LESSON 1: LESSON 2:

Introduction to the Course: Why Study the Life and Republic Act 1425
Works of Rizal?
A. Republic Act 1425 known as Rizal Law
A. History of the Rizal Law and Its Essential Provisions • It is an Act to include in the curricula of all public and
• Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo made Dec. 30 as the anniversary private schools, colleges and universities courses on the
of Jose Rizal’s death life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his
• Philippine National Hero in 1901 novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
• On the recommendation of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and for
the Taft Commission renamed the district of Morong into other purposes.
the Province of Rizal
• Rizal’s death anniversary was made an official holiday B. Sections
• Act No. 243 was enacted on September 28, 1901 • included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and
granting the right to use public land upon the Luneta in universities, public or private:
the City of Manila upon which to erect a statue of Jose • obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to
Rizal. keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies
• The Board of National Education shall cause the
To give ample time to prepare for the birth centenary translation
of Jose Rizal in 1961, the Rizal National Centennial • prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines
Commission was created and issued by Pres. Ramon • P300,000.00 is hereby authorized to be appropriated out
Magsaysay on August 10, 1954 to undertake the construction of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National
of a National Cultural Shrine and other memorials to be Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.
dedicated to Jose Rizal. It became Rizal Presidential • This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Committee on 1 July 1962 during Diosdado Macapagal
administration. C. Republic Act 1425 known as Rizal Law
• When the law was enacted in 1956, it is clearly
B. History of the Rizal Law understood that the study of the life and works of Rizal
• Jose Rizal’s vast role in the attainment of the nation’s calls the attention of the youth to fully live its objectives.
freedom led to the issuance of Republic Act 1425 on These are the following:
June 12, 1956. Commonly known as the Rizal Act. ✓ To re-dedicate the youth to the ideals of freedom
• It is Senator Claro M. Recto who authored the Rizal and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died
Bill. While Senator Jose P. Laurel, Sr., who was then ✓ To pay tribute to the heroes particularly our national
the Chairman of the Committee on Education, hero for devoting his life and works in shaping the
sponsored the bill in the Senate. Filipino character;
✓ To gain inspiring source of patriotism thru the study
C. Rizal Law and the Study of Life and Works of Rizal of Rizal’s life, works and writings with which the
• As mandated by Republic Act No. 1425, an act to minds of the youth, especially during their formative
include in the curricula of all public and private schools, and decisive years in school, should be suffused.
colleges and universities courses on the life, works and
writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me D. THE GATES TO HEROISM: DEFINING A FILIPINO HERO
Tangere and El Filibusterismo. THE CRITERIA IS COMPOSED OF 10 STANDARDS
• According to Senator Jose P. Laurel, who sponsored 1. The extent of a person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the
the law, Rizal was the founder of Filipino nationality and country.
the architect of Filipino nation that there is a need to 2. The motive and methods employed in the attainment of
know more and imbibe the great ideals and principles the ideal (was his ideal purely for the welfare of the
for which he died. As the Chairman of the Committee country and without any taint of self-interested motives,
on Education when the law was enacted, Laurel most of all the method of attainment should be morally
believed that by reading and studying Rizal’s life, valid).
teachings and writings, Filipino youth will be able to 3. The moral character of the person concerned (the
gain incorruptible confidence, direction, courage person should not have any immorality issue that
and determination to move forward in our people’s affected his ideal).
journey towards an abundant life. 4. The influenced of the person concerned of his age and
• There are other reasons of teaching the Rizal course in or the succeeding age.
higher education institutions which are anchored on the 5. That heroes are those who have a concept of nation
patriotic policy statements of Rizal Law and the patriotic and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s
goals set by the then Board on National Education. freedom (they must have desired the country’s freedom
These are the following: in any situation especially when there’s a threat of
✓ To recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideals, invasion in any form).
teachings as well as life values in relation to 6. That heroes are those who define and contribute to a
present conditions and situations in the society; system of life of freedom and order for a nation (one
✓ To apply Rizal’s ideas in the solutions of social who helps in the orderliness and betterment of the
problems and issues in the contemporary; country).
✓ To develop an appreciation and deeper 7. Those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny
understanding of the qualities, behavior and of a nation.
character of Rizal; and 8. A hero is part of the people’s expression (the citizen
✓ To foster the development of moral character of the must have recognized and acknowledged the person
Filipino youth in all aspects of citizenship. as a hero).
 9. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future of the gobernadorcillo, cabeza de barangay,
generations, his concern for the generations must be landowners, merchant and wealthy native families.
seen in his decisions and ideals). • The level 3 or the lowest level is the Lower Class
10. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting which placed only the native Filipinos known during that
of an episode or events in history, but of the entire time as the indios.
process that made this particular person a hero. • The social pyramid during Spanish colonial
government manifested the superiority complex, and
LESSON 3: social tensions were prevalent as the lower class were
The Philippines in the 19thCentury: Social and Political victimized by the Upper class. However, racial
Structure discrimination came to be institutionalized which Rizal
even experienced it inside the schools he attended.
A. Glossary of Terms Members of the middle and lower classes were
• Peninsulares – they were pure Spaniards who were considered inferior by the upper class and unworthy of
born in Spain but/and lived in the Philippines education and higher government positions. However,
in the next chapter of Philippine history, these two
• Insulares – also known as criollos in Spanish-held
social ranks were those who criticized the government
country in South America. They were pure Spaniards
and church and worked for to claim freedom from
who were born in the Philippines. Some historians
Spanish tyranny.
called them Filipinos
• Indio/s – refer to native Filipino
D. Social Structure: Highest Class
• Mestizos – were of mixed ancestry, example Chinese-
• Highest class – the people that belong in this class
Filipino, Spanish- Filipino
include the Spaniards, peninsulares and the friars. They
have the power and authority to rule over the Filipinos.
B. The Filipino
• The term Filipino was used only in 1898 or after the ✓ The Spanish officials
Spanish rule. ✓ The Peninsulares (Spaniards who were born in
• The use of the term Filipino in this discussion is only to Spain). They held the most important government
refer the natives of the country in our context. But then jobs, and made up the smallest number of the
again, it was used only after the Spanish rule. population.
✓ The Friars are members of any of certain religious
orders of men, especially the four mendicant
orders (Augustinians, Carmelites, Dominicans,
and Franciscans).

E. Social Structure: Middle Class

• Middle Class – the people that belongs into this class
includes the natives, mestizos and the criollos (Insulares
was the specific term given to criollos, a full- blooded Spaniards
born in the colonies; Philippines or the Marianas)
✓ Natives – the pure Filipinos
✓ The Mestizos are the Filipinos of mixed
C. The Filipino Social Structure indigenous Filipino or European or Chinese
• The feudalism established by the Spanish colonial ancestry.
government in the Philippines in the 19th century
resulted to master-slave relationship by the Spaniards. F. Social Structure: Lowest Class
The Spanish government imposed and collected all • Lowest class – this class includes the Filipinos only.
forms of taxes and tributes from the native Filipinos and
even required them to render polo y servicio or forced ✓ The Indios are the poor people having pure blood
labor to the government and the Catholic church. Lands Filipino which ruled by the Spaniards
were owned by the wealthy Spanish officials,
businessmen and even friars. The native Filipinos G. On Education
became tenants of their own land due to transfer of • The social pyramid manifested also the privileges and
ownership. rights of the people according to their rank in the society.
• The photo above is the social pyramid (social structure Thus, it affects their social relationship, economic
image). The level 1 is the Upper Class which enjoyed development, and attainment of education.
by the peninsulares or the Spaniards born in Spain. • The first schools were the parochial schools opened by
They held the most important government jobs, and the missionaries in their parishes. In addition to religion,
made up the smallest number of the population. Also in the Filipino native children in these schools were taught
the upper class is the group of friars who were reading, writing, arithmetic and some vocational and
members of any of certain religious orders of men, practical arts subjects but most of the time centered on
especially the three mendicant orders such as the teaching of fear of God and obedience to the friars.
Augustinians (1565), Dominicans (1587), and • These schools were under the control of the friars up to
Franciscans (1577). Because of the union of Church the middle of the 19th century. However, the primary
and State, these people in the upper class have the education was not given attention despite the
power and authority to rule over the native Filipinos. establishment of parochial schools in the towns of the
• The level 2 is the Middle Class which include the provinces. Many of the Filipino native children attended
insulares or Spaniards born in the Philippines, the these schools were not able to develop self-confidence
Spanish (or European) and Chinese mestizos, and the in their ability to learn and only developed inferiority
principalia or the ruling class of native elites composed complex.
 • The separate colleges for boys and girls were also ✓ He had the power of cumplase or the power to
opened by the missionaries. These colleges were the decide which law or royal decree should be
equivalent of our high schools today. The subjects implemented or disregarded in the colony.
taught to the students included history, Latin, geography, ✓ He had the power to appoint and dismiss public
mathematics and philosophy. Some of these colleges officials
offered degree which is equivalent to present degrees in ✓ Governed directly by the Spanish Crown thru
colleges Ministry of Colonies (appointing Governor-
• Originally, these colleges were open only to the General)
Spaniards and those with Spanish blood or the ✓ Policies were unitary
mestizos. It was only during the 19th century that these ✓ Manila was the seat of government
colleges began accepting native Filipinos. The university
education was started in the Philippines during the early
part of the 17th century. By the end of the 19th century,
only the University of Santo Tomas remained as the
higher education institution in the country.
• On 1853, the Educational Decree was implemented in
the country which required the establishment of one
elementary school for boys and one elementary school
for girls in each town of the Philippine provinces. The
decree also provided for the establishment of school for
the training of teachers mostly girls with a mastery of the
Spanish language as the medium of instruction in all
schools but under the direction of the Jesuits.
• The friars reacted negatively to the teaching of the
Spanish language to native Filipinos. For the friars, the
learning of Spanish language to Indios would lead to
their knowledge and development of political and social
awareness about the Spanish government. These friars
suppressed the opportunity to learn and thus wanted the
Filipino natives or Indios to remain ignorant. • The pacified provinces were known as the alcaldias and
unpacified provinces or not yet fully under Spanish control
H. Political System (Administrative Organization) were known as corregimiento. The alcaldias were
headed by alcalde mayor who represented the Spanish
• Only the peninsulares or pure blooded Spaniards
king and the governor general in their respective
could have a higher position in the government. Mostly,
provinces. They managed the day-to-day operations of
the positions were done by appointment. The
the provincial government, implemented laws and
Philippines was governed by the Spanish Crown thru
supervised the collection of taxes and enjoyed the
the Ministry of Colonies (1863-1898) in the 19th
indulto de comercio, a privilege to engage and
Century. The government was unitary as policies
monopolize commercial matters.
implemented by colonial administrators to the entire
country emanated from Manila as the seat of the
•The Residencia
central government. It was centralized colonial
To ensure the government efficacy, a residencia was created.
government in the Philippines that was composed of a
It was a special judicial court that investigates the
national government and the local governments that
performance of a governor general who was about to be
administered provinces, cities, towns and
replaced. The residencia, of which the incoming governor
municipalities with roles:
general was usually a member, submitted a report of its
✓ Maintained peace and order
findings to the King.
✓ Collected taxes
✓ Built schools and other
•The Visita
✓ Public works
The Council of the Indies in Spain (1565-1837) sent a
• Governed directly by the Spanish Crown thru Ministry
government official called the Vistador General to observe
of Colonies (appointing Governor-General)
conditions in the colony. He reported his findings directly to the
• Policies were unitary
King.
• Manila was the seat of government
• Governor-General Head of the Spanish colonial •Union of the Church and State
government Friars were supervising representatives of the Spanish
✓ Head of the Spanish colonial government in the government for local affairs.
country; thus, he represented the Crown in all
governmental matters. •Guardia Civil
✓ He was the Vice Royal Patron over religious Organized in 1867 as a corps of native police
affairs; thus he could choose priests for
ecclesiastical administration of the parishes.
✓ He was the Commander-in-Chief of the colonial
army.
✓ He was an ex-officio president of the Royal
Audiencia; the Supreme Court in the Philippines
during Spanish colonial period
✓ He had legislative powers to make laws for the
colony.
LESSON 4A: B. Nationalism in the Philippines
The Philippines in the 19th Century: • The birth of nationalism went rather slowly due to
Economic Development & The Rise of Nationalism ✓ topography,
✓ language problems and
A. Pre – Colonial Economic Activity ✓ colonial policy.
Trading relationship with: • Nationalism is not a product of a sudden outburst of
✓China sentiment. It is brought about by certain factors that
✓India gradually develop.
