK ÎywUc~Y© msÁvi| bq ZvB e‡j‡Q| †bwZevPKfv‡e gvbyl m¤ú‡K© ejvi
`…óvšÍ-2 G ewY©Z, ˆkke n‡jv Rxe‡bi cªfvZKvj| Kvi‡Y Zvi e³e¨ bT_©K msÁvRwbZ AbyccwËi
GwU GKwU åvšÍ msÁv| KviY G msÁvq Ô‰kke' c`wUi `…óvšÍ|
¯^iƒc e¨³ nqwb, eis G †¶‡Î hv e¨³ n‡q‡Q Zv N. DÏxc‡K AwbK AevšÍi msÁv Ges gvgyb †hŠw³K
†_‡K gvby‡li g‡b ˆkke c‡`i GKwU wfbœ aviYv msÁv w`‡q‡Q| `yB msÁvi ˆewk‡ó¨i wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y
†c‡Z cv‡i| d‡j G‡Z ms‡Áq c‡`i cªK…Z A_© Df‡qi msÁv ci¯úi †_‡K c…_K|
A¯úó n‡q c‡o| Kv‡RB ms‡Áq c`‡K my¯úófv‡e msÁvq RvZ¨‡_©i AwZwi³ ¸Y _vK‡j Ges Zv
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡j Gi msÁv‡_© Ggb fvlv e¨envi Awe‡”Q`¨ AevšÍi j¶Y (Inseparable
Ki‡Z n‡e, hv c`wUi AšÍwb©wnZ iƒc‡K cªKvk K‡i Accident) n‡j AevšÍi j¶YRwbZ msÁv AbyccwË
Ges hv g~jZ RvZ¨‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q cªKvwkZ nq| (Fallacy of Accidental Definition) N‡U|
Ab¨_vq msÁvwU iƒcK fvlvi AšÍiv‡j †_‡K åvwšÍi †hgb- DÏxc‡Ki AwbK e‡j, gvbyl GKUv nvm¨wcªq,
m…wó K‡i| Abyf~wZcªeY, mvgvwRK Rxe| G `…óv‡šÍ Ônvm¨wcªqÕ,
cwi‡k‡l ejv ejv hvq, iƒcK kã e¨envi Kivi ÔAbyf~wZcªeYÕ, mvgvwRK ¸Y¸‡jv gvby‡li AevšÍi
Kvi‡Y `…óvšÍ-2 Gi †hŠw³K msÁvwU h_v_© bq| j¶Y| cvkvcvwk gvbyl c‡`i Acwinvh© w`K wn‡m‡e
eyw×e…wË D‡jøL Kiv nqwb| Gme Kvi‡YB Awb‡Ki
3. AwbK, cvVvb I gvgyb hyw³we`¨vq Ôgvbyl‡KÕ Kxfv‡e msÁvwU AevšÍi msÁvi `…óvšÍ| GB msÁvi gva¨‡g
msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv KiwQj|
 c‡`i Acwinvh© A_© Rvbv hvq bv| KviY GwU GKwU n‡”Q, msÁvi †¶‡Î ms‡Áq I msÁv‡_©i e¨³¨_© †ewk
åvšÍ cªwµqv| n‡Z cvi‡e bv| A_P `…óvšÍ-3 G cª`Ë msÁvq G
Ab¨w`‡K, gvgyb e‡j‡Q, gvbyl nq eyw×e…wËm¤úbœ wbqgwUi j•Nb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †¶‡Î nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
Rxe| GLv‡b †m ÔgvbylÕ c‡`i c~Y© RvZ¨_© wn‡m‡e c‡`i e¨³¨‡_©i †P‡q M¨vm c‡`i e¨³¨_© †ewk| KviY
AvmbœZg RvwZ I we‡f`K j¶Y D‡jøL K‡i‡Q| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb QvovI RM‡Z Aw·‡Rb, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb bv‡g
cvkvcvwk gvbyl c‡`i AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv ¸Y D‡jøL AviI wewfbœ M¨vm Av‡Q| wKš‘ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K M¨vm
K‡iwb| G Kvi‡Y GwU gvbyl c‡`i h_v_© msÁv| ej‡j Ab¨vb¨ M¨v‡mi bvg ev` c‡o hvq| A_©vr, ZLb
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, AevšÍi msÁv I †hŠw³K msÁv `ywU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb c‡`i e¨³¨_© e…w× cvq| Gi d‡j
