X-Rays
Introduction
i. X-Ray are the electromagnetic waves with wavelength 0.1Å to 100Å.
ii. When highly energetic electrons are made to strike a metal target,
electromagnetic radiations come out in form of X-Ray.
Production Of X-Rays
Characteristic of target:
i. Must have high atomic number to produce hard X–rays.
ii. High melting point to withstand high temperature produced.
iii. High thermal conductivity to remove the heat produced
iv. Tantalum, platinum, molybdenum and tungsten are used as target
materials
Production Of X-Ray:
i. A cathode, heated by a filament through which an electric current
is passed, supplies electron by thermo-ionic emission.
ii. The high potential difference V maintained between the cathode
and a metallic target to accelerate the electrons towards the target.
iii. These electrons hit the target with a very high speed.
iv. These electrons are stopped by target completely or partially and in
the process, X-rays are emitted
v. The x-ray emission is due to the fact that an accelerating or de-
accelerating charged particle must emit electromagnetic waves.
Here these electromagnetic waves are in the form of X-rays.
vi. Potential difference between the target & filament V is called
accelerating Voltage.
vii. Only 1% to 2% of energy of electrons is converted into X-ray, rest
increases internal energy of metal. So cooling is required
viii. Metal should have high melting point and also high atomic number.
ix. The x-ray obtained has a continuous part (“Continuous X-ray”) on
intensity v/s λ curve also few sharp peaks called “characteristic X-
ray”.
Continuous X-Rays
i. The electrons are accelerated in their journey from the filament to
the target.
ii. The kinetic energy of an electron when it hits the target is Kf = eV.
iii. As the electron enters into the target material, it readily loses its
kinetic energy completely or partially in each collision.
iv. In each collision, loss in kinetic energy takes place and the material
emits electromagnetic waves (x-rays) of energy equal to the loss in
kinetic energy.
v. If an electron enters the target with kinetic energy Ki and after
collision with metal its kinetic energy reduces to Kf, then:
𝐾𝑖 – 𝐾𝑓 = ℎ𝜈
vi. Since several no. of collision take place by an electron before
coming to rest, there will be several X-ray emission with different
wavelengths.
vii. We can get a no. of wavelengths from a cut-off wavelength to
infinity. These x-rays are called continuous x-ray.
viii. At cut-off wavelength, max. energy of photon:
Emax = ΔK = eV
(when electron converts all its KE into photon in its first
encounter itself)
ℎ𝑐
Emax = 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑐
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = eV
12400
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Å
V
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 depends only on accelerating voltage applied between the target
and filament and does not depends on material of target.
Characteristic Spectrum of X–ray
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MOSELEY’S LAW
Moseley measured the frequencies of characteristic x-rays for a large
number of elements and plotted the square root of frequency against
position number in periodic table. He discovered that plot is very closed
to a straight line not passing through origin.
ABSORPTION OF X-RAY
Q.
A. 0.1752/mm B. 1.752/mm C. 1.0457/mm D. 0.7582mm
DIFFRACTION OF X-RAY
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