✓Indonesia • According to John Schumacher, the development of
nationalist’s thoughts was due to the development of
✓Malaysia
these social factors: economic, political and cultural.
✓Borneo
Economic growth brought changes as the middle class
emerged that later became prominent and, politically,
B. Economic Development became leaders in society. Lastly, the cultural
• When the country was opened to foreign trade at the end development due to the spread of education, where
of the 18th century, there were foreign firms established liberal ideas and foreign nationalist thoughts reached
in Manila which gave opportunity to the Filipino natives the curious minds of the middle class and even to the
engaged in business; basically, agricultural produce lower class.
such as sugar, rice, hemp and tobacco. These
opportunities increased Filipino contacts with foreigners C. Factors of the Rise of Nationalism
and peninsular Spaniards, gave knowledge about the 1. Opening of the Philippines to World Trade
privileges, freedom and rights of people. 2. Influx of liberal ideas
• It was an economic development in the country where 3. Secularization Movement
many of the natives engaged in agriculture, which 4. Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. de la Torre
eventually enriched them. The rise of the Chinese- 5. Cavite Mutiny
Filipino is also one of the results of this event. They were 6. Execution of GOMBURZA
able to send their sons to school in Manila and some of
them went for further studies in Europe, mostly in Spain. D. Opening of the Philippines to World Trade
These Filipinos, who were educated abroad, were able • Rise of the middle class (intelligentsia or ilustrado)
to absorb the intellectual developments in Europe and
later played significant roles in nation-building.
✓ Increasing prosperity to the Filipino middle and
upper classes
✓ Agricultural products (rice)
✓ Those who controlled rice, sugar and abaca
growing lands in Central Luzon, Batangas, Bikol,
Negros and Panay profited much
✓ Development of inquilino of friar haciendas
Inquilino – tenant or a laborer indebted to a landlord who Intelligentsia/ilustrado – status class of the educated
allows him to form a farm in parts of his property and who people
in exchange works without pay for the landlord.
E. Influx of Liberal Ideas
• In conclusion, because of this economic development
• The possibility of applying Western thoughts as a
many of the natives engaged in agriculture which
means to solve existing problems in the country.
enriched themselves. The rise of the Chinese-Filipino
also one of the results of this event. They were able to • The intellectuals of the country gained access to
send their sons to school in Manila and some of them western political thought from the books and
went further studies in Europe. The economic newspapers brought by foreign travelers -- Ideologies
development also resulted the intellectual development of the French and American Revolution -- Voltaire,
of the Filipinos during that time. Rousseau, Locke, Montesquieu, Jefferson

LESSON 4B: F. Secularization Movement

The Rise of Nationalism • Regular Priests and Secular Priests
✓ Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their
A. Definition of Nationalism main task was to spread Christianity.
✓ belief, ✓ Secular priests were trained to run the parishes
✓ creed or and were under the supervision of the bishops.
✓ political ideology that involves an individual Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the
identifying with, or becoming attached to one's parishes that were being run by regular priests
nation. Secular priests must fill in the vacancy left by the regular clergy
✓ Nationalism is a sense of loyalty or psychological
attachment members of a nation share, based on G. Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. de la Torre
common language, history, culture and desire for ✓ welcomed by both Filipinos and Spaniards -- June 23,
independence (Jackson & Jackson, 2000). ✓ 1869
✓ It is a condition of mind, a feeling and sentiment of a ✓ practiced liberal and democratic principles
group of people (cited by Agoncillo, 1990). ✓ abolished flogging, relaxed media censorship, and
began limited secularization of education
✓ Developed a close relationship with the ilustrados
✓ The peaceful settlement of agrarian unrest in Cavite
H. Cavite Mutiny
• Gen. Carlos Maria de la Torre ended and replaced by
General Rafael Izquierdo - marked the end of liberal
policies 200 Filipino Soldiers (Cavite arsenal)
✓ abolition of exemption from polo y servicio and
payment of annual tribute
✓ January 20, 1872: the mutiny broke out under the
leadership of Sergeant La Madrid
✓ January 27, 1872: 41 mutineers were executed
Gen. Rafael Izquierdo – boasted that he ruled with a
crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other

I. Execution of Gomburza
February 17, 1872 -- executed by the Spanish colonizers
on charges of subversion (charged as supporters of the
Cavite Mutiny)
• The Rizal genealogy started from Lam Co who became
Father Mariano Gomez, Father Jose Burgos, Father Domingo Lamco was a Chinese immigrant from
Jacinto Zamora Changchow, China arrived in Manila about 1690. He
became a Christian and married a wealthy Chinese
In conclusion, these events in Philippine history, the mestiza, Ines dela Rosa in 1731.
characteristics of nationalism were felt and put into practice. • To avoid prejudices and by the order of the Spanish
government, he assumed a surname of Mercado. The
couple moved to Biñan ended as tenants of the Dominican
LESSON 5A: hacienda. Their son named Francisco Mercado married a
Rizal’s Family and Ancestry wealthy Chinese mestiza, Cirila Bernacha.
According to the psychologists, what a person is • Because of economic status of the family, Francisco
results from the interaction of nature and nurture. Therefore, Mercado became a gobernadorcillo of Biñan. One of their
to understand the life of Rizal, it is necessary to know the sons named Juan Mercado became a gobernadorcillo also
factors that influenced him during his childhood and his who married to a Chinese mestizo, Cirila Alejandro. The
formation into the greatest hero we have in the country. latest couple had thirteen children; the youngest was
Francisco Mercado, Jose Rizal’s father
A. Calamba at the Time of Rizal’s Birth • The Alonso genealogy started from Eugenio Ursua
Calamba (Laguna) at the time of Rizal’s birth was a believed to have a Japanese ancestry who married to a
hacienda town where people engaged in agricultural Filipina named Benigna. Their daughter, Regina Ursua
activities. Calamba was a progressive among the towns of married a Chinese mestizo lawyer, Manuel de Quintos from
Laguna because of the massive production of sugar. Its Lingayen, Pangasinan. One of their daughters named
fertile soil and favorable climate, people were able to raise Regina de Quintos married a Spanish-Filipino mestizo
and harvest different crops. But the lands were almost Lorenzo Alberto Alonso of Biñan. The latest couple had five
owned by the Dominican friars, thus, as a friar estate children, the second was Teodora Alonso, Jose Rizal’s
farmers rented the land and paid taxes. mother.
The tenants, however, were resilient despite
hardships and cruelties from the owners due to increase of D. Rizal’s Family
taxes and suppress production of their agricultural Rizal was raised in a middle class family which is
products. considered as principalia or ruling elite in the 19th
century. The family source of income was agriculture;
B. The Birth of Jose Rizal farming and stock-raising. From the Dominican hacienda,
• Taken from his memoirs as cited by Zaide, Rizal was they rented the lands where they owned farms of rice, corn
born on Wednesday night of June 19, 1861 in and sugarcane. The following are the evidences and the
Calamba, Province of Laguna. properties which made Rizal’s family as an affluent family:
• His mother almost lost her life during his birth
• stone house of adobe and hardwood located in calle
because of his big head but was believed being
real
relieved by the Virgin of Antipolo.
• a carriage which is a status symbol of the
• After three days, he was baptized in Calamba
ilustrados
Church by Fr. Rufino Collantes with Fr. Pedro
• a private library in their house with numerous
Casañas, a family friend as his godfather.
volumes of books
• The name Jose was chosen by his mother who was
• sent their children to Manila for education
a devotee to St. Joseph.
• presence of personal servants taking care of the
needs of the children
C. Rizal’s Ancestry
Rizal came from a mixture of different races- • private tutors to improve Spanish language and the
Chinese, Filipino, Spanish and Japanese ancestry. Below academics of the children
is the ancestry of Rizal both from his parents. • participated prominently in some social and religious
affairs in the community
• Rizal’s father, Don Francisco Mercado was an
educated man who studied Latin and Philosophy
courses at the Colegio de San Jose in Manila. Rizal
 described him “a model of all fathers” because of his national hero Jose Rizal who was born on June 4,
honesty, frugality and industry that makes their family 1850.
more progressive than others. He was one of the • She was married to Manuel T. Hidalgo, a native
reasons why Rizal studied and completed the course and one of the richest persons in Tanauan,
on Philosophy. Batangas.
• Rizal’s mother was also an educated woman who • She died on September 14, 1913
completed education at the Colegio de Santa Rosa ,
a prestigious college for girls in Manila. Rizal IV. Paciano Alonso Mercado
described her as “a woman of more than ordinary • The second older sibling of Jose Rizal.
culture”, a dedicated wife and mother. She inspired • Paciano Alonso Mercado was born in Calamba,
Rizal in literature particularly in poetry. Laguna on May 7, 1851.
• The family of Rizal kept Filipino tradition as close to • He was also known as “Ciano” the older brother and
one another. They were together in the practices of confidant of Jose Rizal.
the Angelus during sunset, attending mass during • He joined the Philippine Revolutionary and became
Sundays and Catholic holidays. According to Zaide, a combat general, when he retired, he lived as a
Rizal’s parents were strict and they trained the gentleman farmer.
children to love God, to behave well, to be obedient, • He got married to Severina Rizal a father of Emiliana
and to respect the people especially the elderlies. Rizal-Lopez and Baby Boy Decena Rizal.
• He was died on April 13, 1830 at the age of 79
LESSON 5B: because of tuberculosis.
Rizal’s Family Tree
RIZAL’S FAMILY V. Narcisa Alonso Rizal (Mercado)
I. Francisco Mercado • Narcisa Alonso Rizal (Mercado) also known as Sisa.
• Father of the national hero Dr. Jose Rizal, was born • She was the third sibling of Jose Rizal.
in Biñan, Laguna. • She was a teacher and a musician by profession.
• He first attended a Latin school in his hometown, and And she got married to Antonino Manapat Lopez.
later was sent to study Philosophy and Latin at the • She was the one who looked for and found the
College of San Jose in Manila. unmarked grave of Dr. Jose Rizal at the Paco
• He got married to Teodora Alonzo on June 28, cemetery after his martyrdom.
1848 and had eleven children, including Jose Rizal.
• Francisco Mercado a young industrious and efficient VI. Olimpia Alonso Rizal (Mercado)
farmer, was able to raise a family that was financially • Fourth child in the Rizal Family
comfortable. • Olimpia Alonso Rizal (Mercado) also known as Ypia.
• Jose Rizal called him as “model of fathers”, who talk • She was born on 1855 and was died on August
less and work more. 1887
• Through his hard work he had increased his rented • She was married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph
landholdings from the Dominican state in Calamba. operator in Manila and a mother of Aristeo Rizal
• He was respected by the towns people that he Ubaldo.
become cabeza de Brgy.
• The name Mercado, was changed to Rizal after an VII. Lucia Alonso Rizal (Mercado) (1857 – 1919)
order from Governor General Nariso Clveria that all • She was the fifth child in the Rizal family and was
natives Filipino should adopt a distinctive Spanish married and a mother of Delfina Rizal Herbosa, José
Surname. Rizal Herbosa, and Estanislao Herbosa.
• Her husband was Mariano Herbosa of Calamba,
II. Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos Laguna. He was charge of inciting the Calamba
• (8 November 1826 – 16 August 1911) she was born townsfolk not to pay land rent and causing unrest,
in Santa Cruz, Manila. the couple was once ordered to be deported along
• She was known for being a disciplinarian and hard- with some Rizal family members and was died during
working mother and best known as the mother of the cholera epidemic in May 1889.
the Philippines’ national hero Jose Rizal. • He was refused a Catholic burial because he was
• At the age of 20, she got married to Francisco the “brother-in-law of Rizal”.
Mercado, a native of Biñán, Laguna.
• The couple resided in Calamba Laguna and built a VIII. Maria Alonso Mercado Rizal (1859 - 1945)
business from agriculture. • Her nickname was “Biang”
• Being a hands-on mother and educated, was able to • Sixth child in the Rizal Family.
manage their farm to sustain the family’s well-to-do • She got married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Bińan,
lifestyle and basic finances. Laguna, and a mother of Petrona Rizal Cruz,
• From agriculture, she branched out their business to Encarnacion Rizal Ban, Mauricio R. Cruz, Prudencio
textile, and flour and sugar milling in the ground floor Rizal Cruz and three others.
of their home.