wfbœ welq| †Kv‡bv c‡`i Acwinvh© A_© Rvbvi Rb¨ AwZe¨vcK msÁv AbyccwË N‡U|
†hŠw³K msÁv GKwU gva¨g, AevšÍi msÁv bq| `…óvšÍ-1 G ewY©Z, Ôgvbyl nq eyw×e…wËm¤úbœ Rxe'|
GLv‡b 'gvbyl' c‡`i c~Y© RvZ¨_© wn‡m‡e AvmbœZg
4. `…óvšÍ-1: gvbyl n‡jv eyw×e…wËm¤úbœ Rxe| RvwZ I we‡f`K j¶Y D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y
`…óvšÍ-2: b`x n‡jv mZZ Pjbkxj †mªvZw¯^bx Rjvavi| GwU gvbyl c‡`i h_v_© msÁv| GLv‡b †Kv‡bv AbyccwË
`…óvšÍ-3: nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n‡jv GK cªKvi M¨vm| N‡Uwb|
K. evûj¨ msÁv Kx? ZvB Giƒc AbyccwËRwbZ Kvi‡Y `…óvšÍ-1 I `…óvšÍ-3
L. †hŠw³K msÁvi `ywU ˆewkó¨ †j‡Lv| GKwU †_‡K Ab¨wU c…_K |
M. `…óvšÍ-2 G †hŠw³K msÁvi †Kvb ai‡bi
AbyccwË msNwUZ n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 5. `…k¨Kí-1: †nu‡kj n‡jv ivbœvNi |
N. `…óvšÍ-3 Kxfv‡e `…óvšÍ-1 †_‡K c…_K? we‡kølY `…k¨Kí-2: cÙvmb n‡jv w·KvYvKvi gÐjg‡a¨
K‡iv| cÙvm‡b mgvmxb|
4 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi `…k¨Kí-3: Bsj¨vÛ n‡jv wµ‡K‡Ui g°v|
K. †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq RvZ¨‡_©i AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv ¸‡Yi K. msÁv_© c` Kv‡K e‡j?
D‡jøL _vK‡j Ges †m ¸YwU Dcj¶Y n‡j †h L. Ô†PZbvÕ c‡`i †hŠw³K msÁv †`Iqv hvq bv
AbyccwË N‡U Zv‡K evûj¨ msÁv e‡j | †Kb? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
L. †hŠw³K msÁvi `ywU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv— M. `…k¨Kí-2 G †Kvb ai‡bi msÁv AbyccwË
1. msÁvq †Kv‡bv †kªwYevPK c‡`i mgMª RvZ¨_© ev N‡U‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
†gŠwjK ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Kiv nq | N. msÁvi wbq‡gi Av‡jv‡K `…k¨Kí-1 I 3 Gi
2. †hŠw³K msÁv me©`v GKwU mgxKi‡Yi wb‡`©kbv m¤úK© we‡kølY K‡iv|
`vb K‡i| h_v_© msÁv ms‡Áq Ges msÁv_© 5 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
c‡`i cwiwai mgvb _v‡K| K. †h c‡`i gva¨‡g msÁv cª`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K msÁv_©
M. `…óvšÍ-2 G `y‡e©va¨ msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U‡Q| c` e‡j|
msÁv‡K ms‡Áq c‡`i †P‡q ¯úó n‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv L. mijZg ¸Y nIqvi Kvi‡Y †PZbv c‡`i msÁv †`Iqv
c‡`i msÁvq eû A_©‡evaK ev `y‡e©va¨ kã e¨envi hvq bv|
Kiv hv‡e bv| msÁvq mnR- mij fvlvi cwie‡Z© mij I †gŠwjK gvbwmK cªwµqv n‡”Q †PZbv, myL,
`y‡e©va¨ fvlv e¨envi Ki‡j `y‡e©va¨ msÁvRwbZ `ytL BZ¨vw` | G¸‡jv n‡”Q mijZg ¸Y| G‡`i †hgb
AbyccwË N‡U| we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv †Zgwb Avevi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ¸‡Yi
`…óvšÍ-2 G ejv n‡q‡Q, b`x n‡jv mZZ Pjbkxj mv‡_ wgkv‡bvI hvq bv ev ZyjbvI Kiv hvq bv| †h
†mªvZw¯^bx Rjvavi| GLv‡b b`x‡K `y‡e©va¨fv‡e Kvi‡Y G‡`i msÁv cª`vb Kiv hvq bv|
msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G msÁvi cªwZwU kã AZ¨šÍ M. `…k¨Kí-2 G `y‡e©va¨ msÁv AbyccwË N‡U‡Q|
KwVb, RwUj I `y‡e©va¨| msÁvq mnR-mij fvlvi †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq KwVb ev `y‡e©va¨ kã e¨envi
cwie‡Z© `y‡e©va¨ fvlv e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q weavq Ki‡j msÁvwU `y‡e©va¨ ev RwUj cªK…wZi nq| Gi d‡j
`y‡e©va¨ msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U‡Q| †h åvwšÍ N‡U ZvB `y‡e©va¨ msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË |
N. AbyccwËi wfwˇZ `…óvšÍ-3 †_‡K `…óvšÍ-1 c…_K | msÁvi wØZxq wbqgvbymv‡i, †h c‡`i msÁv w`‡Z n‡e
`…óvšÍ-3 G ejv n‡q‡Q, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n‡jv GKcªKvi †m c`wU †_‡K msÁv_© c`‡K AwaK ¯úó n‡Z n‡e|'
M¨vm| GwU AwZe¨vcK msÁvRwbZ AbyccwËi `…óvšÍ| A_©vr msÁvq `y‡e©va¨ fvlv e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
KviY msÁvi †¶‡Î cvjbxq GKwU Ab¨Zg wbqg
 †hgb- msMxZ n‡jv `yg©~j¨ †Kvjvnj | GwU `y‡e©va¨ K. †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq RvZ¨‡_©i AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv ¸‡Yi
msÁv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| D‡jøL _vK‡j Ges †m ¸YwU Dcj¶Y n‡j †h
`…k¨Kí-2 G ewY©Z, cÙvmb n‡jv w·KvYvKvi AbyccwË N‡U Zv‡K evûj¨ msÁv e‡j |
gÐjg‡a¨ cÙvm‡b mgvmxb| GLv‡b ÔcÙvmb' c‡`i †h L. msÁvq RvZ¨‡_©i AwZwi³ ¸Y _vK‡j Ges Zv
msÁv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Zv RwUj I `y‡e©va¨ | G Kvi‡Y Awe‡”Q`¨ AevšÍi j¶Y (Inseparable
msÁvwU‡Z `y‡e©va¨ msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U‡Q| Accident) n‡j AevšÍi j¶YRwbZ msÁv AbyccwË
N. `…k¨Kí-1 I 3 h_vµ‡g †hŠw³K msÁvi Z…Zxq I (Fallacy of Accidental Definition) N‡U|
wØZxq wbq‡gi mv‡_ mv`…k¨c~Y©| wb‡P Dfq wel‡qi AevšÍi msÁv GK cªKvi åvšÍ msÁv| Giƒc msÁvq
m¤úK© msÁvi wbq‡gi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv— AwZwi³ ¸Y wn‡m‡e AevšÍi j¶Y D‡jøL Kiv nq|
msÁvi Z…Zxq wbqgvbymv‡i, †h c‡`i msÁv †`qv nq, h_v— gvbyl GKUv nvm¨wcªq eyw×e…wËm¤úbœ Rxe ৷ G
msÁvq †m c` ev Zvi mgv_©K c` e¨envi Kiv hv‡e `…óv‡šÍ Ônvm¨wcªqÕ ¸YUv gvby‡li AevšÍi j¶Y| Kv‡RB
bv| G wbqg j•Nb Ki‡j PµK msÁvbyccwË N‡U| GwU AevšÍi msÁvi `…óvšÍ|