• She was accused of poisoning her brother’s wife, IX. Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
and was incarcerated in Santa Cruz, Laguna for • (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896)
two and a half years. • was a Filipino nationalist and polymath during the
tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the
III. Saturnina Rizal Mercado de Hidalgo Philippines.
• Saturnina Rizal Mercado de Hidalgo, she was also • He is tagged as the national hero (pambansang
known as Neneng, the eldest sister of Philippine bayani) of the Filipino people.
 • An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became to shake it off. It is enough to form only the habit of
a writer and a key member of the Filipino study and later everything goes by itself.”
Propaganda Movement, which advocated political • Four years later, Trining surprised Jose by writing
reforms for the colony under Spain. him, “Dearest Brother: I left the College two years,
• He was executed by the Spanish colonial one month and a half ago.”
government for the crime of rebellion after the • In August 1893, Trinidad, along with their mother,
Philippine Revolution, inspired in part by his writings, joined Rizal in Dapitan and resided with him in his
broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its casa cuadrada (square house).
planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its • It is said that Trinidad had once planned Rizal’s
goals which eventually led to Philippine escape from his exile.
independence. • In January 1896, Jose invited Trinidad to return to
• He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes Dapitan. Jose though had one hesitation: “The
of the Philippines and has been recommended to difficulty is, whom are you going to marry here? The
be so honored by an officially empaneled National town is lonely still, for there is almost no one.”
Heroes Committee. However, no law, executive • Trining once wrote to Jose: “I have read your letter to
order or proclamation has been enacted or issued our brother Paciano in which you asked how I'm
officially proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as getting along with Señora Panggoy. Thank God we
a national hero. are getting along well and we live together
• He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tángere peacefully.”
and El filibusterismo, and a number of poems and • Never married, Trinidad and Josefa lived
essays. together until their deaths.
• Right before Jose’s execution, Trinidad and their
X. Concepcion Rizal (1862-1865) mother visited him in the Fort Santiago prison
• “The Hero's First Grief” cell. As they were leaving, Jose handed over to
• Also called ‘Concha’ by her siblings Trining an alcohol cooking stove, a gift from the
• was the eight child of the Rizal family. Pardo de Taveras, whispering to her in a language
• She died at the age of three. which the guards could not understand, “There is
• One of his sisters, it is said that Pepe loved most the something in it.” That ‘something’ was Rizal’s elegy
little Concha who was a year younger than him. now known as “Mi Ultimo Adios.”
• Jose played games and shared children stories with • Like Josefa and two nieces, Trinidad joined the
her, and from her he felt the beauty of sisterly love. Katipunan after Rizal’s death.
• When Concha died of sickness in 1865, Jose • In 1883, Trining was in bed for five months, from
mournfully wept at losing her. He later wrote in his April to August, being sick with intermittent fever—
memoir, “When I was four years old, I lost my little that kind which rises and falls and then returns,
sister Concha, and then for the first time I shed tears occurring in diseases such as malaria.
caused by love and grief.” • Astonishingly however, she was the last of the
• From Concha’s life we could learn that not a few family to die.
children in those times died young.
• If records are correct, more than ten of Rizal’s nieces XIII. Soledad Rizal (1870 – 1929)
and nephews also died young, not to mention that • Also called ‘Choleng’
Jose’s child himself experienced the same fate. • was the eleventh and youngest child of the Rizal
family.
XI. Josefa Rizal • Being a teacher, she was arguably the best
• Josefa Rizal, or Panggoy, was the ninth child in the educated among Rizal’s sisters.
family and she did not married. • In his long and meaty letter to Choleng dated June 6,
• In Jose Rizal's letter to his sister, Jose praised her 1890, Jose told her sister that he was proud of her
for nearly mastering the English language. for becoming a teacher.
• Jose also wrote about the 20 pesos he sent, the 10 • He thus counseled her to be a model of virtues
pesos of the amount was supposed for a lottery and good qualities “for the one who should teach
ticket. This indicates that Jose did not stop ‘investing’ should be better than the persons who need her
in lottery tickets despite winning 6, 200 pesos in learning.”
September the previous year. • Rizal nonetheless used the topic as leverage in
• After Jose’s death, the epileptic Josefa joined the somewhat rebuking her sister for getting married to
Katipunan. Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba without their parents’
consent. “Because of you,” he wrote, “the peace of
XII. Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951) our family has been disturbed.”
• Also known as ‘Trining’ was the tenth child and the • Some timeless lessons in ethics and good manners
custodian of Rizal’s last and greatest poem. can be learned from the letter. For instance, it reveals
• In March 1886, Jose wrote to Trining describing how that Jose was very much against women who allow
the German women were serious in studying. He themselves to be courted outside their homes. He
thus advised her: “now that you are still young and said to Choleng, “If you have a sweetheart, behave
you have time to learn, it is necessary that you study towards him nobly and with dignity, instead of
by reading and reading attentively.” resorting to secret meetings and conversations
• Perhaps sensing that studying is not Trinidad’s thing, which do nothing but lower a woman's worth in the
Jose continued, “It is a pity that you allow yourself to eyes of a man. You should value more, esteem more
be dominated by laziness when it takes so little effort your honor and you will be more esteemed and
valued.” (wrote by Jensen DG. Mañebog)
A. Favorable Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood Tio Manuel – a husky and athletic man, encourage him to
• We might ask who are the ancestors of Dr. Jose Rizal develop his frail body by means of physical exercises,
to whom he inherited his unique characteristics. including horse riding, walking, and wrestling.
• According to the book of Zaide (Jose Rizal: The Life Tio Gregorio – who was a book lover intensified his
and Work and Writing of a Genius Writer, Scientist and voracious reading of good books.
Ntional Hero p18) Fr. Leoncio Lopez, the old and learned parish priest of
Calamba, fostered the young Jose love for scholarship and
B. Hereditary Influence intellectual honesty.
• Jose Rizal inherited his love of freedom, his innate Moreover, are events may contribute in shaping our
desire to travel, and indomitable courage to his behavior. There are events which are beyond our control.
Malayan ancestors. Some events are good and attractive, and some events my
• In his Chinese ancestors, he inherited his serious hurts us, but thinking it positively, it strengthen us. According
nature, frugality, patience and love for children. to Stoics idea of determinism that there are events
• From his Spanish ancestors, he got his elegance in beyond our control, but the only things within our control is
bearing, sensitivity to insult, and gallantry to ladies. our attitudes. Moreover, according to Victor Frankl that the
• Being profound sense of self-respect, the love for work, meaning of life is found in every moment of living; life
and the habit of independent of thinking which can be never ceases to have meaning, even in suffering and
trace from his father. And being religious in nature, the death.
spirit of self-sacrifice and the passion for arts and To continue, the first sorrow, of his family was the
literature was inherited from his mother. death of his younger sister Concepcion who was died at the
age of three. She was his playmate and he learned sisterly
C. Environmental Influence love from her. He was very fond of her and cried bitterly at
• In addition, according to psychologist, not only genes losing her.
affect the nature of person but also our environment. Second, the imprisonment of his mother from a
So, we have to consider both physical or natural malicious charge that his mother and Tio Jose Alberto tried
environment and social environment. to poison the wife of the latter. The death of his sister concha
and the imprisonment of his mother strengthen his
• Natural environment includes scenic panoramas,
character enabling him to resist blows of adversities in later
verdant fields, the trees, the garden such environment
years.
and the breeze from the lake provides the right
The Spanish abuses and cruelties such as the brutal
temperature that give human being physically and
acts of the Lieutenant of the guardia civil and the alcalde
psychologically comfortable
and the execution of the three priests awakened his spirit of
• Behind their house was a big garden of tropical fruits
patriotism and inspired him to consecrate his life and talents
such as atis, balimbing, chico, macopa, papaya, santol,
to redeem the oppressed Filipino people.
tampoy and etc. that provides fresh air.
To recall, Jose Rizal experienced the first brutality on
dark night during the summer vacation of 1878, while he
The people that surrounds the young Jose the
was walking on the street, it was dimmed and he failed to
stimulates his innate artistic and literary talents. Both
salute or courteously said “Good Evening”. The vague
parents and all his siblings were educated except
figure was the Lieutenant of the Guadia Civil who turned
conception who died early. His parents trained them to love
upon Jose and whipped his sword and brutally slashed
God, to behave well, to be obedient, and to respect people
Jose’s back.
especially the old folks. Their parents love their children but
they never spoiled their children, evidently, they believed in
D. The Execution of Gomburza
the maxim, “Spare the rod and spoil the child”. Every day
Late in the night of the 15th of February 1872, a
the family heard mass particularly on Sundays and Christian
Spanish court martial found three secular priests, Jose
holidays. They pray together at home - the Agelus at sunset
Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, guilty of
and the rosary before retiring to bed at night. After the
treason as the instigators of a mutiny in the Cavite navy-
prayers, all children kissed the hands of their parents as a
yard a month before, and sentenced them to death. The
form of respect. These religious atmosphere at his home
judgement of the court martial was read to the priests in Fort
fortified his religious nature.
Santiago early in the next morning and they were told it
At the age of three the young Jose take part in the
would be executed the following day… Upon hearing the
family prayers, and at the age of five he was able to read
sentence, Burgos broke into sobs, Zamora lost his mind and
haltingly the Spanish family Bible. He loved to go to church
never recovered it, and only Gomez listened impassively,
to pray, to take part in the novenas, and to join the
an old man accustomed to the thought of death.
processions.
His brother Paciano, instilled in his mind the love
When dawn broke on the 17th of February there
of freedom and justice. From his sisters, he learned to
were almost forty thousand of Filipinos (who came from as
be courteous and kind to women. And the fairy tales told
far as Bulakan, Pampanga, Cavite and Laguna)
by his “aya” during his childhood awakened his interest in
surrounding the four platforms where the three priests and
folklore and legends. His Tio Jose Alberto who had
the man whose testimony had convicted them, a former
studied for eleven years in British School in Calcuta, India
artilleryman called Francico Saldua and was executed
and had traveled in Europe inspired him to develop his
before the three priests. Burgos ‘weeping like a child’,
artistic ability. So, let’s take a look at the artistic young
Zamora with vacant eyes, and Gomez head held high,
Jose.
blessing the Filipinos who knelt at his feet, heads bared and
At the age of five, he began to sketches with his
praying. He was next to die. When his confessor, a
pencil and mould in clay and wax objects which attracted
Recollect friar , exhorted him loudly to accept his fate, he
his fancy. One day, upon the request of the town mayor, he
replied: “Father, I know that not a leaf falls to the ground but
painted in oil colors a new banner that delighted the towns
by the will of God. Since He wills that I should die here, His
folks because it was better than the original one.
holy will be done.”
 to fulfil his mother’s vow as a gratitude to the Virgin of
The death of the three priests mourned by many Antipolo for his birth. After the pilgrimage, they visited
patriotic like Rizal. Paciano was enrage by the execution of Saturnina in Manila who was a boarding student at La
his beloved friend, teacher, and housemate and told this Concordia College in Santa Ana. It was the first time
heroic story to his younger brother. And this inspired the Rizal saw Manila. On his diary, he said; Writing many
young Jose Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and years later of this experience, with what pleasure I saw
redeemed his oppressed people. the sunrise; for the first time I saw how the luminous
rays shone, producing a brilliant effect on the ruffled
The aid of the Divine Providence may be considered
surface of the wide lake”.
as the great factor in our life, especially shaping and
attaining our destiny. Even if a person have everything in life
B. Influences
- the intelligence, wealth, power good health but the aid of
the divine providence he cannot attain greatness in the • It is important to note that Rizal was shaped because
annals of the nation. God endowed him with versatile gifts of his environment. The places, associates and events
of genius, the vibrant spirit of a nationalist, and the valiant greatly affected him.
heart to sacrifice for a noble cause. For he was • His characters were formed at home with parents and
providentially destined to be the pride and glory of his siblings who are educated, disciplined, religious and
nation. hardworking.
• His philosophy, ideals, talents, the love of country and
His artistic talent started at the age of five. He began travels to learn are not innate to Rizal but because of
to make sketches with his pencil and mould clay and wax his association to people, interpretation of events and
objects which attracted his fancy. One day his sister was personal experiences. Later in his life, it had an impact
laughed at him for spending so much time in making images on the shaping of his political and social ideas.
other than playing with them. But as they we’re departing,
he told them: Alright right laugh at me now! Someday when C. Story of the Moth
I die, people will make monuments and images of me!” • It was Doña Teodora who influenced Rizal on the
love of stories that made him a writer in his later life.