A_©vr †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q wfbœ fvlvi †mB M. `…k¨Kí-1 †hŠw³K msÁvi PZy_© wbq‡gi cwicš’x|
c‡`i cybiæw³ Kiv n‡j msÁvUvq åvwšÍ †`Lv w`‡e| msÁvi PZy_© wbqgvbymv‡i, †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq me©`v
G AbyccwËi bvg PµK msÁv AbyccwË| †hgb- m`_©K fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e, b_©K fvlv e¨envi
`…k¨Kí-1 G ewY©Z, †nu‡kj n‡jv ivbœvNi | G msÁvUv Kiv hv‡e bv| G wbqg j•Nb Ki‡j b_©K msÁvRwbZ
åvšÍ| G‡Z bZyb wKQyB ejv nqwb d‡j ms‡Áq c`Uvi AbyccwË N‡U| †hgb: 'Avb›` n‡”Q †e`bvi AfveÕ
A_© †gv‡UB my¯úó nqwb| GLv‡b Ô‡nu‡kj' I ÔivbœvNiÕ GLv‡b Avb‡›`i msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q †e`bvi Afve bvgK
n‡jv mgv_©K kã|
bT_©K fvlv e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j bT_©K
†hŠw³K msÁvi wØZxq wbqgvbymv‡i, †h c‡`i msÁv
msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U‡Q|
wb‡`©k Kiv nq msÁvUv †m c` A‡c¶v ¯úóZi n‡e,
`…k¨Kí-1 G ewY©Z, abx bq `wi`ª| G msÁvq abx
msÁvwU iƒc‡Ki gva¨‡g ev `y‡e©va¨ fvlvq e¨³ Kiv
c‡` Kx ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q Zv ejv nqwb| eis GB c‡` †h
hv‡e bv| G wbqgwU j•Nb K‡i msÁvq †Kv‡bv iƒcK
¸Y †bB ïay ZvB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y ejv
ev `y‡e©va¨ kã e¨envi Kiv n‡j iƒcK msÁv wKsev
hvq, `…k¨Kí-1 †hŠw³K msÁvi PZy_© wbq‡gi
`y‡e©va¨ msÁv AbyccwË NU‡e| `…k¨Kí-3 G
cwicš’x|
D‡jøwLZ, Bsj¨vÛ n‡jv wµ‡K‡Ui g°v| GUv n‡jv
N. `…k¨Kí-2 I `…k¨Kí-3 h_vµ‡g Ae¨vcK msÁv I
GKwU iƒcK msÁv| KviY GLv‡b Ôwµ‡KUÕ c‡`i
AwZe¨vcK msÁvi `…óvšÍ | wb‡P Dfq msÁvi †h
msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q g°v bvgK iƒcK kã e¨envi Kiv
cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
n‡q‡Q| ZvB `…k¨Kí-3 G iƒcK msÁvRwbZ
†Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq hw` †`Lv hvq †h, msÁv_© c`
AbyccwË N‡U‡Q|
ms‡Áq c‡`i e¨³¨_©‡K Kwg‡q w`‡”Q, Zvn‡j
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, `…k¨Kí-1 I 3 h_vµ‡g †hŠw³K
msÁvwU ÎywUc~Y© n‡e| Giƒc ÎywUc~Y© msÁv‡K Ae¨vcK
msÁvi Z…Zxq I wØZxq wbq‡gi mv‡_ mv`…k¨c~Y©|
msÁv e‡j| †hgb- `…k¨Kí-2 G ewY©Z, `y»RvZ cY¨
KviY Dfq `…óv‡šÍ msÁvi Z…Zxq I wØZxq wbqg
n‡jv cwbi| GLv‡b `y»RvZ cY¨ wn‡m‡e ïay cwbi
j•NbRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U‡Q|
D‡jøL Kivq `B, wgwó, Qvbv BZ¨vw` ev` c‡o hv‡”Q|
d‡j `y»RvZ c‡`i e¨³¨_© K‡g hv‡”Q| ZvB GwU
6. `…k¨Kí-1: abx bq `wi`ª
GKwU Ae¨vcK msÁv|
`…k¨Kí-2: `y»RvZ cY¨ n‡jv cwbi|
Ab¨w`‡K, †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq hw` †`Lv hvq †h,
`…k¨Kí-3: Pvj n‡jv kK©iv RvZxq|
msÁv_© c` ms‡Áq c‡`i e¨³¨_©‡K evwo‡q w`‡”Q,
K. evûj¨ msÁv Kv‡K e‡j?
Zvn‡j msÁvwU ÎywUc~Y© AwZe¨vcK msÁv e‡j
L. AevšÍi msÁv AbyccwË KLb N‡U? e¨vL¨v
we‡ewPZ n‡e | †hgb- `…k¨Kí-3 G ewY©Z, Pvj n‡jv
K‡iv|
kK©iv| GB msÁvq Pvj‡K kK©iv ejvq Ab¨vb¨
M. `…k¨Kí-1 †hŠw³K msÁvi †Kvb wbq‡gi
kK©ivhy³ LveviI Pv‡ji †kªwYi AšÍf©y³ n‡q co‡Q|
cwicš’x? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
d‡j Pv‡ji e¨³¨_© †e‡o hv‡”Q| ZvB GwU GKwU
N. `…k¨Kí-2 I `…k¨Kí-3 G †hŠw³K msÁvMZ †h
AwZe¨vcK msÁv|
cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Zv we‡kølY K‡iv|
5 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
 cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, AwZe¨vcK I Ae¨vcK `ywU RvwZ wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| ZvB Gi msÁv †`Iqv m¤¢e
ci¯úi wecixZag©x msÁv| hvi GKwU e¨³¨_© e…w×i bq|
wecix‡Z RvZ¨_© nªvm cvq| Ab¨w`‡K e¨³¨_© nªvm DÏxc‡K cªgvi e³‡e¨ D‡jøwLZ †m›UgvwU©b c`wU
†c‡j RvZ¨_© e…w× cvq| G Kvi‡Y `…k¨Kí-2 I GKwU ¯^Kxq bvgevPK c`| ZvB Gi msÁv †`Iqv hvq
`…k¨Kí-3 Gi g‡a¨ †hŠw³K msÁvMZ cv_©K¨ cªKvk bv|
cvq|
N. `…k¨Kí-2 Øviv wb‡`©wkZ †hŠw³K msÁvi welqwUi
7. `…k¨Kí-1: evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cªevj Øxc †m›UgvwU©b cª‡qvRbxqZv hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡jv-
†_‡K Ny‡i G‡m‡Q cªgv| cªgvi †QvU †evb jvqjv GKwU c‡`i A_© my¯úó I mywbw`©ófv‡e cªKvk Kiv hvq
hyw³we`¨vi QvÎx nIqvq PvjvwK K‡i †m›UgvwU©‡bi msÁvi gva¨‡g| hyw³i AšÍM©Z hyw³ev‡K¨ †hme kã ev
Aciƒc †mŠ›`‡h¨©i g~j welq Rvb‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ cªgv c` e¨eüZ nq msÁvi gva¨‡g †m¸‡jvi A_© mywbw`©ó
Zv‡K h_v_© DËi w`‡Z e¨_© nq| cªgvi e¨_©Zv I my¯úó nq| Kv‡RB c‡`i msÁv `v‡bi
jvqjv‡K Kó †`q| ZvB cªgv Zv‡K e‡j, †Zvgvi cª‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh© |
bv‡gi †hgb †Kv‡bv msÁv †bB, †Zgwb †m›UgvwU©‡biI Avgv‡`i wPšÍvi ¯^”QZv A‡bKvs‡k msÁvq‡bi Ici
†Kv‡bv msÁv †bB| wbf©i K‡i| KviY msÁvi gva¨‡g c‡`i mvaviY I
`…k¨Kí-2: wÎfyR n‡jv wZbevû Øviv †ewóZ GKwU Avewk¨K ¸Y ev ˆewkó¨mg~n cªKvwkZ n‡j Zv
mgZj‡¶Î| Avgv‡`i myôy wPšÍvi mnvqK nq| cvkvcvwk e¯Íy¸‡jv
K. †hŠw³K msÁvi wbqg KqwU? m¤^‡Ü Avgv‡`i aviYv my¯úó I mywbw`©ó K‡i †`q| Gi