One story that turned out as having the same fate to
LESSON 6: Rizal was the Story of the Moth.
Rizal’s Childhood Memories and Influences Story of the Moth
• The story left a deep impression on Rizal. As a child,
Rizal interpreted the death of the young moth as a
A. Childhood Memories
victim of its illusion in search for the light. Then, he
• With hardworking parents, Rizal had a happy and
came to realize that dying in search for the light is noble
comfortable life.
and worthwhile. In the later part of Rizal’s life, he was
• Because of his poor health, an old woman was like a moth that attracted to a light even though warned
employed as nanny to take care of him while his by his mother. The light that being meant here is what
parents manage family business. Though the old Rizal attracted the most; truth, freedom and justice.
woman, Rizal was fascinated with tales, legends, And just like the moth, he was fated to die as a martyr
folklores and fables. for his noble ideal.
• His nocturnal walks in the moonlight by the river greatly
fascinated him. D. How did the Story of the Moth affect Rizal’s life?
• As mentioned by Zaide, Rizal recounted this childhood • The tragic fate of the young moth, which died a martyr
experience in his student memoirs, he wrote; “Thus my to its illusions, left a deep impress on Rizal’s mind. He
heart fed on sombre and melancholic thoughts so that justified such noble death, asserting that “to sacrifice
even while still a child, I already wandered on wings of one’s life for it,” meaning for an ideal, is “worthwhile”.
fantasy in the high regions of the unknown”. And, like that young moth, he was fated to die as a
• At the age of three, he knew to lead family prayers. He martyr for a noble ideal.
was five when he was able to read the Bible in Spanish.
These, because of his mother who patiently taught him
everything about Catholic faith and traditions. LESSON 7:
• At the young age, he appreciated Father Leoncio From Calamba to Binan: Early Education
What is your purpose in coming to school or having an education?
Lopez, one of the esteemed and respected men and
Complete the phrase “I am here to __________.”
the town priest of Calamba. Thus, Rizal had frequent
attendance in the church to listen to his opinions on A. Education during the time of Rizal
current events and philosophy in life. • The friars controlled the educational system in the
✓ Not only good memories Rizal had during his Philippines and they were able to own different schools
childhood because he observed and witnessed comprising from the primary level to the tertiary levels
violence acts against some people of Calamba by of education.
the Guardia Civil and the Gobernadorcillo.
• The people who took charge in teaching,
✓ Another sad memory he had was the death of his
implementation of the rules and regulations and the
younger sister Concepcion. Little Concha as he
monitoring of students were assigned to the
fondly called, died in sickness in 1865 when she
missionaries during that time.
was only three years old. On his diary, he said;
• The teachings of the Catholic religion were
When I was four, I lost my little sister Concha, and
emphasized to the levels of education in the schools
then for the time I shed tears caused by love and
owned by the friars.
grief.” Her death brought him his first sorrow.
• In the primary level, they were taught of the Christian
• Another unforgettable memory Rizal had was his
Doctrines, how to read Spanish books and a little of the
first trip across the Laguna de Bay. He and his father
native’s language.
left Calamba on June 6, 1868 for a pilgrimage in order
 • In the universities, Science and Mathematics were not languages was only light and not well fluent. He
very much introduced to the students. Instead of responded this to his teacher which led Pedro (the
Spanish, students were taught how to speak and teacher’s son) made fun of him and caused other
understand Latin. classmates to do the same.
• Education under the Spanish administration was
privileged only to Spanish students. F. Best Student in School
• Filipinos were only able to attend school in the late 19th • Rizal was involved in numerous schools brawls which
century. Some schools also limited their lodging to the he was always required to lie down on the bench to
sons of wealthy Filipino families. receive blows from his teacher.
• Most of the schools were exclusively for Spanish boys. • He was not quarrelsome though but he never run from
a fight, such bravery he exposed to the surprise of the
B. A Good and Middle Class Family bigger boys
• The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a town • He was the best student surpassing all his classmates
aristocracy in Spanish Philippines. in Spanish, Latin and all subjects.
• The Rizal Family is one of the distinguished families in • His good reputation as best student in many subjects
Calamba. was quite different to his teacher for he always received
• Rizal’s parents were illustrados. This means that the punishment from him.
family was able to send their children in school in • His classmates who were jealous of his intellectual
Manila. superiority did everything to destroy him by reporting to
• On his diary, he said, “My mother taught me how to their teacher when he had a fight outside the school.
read and to say haltingly the humble prayers which I He once said, “in spite of the reputation I had of being
raised fervently to God.” a good boy, the day was unusual when I was not laid
• Dona Teodora considered as the first teacher of Jose out on a bench and given five or six blows.”
Rizal.
G. End of Binan Schooling
C. Home Education in Calamba • Rizal received a letter from Saturnina informing him the
• On his diary, he said, “My mother taught me how to arrival of the steamer Talim which would take him from
read and to say haltingly the humble prayers which I Biñan to Calamba. Afterwards, he took a last visit to the
raised fervently to God.” town church, collected some pebbles in the river for
• Dona Teodora considered as the first teacher of Jose souvenir and bade farewell to his teacher and
Rizal. Doña Teodora, despite managing family classmates.
business did not fail as a mother and a teacher to • After one and a half year in Biñan, he will return home
young Rizal. With her patience, diligence, and to reunite with his parents and siblings. He was thrilled
understanding, the young Rizal was able to learn the to take the passage on the steamer because for the first
Roman alphabets and prayers even at the age of three. time he was going home by himself. He left Biñan on
It was Doña Teodora who discovered the ability of Rizal Saturday afternoon, December 17, 1870.
in poetry. In fact, she even asked him to write poems.
Conclusion:
D. Moves to Biñan Despite discrimination of the friars to the native
• On Sunday afternoon of June 1869, Rizal kissed the Filipino students, Rizal was privilege to study in the school
hands of his parents, bid goodbye to them and to his they controlled. Thanks to his parents who were ilustrados.
sisters for his travel to Biñan. He was accompanied by The educated Filipinos were called as ilustrados and
his older brother Paciano on his trip on board a they began movements directed towards change in the
carromata. It was already midnight when they arrived government of the Philippines. They wanted to be the same
in the place and proceeded to their aunt’s house where level with the proud Spaniards. Jose Rizal was able to
Jose will stay while attending school in Biñan. achieved this perception while studying in Ateneo and in UST.
• On the same night, he was invited by his cousin The growing number of ilustrados in the Philippines is
Leandro to have a walk around the town so he could considered as one of the major effects of education by the
familiarize the place. Instead of enjoying the stroll Spaniards in the Philippines.
around the town, he felt homesick as he remembered
his parents especially his mother, his sisters and Assignment: Read and understand the meaning of Rizal’s
Calamba. He recounted; In the moonlight, I poems
remembered my home town, my adored mother, and 1. Through Education Our Motherland
my solicitous sisters. How sweet to me was Calamba, Receives Light
my own town, in spite of the fact, that it was not as 2. The Intimate Alliance between Religion and
wealthy as Biñan. Good Education

E. Formal Education in Biñan LESSON 8:

• The next morning, Paciano brought the young Jose to From Ateneo to UST: Higher Education
the village school under the charge of Maestro • He had not yet celebrated his eleventh birthday when he
Justiniano Cruz. He was also the teacher of Paciano was accompanied by his brother to Manila to take the
before. After introducing Rizal to the teacher, Paciano entrance examination.
returned to Calamba leaving the young and small Jose. • It was four months after the execution of GOMBURZA, the
• The first day of school was not worth celebrated for Jesuits priests he liked. He was unhappy of leaving again
Rizal as he felt different and even experienced violent Calamba and while his mother was still in prison who was
clash with some of his classmates. He was given a accused of poisoning her sister-in-law. On his memoirs he
permanent seat by his teacher and asked if he can said, “Our mother was unjustly snatched away from us and
speak Latin and Spanish. His knowledge of the two by whom? By some men who had been or friends and
 whom we treated as honored guests. We learned later that a program of dividing a class into two competing empires:
our mother got sick, far from us and as an advanced age. “. the Romans and the Carthaginians.
• Don Francisco Mercado decided not to send him in the • Students who belonged to the Roman Empire were the
Colegio de San Jose because of the sad experiences of boarding students at Ateneo (the internos), while those at
Paciano in the said school where Fr. Burgos was his mentor. the Carthaginian Empire were non-boarding students.
• Ateneo was formerly known as Escuela Pia, a school for Both empires had their ranks and dignitaries, namely;
boys in Manila which was established in 1817. On 1859, emperor as the best scholar, followed by a:
Jesuits administered the school after they returned to the ✓ tribune,
Philippines from their expulsion in the country in 1768. The ✓ decurion,
school became Ateneo Municipal which later became the ✓ centurion and the
Ateneo de Manila. During Rizal’s time, Ateneo was the most ✓ standard bearer
prestigious college for boys because of their excellent
teachers. C. Academic Performance at Ateneo
• Rizal studied at Ateneo from 1872-1877. Despite his
A. Enrollment at Ateneo loneliness due to the arrest of his mother, his first year
• Rizal took the entrance examination in Colegio de San in Ateneo was commendable but only placed second in
Juan de Letran on June 10, 1872. the class.
• Paciano accompanied Rizal when he took the exam • He graduated the degree, Bachiller en Artes with the
which covered on Christian doctrine, arithmetic and highest academic honors. From the foregoing
reading. During this time, all the entrance exams for the scholastic records of Rizal, it is evident that he excelled
incoming freshmen in the different colleges were in his academic studies during the entire duration of his
administered at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran stay at Ateneo. Rizal’s academic triumph at Ateneo can
because the Dominicans exercised power of inspection be attributed to three factors; racial pride, monastic
and regulation over Ateneo (Guerrero, 1998). discipline, and seclusion of boarding school life
• After passing the qualifying examination, again, (Guerrero, 1998).
accompanied by Paciano, Rizal sought admission at the
Ateneo Municipal. Jesuit-run Ateneo as the second D. Extracurricular Activities at Ateneo
option was the bitter rival of Dominican-owned Colegio • Rizal did not only devote his time to academic
de San Juan de Letran. At first, he was rejected to enroll excellence, he became actively involved in extra-
by the college registrar, Fr. Magin Fernando for two curricular activities.
reasons: • Rizal became a member and eventually an officer in the
✓ he was late for registration religious confraternities at Ateneo-Sodality of Our lady,
✓ he looked very frail and undersized for his age. and the Apostleship of Prayer. These religious
• Upon the intervention of Manuel Burgos, nephew of Fr. confraternities were opened only to students who
Jose Burgos and an acquaintance of Paciano, Rizal was demonstrated the highest degree of scholarship and
finally admitted. leadership
• Jose was the first to adopt the surname Rizal when he
was finally as regular student in Ateneo. It was also a E. Literary Works at Ateneo
decision of Don Francisco that he will no longer use the • Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)
surname Mercado because it became under suspicion of - which was dedicated to his mother on her birthday.
Spanish authorities since it was the surname used by his • Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (A Memory of My Town)
brother Paciano while studying in Colegio de San Jose. - It was written in 1876 of his way of paying homage to
his birthplace, Calamba.
B. Jesuit System of Education • Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through
• Compared with other colleges in Manila, Ateneo was Education Our Motherland Receives Light)
known for best secondary education for boys. They - significant role which education lays in the progress
trained the character of every student by rigid discipline and welfare of a nation.
and religious instruction. The students were required to • La Alianza Intima Sobre Religion y la Buena
hear Mass in the morning before the beginning of the Educacion, showed the importance of religion in
daily classes. The classes were usually began and ended education
with prayers.