L. ÔAv‡jv bq AÜKviÕ – msÁvwU mwVK bq †Kb? d‡j Avgiv wbf©yj wm×všÍ MªnY Ki‡Z cvwi| KviY
M. hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jv‡K cªgvi e³e¨ e¨vL¨v K‡iv| mwVK wm×v‡šÍ Avmvi Rb¨ cª‡qvRb wbf©yj Abygv‡bi|
N. `…k¨Kí-2 Øviv wb‡`©wkZ welqwUi cª‡qvRbxqZv Avevi Abygv‡bi h_v_©Zv wbf©i K‡i c` m¤ú‡K©
hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb K‡iv| Avgv‡`i Áv‡bi Ici| G Ávb msÁvB w`‡q _v‡K|
7 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi ZvB mwVK msÁvqb Qvov ˆeÁvwbK Ávb AR©b Kiv
K. †hŠw³K msÁvi wbqg cvuPwU| m¤¢e nq bv| G Kvi‡YB Gwi÷Uj e‡j‡Qb- msÁvB
L. ÔAv‡jv bq AÜKviÕ GB msÁvwU‡Z †hŠw³K msÁvi n‡”Q ˆeÁvwbK Áv‡bi Avw` I AšÍ|
PZy_© wbqg j•Nb Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j GwU mwVK bq| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, †hŠw³K msÁvi Ávb †hŠw³K
†hŠw³K msÁvi PZy_© wbqgvbyhvqx, †Kv‡bv c‡`i wefvR‡bi Rb¨ mnvqK| KviY †Kv‡bv †kªwY‡K Zvi
msÁvq bT_©K fvlv e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| †h‡nZy Aaxb¯’ †kªwY‡Z wefvRb Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi AvmbœZg
msÁvwU‡Z †hŠw³K msÁvi wbqg j•Nb Kiv n‡q‡Q, RvwZ I we‡f`K j¶Y m¤ú‡K© Áv‡bi cª‡qvRb|
ZvB msÁvwU mwVK bq| †hŠw³K msÁvi Ávb Qvov †Kv‡bv †kªwY‡K Zvi AšÍM©Z
M. DÏxc‡K cªgvi e³‡e¨ †hŠw³K mxgve×Zvi w`KwU wewfbœ Dc- †kªwY‡Z h_vh_fv‡e wef³ Kiv hvq bv|
cªKvk †c‡q‡Q| Gme we‡ePbvq ejv hvq, hyw³we`¨vq †hŠw³K msÁvi
ciZg ev m‡e©v”P RvwZi msÁv †`Iqv hvq bv| KviY cª‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|
Giƒc c‡`i AvmbœZg RvwZ _v‡K bv| cvkvcvwk
wewkó ¸YevPK c` wn‡m‡e welv`-wmÜy, Zylvi-aej 8. hyw³we`¨v K¬v‡m wbwLj m¨vi †hŠw³K msÁv cov‡Z
BZ¨vw` c` G‡Zv mij I wewkó †h Gi †Kv‡bv RvZ¨_© wM‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i ÔgvbylÕ c‡`i msÁv w`‡Z ej‡jb|
cvIqv hvq bv| GQvovI ¯^Kxq bvgevPK c` wn‡m‡e Dˇi bqb ej‡jv, Ògvbyl n‡jv RxeÓ| mywg ej‡jv,
b~iRvnvb, mygbv, XvKv cªf…wZ c‡`iI RvZ¨_© †bB| Òbv m¨vi, gvbyl n‡jv gbyl¨ RvZxq RxeÓ| Zv‡`i
ZvB Giƒc ¯^Kxq bvgevPK c‡`i msÁv †`Iqv m¤¢e DËi ï‡b wbwLj m¨vi welqwU wb‡q K¬v‡m we¯ÍvwiZ
bq| Avgiv Rvwb, Pig cªvK…wZK ¸Y (cªK…wZi Av‡jvPbv Ki‡jb|
wbqgvbyewZ©Zv bxwZ, Kvh©KviY wbqg, gva¨vKl©Y wbqg K. †hŠw³K msÁv Kx?
BZ¨vw`) I †gŠwjK ¸‡Yi msÁv †`Iqv hvq bv| L. iƒcK msÁv AbyccwË KLb N‡U?