• Ateneo, at that time, offered a six-year program that F. Enrollment at the University of Santo Tomas
entitled their student to the academic title, Bachiller de • Rizal’s completion of the Bachiller en Artes at Ateneo
Artes. This academic program exposed students to five Municipal entitled h for admission to higher studies at a
learning areas, namely; university. Although Doña Teodora was opposed to
✓ Christian doctrine, Rizal’s pursuit of higher education for fear of what might
✓ Languages (Spanish, Latin, Greek and French), happen to him due to the martyrdom of GOMBURZA
✓ History and Geography (World Geography and • For Doña Teodora, Rizal’s Ateneo education was
History, History of Spain and the Philippines), already knows enough. Rizal was surprised why his
✓ Mathematics and Sciences (arithmetic, geometry, mother who was a woman of education and culture
trigonometry, mineralogy, chemistry, physics, should object his desire for a university education.
botany, and zoology) • Don Francisco decided him to send him to UST,
✓ Classical disciplines (poetry, rhetoric and the Pontifical Catholic university in the Philippines
philosophy). The school also offered vocational managed by the Dominicans.
courses in agriculture, commerce, mechanics and • Uncertain of what to take up, at the age of sixteen, Rizal
surveying. enrolled the course Philosophy and Letters during his
• To stimulate the spirit of competition among the students first year in the university (1877-1878). The course was
for excellence in academics, Atenean teachers enforced his father’s choice for him to pursue. He wanted also to
 solicit advice of Father Ramon Pablo, but the rector of • A nation where educated people out-numbers
Ateneo was then in Mindanao that time. uncivilized ones, excavates treasures more cherished
• Rizal also took one year vocation course in Ateneo than any stones of the earth.
which is land surveying. • Education is portrayed as a torch lighting darkness
• On his second year at UST, Rizal received the advice • Rival offered that the power or light of education is
from Father Pablo to pursue medicine and enrolled in endless
the said course. Rizal also wanted the course due to
the failing eyesight of his mother III. Jose Rizal: Love of Country
• To the Filipino Youth
G. Academic Performance at UST • The poem’s theme, Grow, O timid Flower. Shows
• Rizal did not show commendable academic persuasion
performance in UST because he was not happy in the • He advocated for rising and waking up
university (Zaide & Zaide, 1998). His unhappiness at • Pen as mightier than a sword
UST can be traced to three factors, namely; the • Rizal wants to communicate the means of making
Dominican professors were hostile to him, racial peaceful process
discrimination against Filipino students, and the • Filipino youth, must maximize their knowledge and
method and instruction was obsolete and repressive. skills in chosen their fields.
• Rizal’ scholastic records was obviously not good
enough for him in a medical course. His academic IV. Jose Rizal: Love of Family
performance was affected because he was attributed • My First Inspiration
to many distractions such as joining parties with Filipino • It was his mothers’ birthday
students and attending fights against the Spanish
• His mother was freed from prison
students.
• The environment was rich during Rizal’s time
• A return of a love one is very important
H. Literary Works at UST
• We should honor our parents
• A la Juventud Filipina. Written when Rizal was 18
years old, an inspiring poem which beseeched the • Let your parents be a role model or inspiration in your
Filipino youth to rise from lethargy, to let their genius fly life
swifter than the wind and descend with art and science • We need to value God’s wonderful creation
to break the chains that have long bound the spirit of
the people.
• El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods). LESSON 10:
Life Abroad (PART I)
Rizal joined the competitions to prove one thing-that
the Filipinos can equal and even surpass the Spaniards • Rizal decided to leave the country not just to complete his
in literary prowess. medical studies in Europe. There were hidden purpose for
his departure:
I. Decision to go to Europe ✓ to make a name for himself in the realm of
• There were hidden purposes for his voyage to a new journalism;
world. It can be inferred from Paciano’s letter to Rizal ✓ to observe and study European society; and
that the following were the real purposes of Rizal’s ✓ to prepare himself for the task of liberating the
voyage to Europe: Filipinos from Spanish tyranny.
✓ to make a name for himself in the realm of Impelled by these purposes, Rizal left the country to pursue
journalism his mission.
✓ to observe and study European society; and
✓ to prepare himself for the task of liberating the A. Rizal’s Secret Departure (1882)
Filipinos from Spanish tyranny. • On May 3, Rizal departed on board Spanish steamer
Salvadora bound for Singapore.
• On May 9, Salvadora docked at Singapore. On May 11,
LESSON 9: Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah which shall
Rizal as a Lover ferry him to France.
Family, Country, Education • From his boarding point, the ship had its stopover at
I. Jose Rizal Point Galle in Ceylon, Aden, and in Port Said at Suez
• His life has been highly documented, the most Canal.
documented, in fact, of all the heroes in Asia • The steamer reached Naples on June 11, 1882.
• Rizal is known for his nationalistic ideas, bravery, and • From Naples, the steamer reached and docked at
as a national hero in the Philippines Marseilles, France on June 12.
• Rizal has his duty towards his family and the country. • From Marseilles, he took the train for Barcelona. He
• Rizal focused on uniting Filipinos, building networks reached Barcelona on June 16, 1882
through connections, creating links with the
Propaganda Movement. B. Barcelona
• Rizal was welcomed by the Filipinos in Barcelona, most
II. Jose Rizal: Love of Education of who were his former schoolmates at Ateneo
• Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light Municipal.
• The demand for sacrifices to obtain an education • He took time writing to his family, relatives and friends
• Education is the most precious gift and treasure that in the Philippines. In fact, he did not forget one of his
Motherland can give to us missions-that of making a name for himself in the field
of writing.
 • It was in Barcelona that Rizal wrote El Amor Patrio F. Wilhelmsfeld, Germany (Summer of 1886)
(Love of Country) under the pseudonym Laong Laan. • spent summer in Wilhemsfeld, a mountainous region of
• He was just 21 years old. It came out on August 20, Heidelberg at the house of a protestant Pastor, Dr. Karl
1882 in the Diariong Tagalog in Manila. Ulmer
• His sojourn on the village was quite memorable for him
C. Madrid because of the hospitality he received from the Ulmers
• On November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in Universidad and the kindness of the people. He appreciated much
Central de Madrid in two courses-Medicine and the religious tolerance the people practice in the
Philosophy and Letters. community.
• Studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of fine
Arts of San Fernando, took private lessons in French, G. Leipzig, Germany
German and English under private instructors, • In August 1886, Rizal attended lectures on history and
practiced fencing and shooting in the Hall of Arms of psychology in the University of Leipzig.
Sanz y Carbonell. • On his stay in the city, he was able to translate the
• Awarded the degree of Licentiate in Medicine. Schiller’s William Tell from German to Tagalog so that
• He took time to associate with the Filipinos expatriates Filipinos might know the story of the champion of Swiss
in Madrid. independence.
• Joined with fellow expatriates had formed the Circulo • He also translated into Tagalog the fairy tales of Hans
Hispano-Filipino Christian Andersen for his nephews and nieces.
• exposed to liberal ideas, stressing the value of • While at Leipzig, he worked as a proofreader in a
individual freedom of action on matters of religion and publishing company to augment his allowance. He was
expression. fortunate to be accepted because of his knowledge of
• Imbued with the vitality of youth and idealism, he European languages particular in German.
became fascinated with the manner by which Spanish
masons in Madrid discussed political issues fearlessly. H. Berlin, Germany
• overwhelmed by their progressive ideas on • He went to Berlin due to the following reasons: to
government, politics and religion. further enhance his knowledge of ophthalmology, to
• joined the Masonry for two probable reasons: supplement his studies of languages and sciences, to
(1) the abuses committed by the friars against the study and observe the political and economic
Filipino, and conditions of Germany, to join the circle famous
(2) the possible assistance the masons can extend German scientists and scholars and to complete and
him in his struggle against Spanish tyranny and publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere.
oppression. • He met Dr. Feodor Jagor, the author of the book
• had speech of salute to Luna and Hidalgo who were “Travels in the Philippines”, the book Rizal admired
winners in the 1884 Madrid Exposition (Lunas was while he was still student at UST. The book stated the
awarded a gold medal for his painting, the Spoliarium author’s prediction on the collapse of the Spanish
while Hidalgo a silver medal for his entry, Christian regime in the Philippines and its prophecy on the
Virgins Exposed to the Populace) coming of the Americans into the Philippines.
• One important event on Rizal’s life while in Berlin was
D. Paris, France on March 21, 1877 when Noli Me Tangere came off the
• In November 1885, Rizal who was then 24 years old press with the financial assistance of Maximo Viola.
was living in Paris where he sojourned for about three
months. I. Grand Tour in Europe with Maximo Viola (May 1887)
• He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, Dresden, Germany
French ophthalmologist from November 1885 to • Rizal and Viola visited the regional flora exposition
February 1886. It was on this time, that Rizal became where they met Dr. Adolph Meyer. They also met Dr.
closely associated with the Pardo de Taveras, Felix Jagor who advised them to wire Dr. Ferdinand
Hidalgo and Juan Luna who lived in Paris. Blumentritt of their coming to Leitmeritz

E. Heidelberg, Germany (Spring of 1886) J. Leitmeritz, Czechoslovakia

• moved to Heidelberg and worked at the University Eye • Rizal and Viola arrived at Leitmeritz on May 13, 1887. On
Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker, a the train station they welcomed by Dr. Blumentritt. The two
German ophthalmologist assisted by Blumentritt to get a room at Hotel Krebs.
• While at Leitmeritz, Rizal gave his host lessons in Tagalog
• He attended lectures of Dr. Becker and Dr. Wilhelm
language. In a meeting with Tourists’ Club of Leitmeritz,
Kuene at the university. He was a member of the law
• Rizal extemporaneously talked in German language
students’ Chess Players’ Club of Heidelberg after he
about the pleasant and relaxing scenes of Austria and
was recommended by his board mates.
its hospitable, nature-loving and noble people. All of
• While at Heidelberg, Rizal wrote letters to his sisters
them were very much impressed on Rizal’s fluency and
Maria and Trinidad about the Germany a country of
eloquence on their language.
order and obedience. He described the German
students as affectionate, respectful, modest and not
K. Prague, Czechoslovakia
boastful. On German women, he described them as
• To facilitate their visit into the different historic spots in
serious, studious, simple, industrious, not afraid of men
Prague, Blumentritt gave Rizal and Viola letters of
and concerned about education.
recommendations to Dr. Welkomm, a history professor
at the University of Prague. The professor welcomed
them and accompanied in visiting the historic places
and spots in Prague.
L. Vienna, Austria C. Japan
• Rizal and Viola arrived at Vienna on May 20, 1887. • Rizal arrived in Japan on February 28, 1888 and stayed
They spent four days visiting the beautiful buildings and at Tokyo Hotel for a few days.
examining holy images and statues. They were • While at Japan, he learned and studied the Niponggo
impressed with the songs and beautiful stories of the and Japanese arts and culture.
city. They visited, art galleries, museums, public parks • He had a short romance with Seiko Usui or O-Sei-San.
and recreation centers. • Rizal felt that he had other duties to fulfill for his country.
So, he left Japan.
M. Switzerland • On the eve of his departure, he wrote on his diary about
• While at Geneva, Rizal received the news from his his affection to Japan
friends in Madrid of the deplorable conditions of the
primitive Igorots who were exhibited in the Madrid D. United States of America
Exposition. Rizal learned that some of the Igorots died • arrived in the United States on April 28, 1888 but was
and their indigenous materials were became objects of only allowed to disembark until May 4 due to the
mockery by the Spanish press and the Spaniards. Rizal quarantine protocols which he felt dismayed.
celebrated his 26th birthday in Geneva with Viola. • Stayed for two days in San Francisco and boarded a
train for week bound for Albany, New York.
N. Italy
• Rizal continued his lone travel and visited some cities E. Rizal’s Impressions to United States of America (from
of Italy. In Rome, the Eternal City, attracted him so his letter to Mariano Ponce July 27, 1888 trans. G. Zaide)
much. The grandeur of Rome was something that Rizal • The material progress of the country as shown in the
did not fail to appreciate, in his sojourn to Italy. great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries and busy
• He was very much amazed with the Coliseum and the factories
Roman Forum. • The drive and energy of the American people
• He spent long hours reminiscing the past and • The natural beauty of the land
recreating life to the ruins. After a week of travel in • The high standard of living
Rome, Rizal prepared for his homecoming to the • The opportunities for better life offered to poor
Philippines. immigrants
• Lack of racial equality
O. Rizal, Germany and Blumentritt
• Among the countries Rizal visited, it was Germany that F. London
he appreciated much. These might be because of the
• Rizal arrived in London on May 25, 1888, and stayed
following reasons:
as a guest at the residence of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor,
✓ Rizal’s appreciation of the qualities possessed by
a practicing lawyer in London and an exile of 1872
the Germans, sober earnest, industrious,
event. Later, Rizal boarded of the Beckett Family.
progressive and prosperous.
• In London, Rizal was acquainted with Dr. Reinhold Rost
✓ Rizal became interested to Blumentritt because
the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs who
the latter had written about 250 essays and articles
allowed him to undertake research in the British
on Philippine ethnography
Museum.
• While in London, he had a short romance with Getrude
LESSON 11: Beckett but he suppressed his emotions towards her.
Life Abroad (Part II) 1888-92 • Some of his notable works while in London were the
A. First Homecoming 1887 – 1888 following; annotation of de Morga’s Sucesos de las
• After five years of being away from home, Rizal left Islas Filipinas, and became member of the
Rome by train headed for Marseilles, France on July 3, Asociacion la Solidaridad, and the letter upon the
1887. He boarded the Djemnah the same vessel that request of Marcelo H. del Pilar, the Letters to Young
ferried him from Singapore in 1882. He arrived in Manila Women of Malolos.
in August 5, 1887.
• His homecoming lasted only from August 8, 1887 to G. Paris Exposition of 1889
February 3, 1888 as it was his last option to secure the • founded the Kidlat Club on March 19, 1889 upon his
safety of his family, relative and friends. During his arrival in Paris. The only aim of the club was their
homecoming, he received harassed and persecution by camaraderie while enjoying their stay in Paris during
the friars to his novel, the Noli, and his involvement with the entire duration of the exposition
Calamba agrarian problem as he spoke in behalf of the • Witnessed the opening of the Eiffel Tower on May 6,
oppressed Calamba tenants and farmers. 1889
• Participated in the painting competition
B. Hongkong • Founded Indios Bravos (replacement of Kidlat),
• Rizal arrived in the British colony of Hong Kong on member pledged to excel in intellectual and physical
February 8,1888. powers
• In Hong Kong, he wrote on his diary about the friars of
the Dominican Order as the richest religious order in H. Brussels, Belgium, 1890
Hong Kong, had million of dollars deposited in various • Rizal moved to Brussels from Paris on January 28,
banks earning very high interests. 1890. In Brussels, he was busy writing his second
• Visited Macau for 2 days novel while contributing articles in La Solidaridad.
• Lived in the house managed by Jacoby sisters
• While in Brussels, he criticized Filipinos in Madrid for
gambling.
 • He received letters informing him the bad condition of • Engaging in business activities and writing letters to his
the Calamba farmers including his family friends in Europe to Ferdinand Bluementritt and
Reinhold Rost
I. Madrid, Spain 1890-1891 • Improving his artistic and literary skills and doing
• In August of 1890, he returned to Madrid and tried the agricultural and civic projects
best he could to seek justice for his family and the • His careers and achievements in different fields
Calamba tenants.
• His family were persecuted in Calamba, Paciano and C. As a physician
his two brothers-in-law (husband of Narcisa and • Rizal provided free medicine to his patients, most of
Olimpia) were deported to Mindoro while Saturnina’s them were underprivileged.
husband was banished in Bohol. • He had also wealthy patients who paid him well for his
• His returned in Madrid were all disappointments excellent surgical skills
because of the following; failed to get justice for his • August 1893, when his mother, Dońa Teodora Alonzo,
family, his friend Jose Ma. Panganiban died, he had was placed under opthalmic surgery for the third time.
conflict with Antonio Luna because of Nelly Boustead, • However, Alonzo, ignored her son’s instructions and
and the consistence attack of Wenceslao Retana removed the bandages in her eyes which lead to
against him and his family. irritation and infection.

J. Biarritz D. As an engineer
• Rizal arrived in the French Riviera of Biarritz and • Rizal applied his knowledge through the waterworks
was welcomed by the Boustead Family. system he constructed in Dapitan
• On his one month vacation, he had a short romance • From his knowledge as agrimensor, he widened his
with Nelly Boustead whom he found her to be a real knowledge by reading engineering – related books.
Filipina. • He successfully provided a good water system in the
• He even proposed a marriage to her but never realized province.
because he need to give up his Catholic faith because
Nelly’s family was protestant, also Nelly’s mother did E. As an educator
not like Rizal. • Rizal established a school in Dapitan which was
• While in Biarritz, the El Filibusterismo was already attended by 16 young boys.
finished, and he stopped writing for la Solidaridad. • Instead of charging them for the matriculations, he
made the students do community projects for him like
K. Ghent maintaining his garden and field.
• Rizal moved to Ghent and lived in an affordable • He taught them reading, writing in English and Spanish,
boarding house with Jose Alejandro as room mate. geography, history, mathematics, industrial work,
• The El Filibusterismo came off the press September nature study, morals, and gymnastics.
18, 1891.
• A friend Valentin Ventura of Paris financially helped F. As an Agriculturist
Rizal published the Fili. • Rizal devoted time in planting important crops and fruit-
bearing tress From the United States, he imported
L. Hong Kong, 1891-92 agricultural machinery and introduced to the native
• Rizal arrived in Hong Kong on November 20, 1891. He farmers of Dapitan the modern agricultural methods
was welcomed by the Filipino residents, especially his Rizal also visualized of having an agricultural colony in
old friend, Jose Ma. Basa. Sitio Ponot, within the Sindañgan Bay.
• On December, Rizal was reunited with his family.
Together in celebrating Christmas were his parents, G. As a Businessman
Paciano, sisters Lucia, Josefa and Trinidad and • In 1992, Rizal, with his partner,Ramon Carreon, tried
Olimpia’s husband Silvestre Ubaldo. his luck in the fishing,hemp and copra industries.
• While in Hong Kong, Rizal practiced as ophthalmic • In 2004, To teach each the fisher folks of the new
surgeon while continue writing essays. fishing methods, using a big net called pukutan.
• In 2015, But the industry in which Rizal became more
LESSON 12: successful was in hemp, shipping the said product to a
Rizal’s Life: Exile in Dapitan foreign firm in Manila
A. Arrival in Dapitan
• Pastells informed Father Obach that Rizal could live at H. As an Inventor
the parish convent on the following conditions: • According to Rizal, the wooden lighter’s mechanism
1. That Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning was based on the principle of compressed air.
religion, and make statement that were clearly • He invented a special type of lighter called sulpukan,
pro-Spanish and against revolution. which he sent to Blumentritt as a gift.
2. That he performs the church rites and make a • Another one of his inventions was the wooden
general confession of his past life. brickmaker can manufacture about 6,000 bricks a day.
3. That henceforth be conduct himself in an
exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a I. As an Artist
man of religion. • he had contributed his talent in the Sisters of Charity
who were preparing for the arrival of the image of the
B. Career and Contributions Holy Virgin
• Rizal had maximized his stay in Dapitan by devoting • Rizal was actually the person who modeled the image's
much of his time right foot
 • He also conceptualize its curtain, which was oil painted case. He was held incommunicado for almost four
by a Sister under his instruction weeks in his detention cell.
• He also sculptured the statuette called “The Mother's • In the meantime, the Spanish authorities were very
Revenge” which represented his dog, Syria, avenging much preoccupied with the gathering and fabrication of
her puppy to a crocodile which killed it. evidences to be used against him

J. As a Linguist C. The Preliminary Investigation

• Rizal was interested in the languages used in Dapitan • Col. Francisco Olive, the Judge Advocate of the
• He studied and made comparisons of the Bisayan and Spanish military tribunal summoned Rizal to appear
Malayan languages existing in the region. before him (Nov. 20, 1896)
• Rizal had knowledge in 22 languages: Tagalog, • Two kinds of evidences presented by Olive to Rizal;
Ilocano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, documentary and testimonial
English, French, German, Arabic, Malayan, Hebrew, • Documentary, includes the letters of Antonio Luna, MH
Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanes, del Pilar, the poems, transcripts speeches of Emilio
Portuguese, Swedish and Russian. Jacinto and Jose Santiago
• Testimonial, includes oral statements of people who
K. As a Scientist had been associated with him
• They explored the jungles and searched for specimens
which he sent to museums in Europe, particularly in D. The Arraignment of Rizal
Dressed Museum • Rizal chose Luis Taviel de Andrade, the brother of Jose
• In return, scientific books and surgical instruments taviel de Andrade who was his bodyguard during his
were delivered to him from the European scientists. six-month stay in Calamba four years ago (1892)
• He also made a bulk of other researches and studies • He was accused of the complex crime of rebellion as
in the fields of ethnography, archaeology, geology, he was the principal organizer and the living soul of the
anthropology and geography insurrection, the founder of societies, periodicals and
• Rizal's most significant contribution in the scientific books dedicated to the fomenting and propagating the
world was his discovery of three species: Draco rizali – ideas of rebellion
flying dragon, Apogonia rizali – small beetle, and
Rhacophorus rizali – rare frog. E. The Trial
• Rizal also Partakes in civic works in Dapitan • Rizal’s case was turned over to Capt. Rafael
• He also provided lighting system – coconut oil lamps Dominguez (Special Judge Advocate) on December
posted in dark streets 19, 1896 for prosecution
• He beautified Dapitan by re-modelling the town plaza, • Dominguez urged the court to give a verdict of
with the aid of his Jesuit teacher, Fr. Francisco death penalty to the accused
Sanchez, and created a relief map of Mindanao right in • For Taviel de Andrade Rizal was not guilty as the
front the church. following conditions were not existed; ocular
inspection, confession of the accused, credible
witnesses, official documents or conclusive
LESSON 13A:
evidences
Rizal’s Trial
A. After Exile in Dapitan
F. Rizal’s Defense
• received a confirmation on being a volunteer doctor to 1. I am not guilty of rebellion as I even advised Dr. Pio
Cuba Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in revolution
• left Dapitan on July 31, 1896 2. The revolutionists used my name without my
• arrived in Manila on August 6, 1896 knowledge. If I were guilty, I could have escaped from
• stayed in steamer Castilla for almost a month while Singapore.
waiting for a vessel bound for Spain 3. If I had a hand in the Katipunan revolution, I could have
escaped Dapitan and should have not built a house
B. Rizal Sails to Spain for Cuba there.
• boarded the steamer Isla de Panay bound for 4. If I were the chief of the revolution, why did they not
Barcelona, Spain (September 3, 1896) consult me on their plans?
• the captain of Isla de Panay informed Rizal that he 5. I was not the founder of La Solidaridad and the
received an order through a telegram from the Minister Association Hispano- Filipino
of War that the former has to be arrested and detained 6. I had nothing to do with the introduction of masonry in
in captain’s cabin the Philippines. Serrano had a higher degree than I
• arrived in Barcelona (Oct. 3, 1896) but only to be had. If I were the head, since when does an officer
informed he will ship back to the Philippines permit himself to be promoted to a captain general?
• the steamer arrived in Manila (Nov. 3, 1896) under tight 7. The La Liga did not live long. It died a natural death
security after my banishment to Dapitan.
• Rizal was brought and incarcerated at Fort Santiago 8. If the La Liga was re-organized nine month later, I was
• the Spanish authorities commenced their expedition of totally unaware of it.
fishing all evidence that can be used against Rizal 9. It was true that I wrote statutes of the La Liga. The La
• The arrival of the steamer Colon in Manila brought too Liga, however, is a civic association whose purposes
much jubilation on the part of the friars and the are unity and development of commerce and industry.
Spaniards, as the leader of the revolution could now be 10. While it was true that there were some bitter statements
made to answer for a crime he committed against the in my letters, it was because they were written when
Spanish government. Under heavy guard, Rizal was my family was being persecuted, being dispossessed
brought to Fort Santiago pending the persecution of his
 of their houses and lands; and my brother and brother- interior was not bad considering that it was painted
in-law were rusticated without due process of law. by a lad. And the painting was mostly copied at
11. It was not true that the revolution was inspired in one of biblical scenes of Gustave Dore.
my speeches at the houses of Doroteo Ongjungco, as ✓ From Iloilo the made a short stopover at Capiz and
alleged by the witnesses whom I would like to confront. proceeded to Manila via Romblon.
My friends knew very well about my vehement
opposition to an armed rebellion. B. Rizal Misses The Ship Going To Spain
12. Why did the Katipunan send an emissary to me in • Mail ship Isla de Luzon
Dapitan, who was a total stranger to me? Because – Rizal was not able to catch this ship bound to Spain
those who knew me were cognizant that I would never for it was departed previous day before they arrived
sanction any violent movement. Thursday morning August 6, 1896. He was greatly
13. My life in Dapitan had been exemplary, as evidenced disappointed and worried about his stayed in Manila that
by my productive activities for the welfare of the people. might bring him troubles.