†Kbbv, Gme ¸‡Yi AvmbœZg RvwZ I we‡f`K j¶Y M. DÏxc‡K mywgi †hŠw³K msÁvq †Kvb ai‡bi
D‡jøL Kiv hvq bv| cvkvcvwk Abb¨ welq wn‡m‡e AbyccwË N‡U‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
weavZv, †`k, Kvj, AvZ¥v BZ¨vw` c‡`i AvmbœZg N. bqb I mywgi cª`Ë msÁvi g‡a¨ Zyjbvg~jK
cv_©K¨ we‡kølY K‡iv|
 8 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi †k‡l ejv hvq, AwZe¨vcK msÁv I PµK msÁv
K. †Kv‡bv c‡`i c~Y© RvZ¨‡_©i my¯úó wee…wZB n‡jv DfqB ÎywUc~Y©| Z‡e– Df‡qi ÎywUi aib Avjv`v| G
†hŠw³K msÁv| Kvi‡YB Dfq msÁvi g‡a¨ wfbœZv j¶ Kiv hvq|
L. †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq iƒcK kã e¨envi Ki‡j iƒcK
msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U | 9. †mv‡nj ej‡jv, "gvbyl n‡jv eyw×e…wËm¤úbœ Rxe|'
†hŠw³K msÁvi wØZxq wbqgvbymv‡i, '‡Kv‡bv c‡`i bvwmi ej‡jv, gvbyl n‡jv Ggb Rxe hvi `y'wU cv, `y'wU
msÁvq iƒcK fvlv e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bvÓ| GB wbqg nvZ Av‡Q; †m nv‡m, Kvu‡` I Zvi e¨w³Z¡ Av‡Q|'
j•Nb K‡i †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq iƒcK kã e¨envi Avmgv ej‡jv, gvbyl n‡jv Kjyi ej`|
Ki‡j msÁvwU ÎywUc~Y© n‡e| †hgb- 'DU n‡”Q K. evûj¨ msÁv Kx?
giæf~wgi RvnvR'| GLv‡b 'DU' c‡`i msÁvq L. cvc bq cyY¨— msÁvwU mwVK bq †Kb?
Ôgiæf~wgi RvnvRÕ bvgK iƒc‡Ki mvnvh¨ †bIqv M. Avmgvi e³‡e¨ †hŠw³K msÁvi †Kvb wbq‡gi
n‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b iƒcK msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË j•Nb N‡U‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N‡U‡Q| N. †mv‡nj I bvwm‡ii e³‡e¨ †h `y'wU welq dy‡U
M. mywgi e³‡e¨ PK&ৰK msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U‡Q| D‡V‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI|
PµK msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË n‡jv GK cªKvi åvšÍ 9 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
msÁv| †h msÁvq ms‡Áq c‡`i mgv_©K kã e¨envi K. †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq RvZ¨‡_©i AwZwi³ ¸Y wn‡m‡e
Kiv nq| G‡Z GKB K_vi cybiæw³ N‡U| †hgb: Dcj¶Y D‡jøL Kiv n‡j †h åvwšÍ N‡U Zv‡K evûj¨
ÔKygvi nq AweevwnZ e¨w³Õ| GLv‡b Kygvi I msÁv e‡j |
AweevwnZ e¨w³ g~jZ GKB K_v| ZvB GwU GKwU L. cvc bq cyY¨— msÁvwU‡Z bT_©K kã e¨envi Kiv
PµK msÁvi `…óvšÍ | n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡YB msÁvwU mwVK bq|
DÏxc‡Ki mywg ÔgvbylÕ c‡`i msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡j, Avgiv Rvwb, †hŠw³K msÁvi PZy_© wbqgvbyhvqx †Kv‡bv
gvbyl n‡jv gbyl¨ RvZxq Rxe| GLv‡b †m gvbyl c‡`i c‡`i msÁv m`_©Kfv‡e †`Iqv m¤¢e n‡j Zv‡Z