Even the politico- military commanders and missionary • Castilla
priests could attest to this – a Spanish cruiser where Rizal was transferred from
• The verdict of the military court was submitted to Governor steamer Spaña. To wait for the next steamer bound to
Polavieja Spain as by order by Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco.
• The verdict stated the found Rizal guilty beyond – Rizal stayed almost a month waiting for the next
reasonable doubt and therefore should be condemned to steamer which was schedule to sail for Spain on the
death by firing squad following month.
– Enrique Sanatlo – the gallant captain of the ship and
G. Rizal’s Trial had given him a good accommodation not a prisoner but
• Rizal’s trial was a clear case of mistrial-a very clear a guest detained onboard I order to avoid difficulties
confirmation of the injustice of the Spanish Regime from friends and enemies.
(Zaide&Zaide). It was a deliberate effort to condemned • Andes Bonifacio
Rizal to death for the following reasons: – and the rest of the Katipuneros attempt to save Rizal
1. Rizal was a civilian but was tried by a military tribunal from the cruiser Castilla.
2. Rizal was already condemned guilty even before the trial – They tried to persuade Rizal to escape but Rizal
3. All allegations against Rizal were accepted by the court politely refused, as a man of principle he was ready to
but not the arguments and evidence in his favor; face the consequences of his decision.
4. Rizal was not allowed to confront witnesses against him – And his Katipunan followers had already proclaimed
nor his counsel to cross-examine then; and their defiance of the Spanish gov’t by tearing their cedula
5. Evidence to convict Rizal didn’t have any bearing on his certificates during the famous historical “Cry of the
alleged commission of the complex crime of rebellion. Balintawak”.

H. Rizal’s Trial According to Guerrero The Cry of Pugad Lawin or Cry of Balintawak -
• Rizal was neither guilty nor innocent w/c proclaimed their defiance to the Spanish gov’t, the
• Evidences used by the military court were not sufficient Katipuneros tore their cedulas personales (certificates).
to warrant the finding of guilty and the concomitant Bonifacio stop all the talking “There is no other Way” and told
imposition of death penalty them “enough is enough” and angrily tore his cedula and they
• Rizal was really innocent of the accusation that he was shouted “Long Live Philippines”, Long Live the Katipunan”.
the moving spirit behind the revolution started by
Bonifacio and the Katipunan. • Fray Mariano Gil
– was an Augustinian cura of Tondo who discovered
evidences about the Katipunan plot.
LESSON 13B:
– with the Spanish witnesses found out the evidence in
Readings for Arrest and Trial of Rizal
the printing shop of Diario de Manila and rushed to
A. The Last Trip Abroad denounced the revolutionary plot of the Katipunan.
• Steamer Espaῆa – brought Rizal, Josephine, Narcisa • Teodoro Patiῆo
and Agelica (daughter of Narcisa) his 3 nephews and – a member of the Katipunan and an employee of the
six pupils. Diario de Manila w/ the advice of the mother portress of
• Dumaguete (Capital of Negros Oriental) – was their Mandaluyong Orphanage and his sister Honoria Patiῆo
first stopover (Saturday, August 1, 1896) went to the convent of Tondo and revealed the secrets of
✓ Herero Regidor – was the judge of the province, the Katipunan to Fr. Mariano Gil.
was a former Rizal’s friend and classmate. Rizal • Governor-General Ramon Blanco – gave Rizal a letter
visited him and including the Periquet and rzufina of introduction for the Minister of War and the Minister of
family. Colonies.
• Cebu – was their 2nd stopover, they left Dumaguete at • General Marcelo de Azcarraga
1:00 PM and arrived at Cebu on the next morning. – the minister of war
✓ Rizal considered Cebu as “Beautiful” – During his four years as exile in Dapitan had been
✓ He visited the house of Atty. Mateos where he met exemplary and no way involve in the chimerical (unreal or
the old couple whom he had known in Madrid. imaginary) attempt we are now deploring, neither in the
✓ In his diary he wrote “I made 2 operations in conspiracy nor in any of the secret societies that have
stereotomy, one in the ears and second was tumor. been formed.
• Iloilo – they left Cebu in August 3, and reach Iloilo on • Isla de Panay
the next morning. – steamer bound to Spain before going to Cuba on Sept.
✓ Rizal went in shopping in the city and visited Molo 30 1896.
Church which he describes as pretty outside and
 – During this time Revolution had begun in nearby Recommendations;
provinces around Manila. 1. The accused be brought to trial without delay.
– While cruising the Mediterranean Sea, Rizal was 2. The accused be incarcerated in prison
informed by the captain of the ship about the telegraph 3. The accused should be defended in the court by
order from the minister of war to arrest and confined him the army officer.
in his cabin. • Lieutenant Luis Taviel de Andrade
• Governor-General Despujol – Rizal chose this name from the list of names given by
– deported Rizal in Dapitan who in – charge of Mont Juich the Spanish
Prison are now came and informed Rizal that he would – Authorities to be his defender, because Rizal was
be sent back to Manila. denied for experienced civilian lawyer.
• S.S. Colon – The name seemed familiar to Rizal because he was the
– was a warship carrying Spanish troops to the brother of Jose Taviel Andrade who was assigned to
Philippines. It was also the ship carried Rizal from surveillance Rizal during his homecoming in Calamba.
Barcelona to Manila via Singapore.
• Some charges were read in the presence of his defender
and other persons in the court and were refuted by Rizal
C. Unsuccessful Rescue In Singapore
to wit.
• Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez 1. Since his deportation to Dapitan within a period of 4
– sent a telegram to an English lawyer to rescue Rizal years, he had not engaged in any political activities.
when the Spanish steamer reached in Singapore. 2. The declarations of the witnesses against Rizal
• Atty. Hugh Fort were fabricated and not true.
– try to rescue Rizal by means of habeas corpus file at • Governor Camilo de Polavieja
Singapore Court to remove Rizal in the ship upon arriving – replaced Gov-Gen Blanco
in Singapore. – The case of Rizal was referred to him on Dec.13, 1896
– His contention state that Rizal was illegally detained in – By virtue of the authority granted on him by the Spanish
the ship authorities, he orders the creation of the Court Martial
• Chief Justice Lionel Cox consisting of a military personnel who could try the
– denied the writ on the ground that Colon was a warship accused.
of a foreign power w/c under international law and beyond • Dec. 15 1896
their jurisdiction. – Rizal wrote a public declaration appealed to the
Filipinos to stop shedding of blood and to achieve their
Arrival in Manila freedoms through education and hard work.
• Governor-General Blanco – In addition, the country is in need of individuals not only
– wired back the most ominous warning for Rizal. have a sense of vision and purpose and the most
– Prosecutor request Rizal to be returned as prisoner important is men of conscience.
under his disposal, because Rizal had a serious charge – Declaration was written in his prison cell in Fort
filed against him for causing insurrection. Santiago.
• Fort Santiago • Ordinary Martial Court was constituted on Dec.24, 1896
– Rizal was detained after the steamer reached back in with seven members
Manila (Nov. 20 1896). 1. Colonel Jose Tagores Arjona – cavalry
– He was held incommunicado while Spanish authorities 2. Ricardo Muños Arias - Captain, Artillery
were busy looking for evidences against him. 3. Manuel Reguera – Captain Cavalry
• Filipinos who sympathized Rizal 4. Santiago Osorio – Captain, Rangers
– were arbitrarily harassed and some were even tortured. 5. Manuel Escribano – Captain, Engineer
• Among the Filipino patriots were: Deodato Arellano, Dr. 6. Fermin Rodriguez – Captain, General Ordinance
Pio Valenzuela, Moises Salvador, Domingo Franco, Jose 7. Enrique de Alcocer – assistant judge advocate
Dizon, Temoteo Paez, and Pedro Serrano Laktaw, were general and appointed as prosecutor.
brutally tortured. Paciano was arrested and cruelly • Hall of Banners of Cuartel del España
tortured. He suffered all pains from Spanish Diabolic – the name of the court room
torturers but he never signed any damaging statement – There were other persons in the courtroom aside from
incriminating his younger brother. the seven Spanish army officers.
• Colonel Francisco Oliver Garcia 1. Capt. Rafael Dominguez – the Judge Advocate
– Judge Advocate whom Rizal appeared during the 2. Lieutenant Enrique de Alcocer – Prosecuting Attorney
preliminary investigation on Nov. 20, 1896. 3. Dr. Jose Rizal – the accused
– And Rizal was subjected for 5 days of very tiring and 4. Lieutenant Taviel de Andrade
severe investigation for Rizal was accused of the crimes 5. Josephine Bracken
of rebellion, sedition and forming illegal association. 6. Sister of Rizal
– He transmitted the result of the preliminary investigation 7. Filipino and foreign newspaperman
to Gov.-Gen Ramon Blanco for appropriate action. 8. His defender and other spectators
• Captain Rafael Dominguez ✓ Dominguez opened the trial by reading the charges
– appointed by Gov-Gen. Blanco as Judge Advocate to against Rizal (rebellion, sedition and illegal
evaluate the case. And subsequently made the association).
corresponding decision against Rizal. ✓ Atty. Alcocer giving his remarks by giving the
• Judge Advocate General Nicolas dela Peña summary of the charges against Rizal and urged the
– received the summary of charges against Rizal from members of the military tribunal to decide by
Dominguez for legal opinion and adjudication. imposing death penalty to the accused.
✓ Taviel de Andrade presented his eloquent defense
characterized by forceful and appropriate
expression.
 ✓ Rizal presented his own brief-memorandum of points • Wenceslao Retana
of facts after he was asking by the military court in – writes on Rizal signature
addition to his confidence. – “it was written in a very steady, clear and beautiful hand,
every stroke denoting the most complete self-possession;
1. I could not be guilty of rebellion, for I even advised Dr. Pio the most beautiful signature of Rizal I have across”.
Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in revolution. • The trial
2. The revolutionists used my name without my knowledge, – was a sham, ridiculous and utter display of power,
if I were guilty, I could have escaped from Singapore. arrogance and total mockery of the law.
3. If I had a hand in the revolution, I could have escaped in • Rizal personified a lesson that cannot be reversed by time
a Moro vinta and would not build a house and bought and circumstances and be remained steadfast and firm in
lands in Dapitan. his faith and conviction.
4. If I were the chief of the revolution, why was I not • Most admirable in Rizal’s Life – his complete self-denial
consulted by the revolutionists? and his complete abandonment of his personal interests
5. The La Liga Filipina did not live long, for after the first in order to think only of those of his country.
meeting, I was deported to Dapitan and it died out.
6. If the La Liga Filipina was recognized nine months later, I D. The execution of the National Hero
did not know about it. • Dr. Jose Rizal
7. It was true I wrote the constitution and By-Laws of the La – was detained in Fort Santiago
Liga Filipina, but this is only civic association not a – He formally noticed the sentence 24 hours before the
revolutionary society. exact time of the execution.
8. While it was true that there were some bitter statements – He received a number of visitors from his prison cell.
in my letters, it was because they were written when my 1. Fr. Father Miguel Saderra Mata – rector of Ateneo
family was being persecuted, being disposed of their 2. Fr. Antonio Ruosell
houses and lands; and my brother and my brother-in-law 3. Fr. Luis Viza
were deported without due process. 4. Fr. Jose Vilaclara
9. It was not true that the revolution was inspired by one of 5. Fr. Federico Faura
my speeches at the house of Doroteo Onjunco, as 6. Fr. Vicente Balaguer.
alleged by witnesses whom I would like to confront. My 7. Don Santiago Mataix – correspondent of the Heraldo
friends knew very well about my vehement opposition to de Madrid
an armed rebellion. Why did the Katipunan send an 8. Lieutenant Taviel de Andrada
emissary to Dapitan who was a stranger to me? Be 9. Doña Teodora Alonzo
10. cause those who knew me were aware that I would never 10. Josephine Bracken
sanction any violent movement. 11. Trinidad – he gave his alcohol cooking stove, inside
11. My life in Dapitan had been exemplary as evidenced by w/c he had written his Ultimo Adios
my productive activities for the welfare of the people; the
politico-military commanders and missionary priest could • Before his family left the prison cell, Rizal kissed his
attest to these. mother’s hand with a soft and emotional voice “I know I
caused you pain and moments of unhappiness, please
• The so-called trial forgive me”
– was a virtual pantomime because no prosecution • Josephine Bracken – a tender kiss as if to say
witness was allowed to testify so the defense could not “goodbye my dear and unhappy wife.”
ask question on cross-examination.