†Kv‡bv cª‡qvRbxq ¸Y D‡jøL K‡iwb; eis cªwZkã bT_©K fvlv e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|' G wbqgwU j•Nb
e¨envi K‡i‡Q gvÎ| myZivs Zvi msÁvwU ÎywUc~Y©| K‡i †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq bT_©K fvlv e¨envi Kiv
Giƒc ÎywUc~Y© msÁvB n‡jv PµK msÁv| n‡j bT_©K msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U| †hgb- cvc
N. bqb I mywgi e³‡e¨ h_vµ‡g AwZe¨vcK msÁv I bq cyY¨| GLv‡b †bwZevPK k‡ãi e¨env‡ii d‡j
PµK msÁvi `…óvšÍ cwijw¶Z nq| wb‡P Dfq msÁvi bT_©K msÁvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡YB msÁvwU
g‡a¨ Zyjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv- mwVK bq |
†Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq RvZ¨‡_©i Kg ¸Y D‡jøL Kiv M. Avmgvi e³‡e¨ †hŠw³K msÁvi wØZxq wbq‡gi j•Nb
n‡j msÁvwU ÎywUc~Y© n‡e| Giƒc ÎywUc~Y© msÁv‡K ejv N‡U‡Q|
nq AwZe¨vcK msÁv| DÏxc‡Ki bqb ÔgvbylÕ c‡`i †hŠw³K msÁvi wØZxq wbqgwU n‡jv- Ô‡h c‡`i msÁv
msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Q, Ôgvbyl n‡jv RxeÕ | GLv‡b †`Iqv n‡e †mB c`wU †_‡K msÁvwU ¯úóZi n‡Z
†m gvbyl c‡`i c~Y© RvZ¨_© D‡jøL eis Zvi e³‡e¨ n‡e| A_©vr msÁvq †Kv‡bv iƒcK fvlv e¨envi Kiv
Ôeyw×e…wËÕ ¸YwU ev` c‡o‡Q| ZvB bq‡bi e³e¨wU hv‡e bv|' G wbqgwU j•Nb K‡i hw` †Kv‡bv c‡`i
AwZe¨vcK msÁv| Aciw`‡K, K‡iwb| †Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁvq iƒcK kã e¨envi Kiv nq, Zvn‡j iƒcK
msÁvq mgv_©K ev cªwZkã e¨envi Ki‡j †h AbyccwË msÁvRwbZ AbyccwË N‡U |
N‡U Zv-B PµK msÁv| DÏxc‡Ki mywg e‡j‡Q, gvbyl DÏxc‡Ki Avmgv ÔgvbylÕ c‡`i msÁvq wØZxq wbqg
n‡jv gbyl¨ RvZxq Rxe| GLv‡b †m gvbyl m¤ú‡K© bZyb j•Nb K‡i‡Q| KviY †m e‡j‡Q Ôgvbyl n‡jv Kjyi
wKQyB bv e‡j GKB K_v| Nywi‡q e‡j‡Q| G Kvi‡Y ej`|' A_©vr †m Ôgvbyl' c‡`i msÁvq 'Kjyi ej`'
Zvi e³e¨wU PµK msÁvi `…óvšÍ| bvgK iƒc‡Ki Avkªq wb‡q‡Q| hv †hŠw³K msÁvi
AwZe¨vcK msÁvq g~j c‡`i RvZ¨_© ev Acwinvh© wØZxq wbqg weiæ×| G Kvi‡YB ejv hvq, Avmgvi
¸‡Yi D‡jøL Kg| _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, PµK msÁvq e³‡e¨ †hŠw³K msÁvi wØZxq wbq‡gi j•Nb N‡U‡Q|
g~j c‡`i Acwinvh© ¸Y D‡jøL bv K‡i| cªwZkã N. †mv‡nj I bvwm‡ii e³‡e¨ †hŠw³K msÁv I eY©bvi
e¨envi Kiv nq| welq `y'wU dy‡U D‡V‡Q|
†hŠw³K msÁvq c‡`i c~Y© RvZ¨_© D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq|
DÏxc‡Ki †mv‡nj ÔgvbylÕ c‡`i msÁvq Rxee…wË I
 eyw×e…wË Dfq ¸Y D‡jøL Ki‡Q| hv gvbyl c‡`i c~Y© †hŠw³K msÁvi cª_g wbqgvbymv‡i- †h c‡`i msÁv
RvZ¨_©| G Kvi‡Y Zvi e³e¨ †hŠw³K msÁv e‡j †`Iqv n‡e †mB c‡`i c~Y© RvZ¨_© D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e,
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