– Rizal was a civilian but he was tried I in the military E. The Retraction
tribunal composed of military officials and this is already • His retraction in Catholic Faith continues to intrigue
a prejudged in the absence of a due process. historians and academicians because Rizal’s life has
– Rizal was not given the right to face the accusers and become public
the witnesses against him in an open court. – he has little or no private life. References showed that
• Rizal concluded that “he never sought liberty to rebel but Rizal was multi–talented, liberal–minded, self–denying,
only political liberties”. His last message to the court was and reformist intellectual w/ emotional sensitivity, a
attached to the brief for the defense as ordered by the man of strong character and conviction and even at his
president of the Military Court. last breath, he did not embrace back to Catholic faith.
• Military Tribunal • A draft of retraction was made by:
– went to into secret session (after Rizal concluded his ✓ Archbishop Bernardo Nozaleda
defense) to deliberate and render its decision. – Rizal did not like it because it too wordy and too
– The presiding officer made its deliberation to resolve the long.
charges and unanimously voted of the extreme death ✓ Father Pio Pi
penalty. – prepared a draft of retraction and it was presented
• December 26, 1896 to Rizal by Fr. Balaguer, Rizal like it however wanted
– Innocence Day some portions be changed.
– The Military court submitted their verdict on the charges ✓ Finally, Rizal relented and wrote a letter of retraction
against Rizal to Gov-Gen Polavieja who affirmed the to Catholic and denounced Masonry w/c was
death sentence and decreed that the accused Dr. Jose published in the Spanish newspaper.
Rizal should be executed before a firing squad at 7 am ❖ The renunciation of Masonry and returning
on Dec. 30 1896 on the field of Bagumbayan (now Rizal back to Catholicism made Rizal even a greater
Park). man because it takes moral courage for any man
• December 29, 1896 – Rizal was advised about the to recognize his errors and misconceptions and
judgment, he signed in witness that it had been made to rectify what was conceived bad and immoral.
known to him.
 ❖ Dec. 30, 1896 • Paco cementery
– he woke up early in the morning and recited – the remains of the great hero were buried.
the morning prayer taught by his mother • Dec.30 1912
when he was young boy – the remains was transferred to the base of the present
❖ He heard the holy mass, and confessed before Rizal monument at the Luneta
Father Balaguer during the mass. • Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell, Huling Paalam)
❖ He also read the Acts of Faith, Hope and Charity from – the famous and the longest untitled poem wrote by
the prayer book entitled Aceptacion dela Muerte Rizal on Dec. 29, 1896 eve of his execution in his prison
(Acceptance of Death) and Imitacion de Cristo (The cell at Fort Santiago
Imitation of Christ) by Thomas A Kempis. – It was full of beautiful and sublime thoughts
• Josephine and Trinidad came after Rizal made his last characterized/ a sense of lofty ideals, love of country and
breakfast. his countrymen.
• Rizal requested Fr. Balaguer to solemnize a canonical – Full of emotions filled w/ sadness and nostalgic
marriage with Josephine Bracken before His death. memories because he was leaving his loved ones and
his beloved country, and this poem was translated in
F. Rizal’s Last Letter to his Father different languages
Dear Papa, • Charles E. Derbyshire
Forgive me for all the pains and sorrows that I had – translated the poem from Spanish to English.
caused you to repay you for your sacrifices for my • Jose Gatmaitan
education. – translated the poem to Tagalog.
Goodbye, Father. • Biographer Wenceslao Retana, Rafel Palma, and
Pepe Leon Ma. Guerrero recounted Rizal’s gift of genius,
methodical lifestyle and productive hours all of w/c would
G. Rizal’s Last Letter to Blumentritt negate the logic Rizal had waited until Dec. 29 to fill his
My dear friend, remaining few hours with the most important decisions
I shall be dead by the time you receive my letter. and testament of his agony.
Tomorrow, I shall be shot by a firing squad at 7am at • Lieutenant Adrade
Bagumbayan Field (now Rizal Park). – learned that the maximum penalty of death could not
I am innocent of the charges against me and I die be evade because the gov’t. has arranged even the
with a clear conscience. Goodbye. most inclusive and flimsy evidence against Rizal
Jose Rizal
I. Rizal’s Remains
H. The Death March begins • Luis R. Sioson
• The trumpet w/ its deafening tone sounded out that the – a member of the Historical Commission, shows that
death march begins at about 6:30 am on Dec. 30, 1896 Rizal request that his mother would took his corps was
at Fort Santiago. denied by the Spanish authorities.
• The Spanish soldiers w/ drawn bayonets ostentatiously • Manuel Luengo
displayed their gala uniforms. – manila mayor who allow Doña Teodora to claim the
• Rizal wore a black suit and vest w/ black hat arms were body of Rizal but she found none.
tied behind his back and walk calmly w/ Lieutenant • Rizal’s family searches the dead body of Rizal for the
Taviel de Andrade and two priest while a platoon of whole day after they found out that it was not therein
Spanish guards marched behind. Bagumbayan.
• Spectators lined along the street as the participants of the • Narcisa
death march pass from Fort Santiago to plaza del Palacio – went from one cemetery to another in the city and
in front Manila Cathedral, then to Malecon street (now
beyond search for her brother body brought small
Bonifacio Drive) until they reached to Bagumbayan Field.
marble slab which family wanted to place in the grave.
• Dr. Jose Rizal bade farewell to his defender, the two
• Paco cemetery
priests who blessed him.
– Narcisa saw several Guardia civil and there she found
• Josephine Bracken
the unmarked grave of his brother. And Narcisa placed
– farewell, sweet foreigner, my darling, my delight.
the marble slab on the grave.
• Dr. Felipe Castillo
• R.P.J.
– examined Rizal and was surprised that the pulse was
– initial for Jose Protacio Rizal intentionally reverse by
perfectly normal.
the family so that the authorities would not notice.
• Rizal was quite pale, his lips shaded by thin moustache
• Doroteo Onjungco
smiled at the world as if he wanted to bid goodbye to all.
– the one who design the marble slab.
• Rizal died at exactly 7:03 am after the guns of firing
• August 17, 1898
squad rang out.
– the family led by Narcisa, Agelica and several sculptor-
• “Viva España (Long Live Spain! Death to the traitors”) friend had Rizal’s body exhumed almost 2 years after his
filled the air as Rizal lifeless on the ground. death.
• Howard Q. Bray – eye witness of the execution of the – Rizal was buried w/o coffin which shoes and clothes
national hero. still identified by his family.
Wrote: “Never while life last, shall I forget the awful – Narcisa kept the vertebra (the bullet scared bone) in a
morning no the thrilling sensation I felt when the riffles glass covered w/ silver cap in her house and she also
cracked and his mangled body fell on the public bring the rest of the bones in their house.
promenade amid the jeers of the Spaniards and the • Higinio Franciso & Romualdo Teodoro de Jesus
monks, thus consummating on of the most cold- blooded – was the bones of Rizal w/ reverence.
crimes registered in history since the tragedy of
Golgota.”
 • Romualdo Teodoro de Jesus II. El Filibusterismo
– made an urn serves as receptacle of Rizal’s remains, ✓ political novel, dramatized, bitterness hatred pain,
and by the turn of the century became the center of violence, sorrow, greed and vengeance.
frequent public display of respect as Filipinos began ✓ Dedicated to the three-martyr priest (Mariano
to know the Rizal’s heroism. Gomez, Jose Burgos & Jacinto Zamora) who were
• Dec. 29, 1912 executed in Bagumbayan Field on Feb. 28, 1872.
– the ivory urn w/ Rizal’s remain was carried in a ✓ Was a novel that bore an irresistible urge to
procession to the Ayuntamiento in Intramuros a symbol revolution, while promising nothing from it.
of the mighty Spanish rule. Mounted on a splendid ✓ It achieved a dual purpose: an excitement to
catafalque adorned w/ flowers, became the object of revolution or dreadful warning against revolution, w/c
patriotic and civic groups’ vigil the whole day. appeared very realistic.
– Later it was transferred to Luneta on “artillery caisson ✓ It was a description of revolt, with all the urgency of
drawn by six horses.” its demands and w/ all the shortcomings in their
• Rizal’s remains were placed in the midst of a foundation fulfillment.
over which the Rizal monument has to rise almost 90 ✓ To Spain it was a last warning.
years later he had fallen in that ground. Rizal’s parents
did not live long to see that monument offered by a III. Synopsis of Noli
grateful nation to their martyred son. • A classic novel that described the true socio-political
conditions during the last decades of the Spanish
J. Noli and Fili rule.
• Rizal consecrated his God-given talents and even • Capitan Tiago
sacrificed his own life for the redemption of his – made a dinner in honor of honor of the young
countrymen. His entire political life, both in the thought wealthy Filipino who had just return after his
and action, applied morality in politics, the fundamental successful study I Europe.
belief that “violence breeds violence” and no good • Crisostomo Ibarra
could come of it. – the name of that young man.
• He believed that his life and death were for a purpose • Don Rafael Ibarra
and God desired him to act as he did. – father of Crisostomo
• Maria Clara
I. Noli Me Tangere – fiancé of Crisostomo
✓ is a Latin phrase w/c means “touch Me Not” • The guest of the occasion were:
✓ Is a classical novel, definitive adhering to an ✓ Padre Damaso (Franciscan Parish Priest of San
established set of artistic standard, punctuated w/ Diego)
humor and wit and of sustained interest, quality and ✓ Padre Sibilya (Dominican Priest)
style, vigorous and elegant, full of profound ideas ✓ Señor Guevara (lieutenant of the GuardiaCivil)
and sublime thoughts, something worthy of its kind ✓ Don Tiburcio (pseudo Spanish Physician lame and
and worth remembering. with physically deformity) henpecked and husband
✓ Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe of Doña Victoria.
– portrayed the brutalities of the America-slave The guest were all impressed by the gentle manners
owner and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate and winsome personality as Crisostomo was introduced, and
Negro slaves. became the center piece of the conversation especially the
✓ Was pacifist, choosing peaceful reforms through young ladies.
education of the youth. Padre Damaso seemed not interested at all and was
✓ Rizal political ideal was to bring enlightenment to his sulking like a child because he was displeased with the bony
country in general and to its educated youth in neck of chicken tinola as dinner was served.
particular making them see for themselves as they Ibarra learned the sad story about the death of his
really were – a people under the tyranny and misrule father told by Lieutenant Guevara. His father was died in jail
of the colonial masters. after accidentally killed the tax collector upon defending the
✓ He also wish that the Spaniards can see for boy pushed by the said collector.
themselves as they were – the oppressor; thereafter Crisostomo was looking for the body of his father.
leaving it to events to take their course. Padre Damaso the one who ordered the sepulterero that the
✓ Rizal believed that Philippines were not ready to corpse be buried in the Chinese Cemetery. Due to bad
stand on its own feet and still need an assistance and weather (heavy rains, gusty winds, and lightning and thunder)
support from Spain. and the heavy corpse, the sepulterero (grave-digger) threw it
✓ He only yearned that the rights of the Filipinos not be in the lake.
trampled and were respected. Ibarra Crisostomo became furious because of what
✓ That freedom due them was duly granted and the he learned about the corpse of his father. On his way he met
policy of the government was carried out judiciously Fr. Salvi and tol him about the corpse of his father, the pries
w/o treachery or deceit. said that he had nothing to do with it because it was Fr.
✓ Noli did not advocate for full independence but Damaso the parish priest at that time.
hoped to bring about an improvement in the relation One Sunday morning Ibarra and friends gave picnic
b/n the rulers and the ruled. to the family of Capitan Tiago (Maria Clara and few close
✓ He emphatically advocate that “there would no friends). While they enjoy the serenity of the lake, their big
tyrants if there were no slaves”, and the tyranny of banca was almost capsized because of the huge wave
some was possible only through cowardice and created by a big crocodile.
negligence of others. Elias – the boatman bravely grappled with the
✓ He believed that the YOUTH was the HOPE of the ferocious crocodile. Ibarra sensing that the life of Elias was in
Fatherland. danger, he immediately jumped into the water and with his
dagger he gave a hard thrash on the crocodile’s belly and the Excerpt from National Heroes Commission, 1964
reptile was dead. Dear brother,
Meanwhile the people were busy preparing the It has been four and a half years that we have not
celebration of the annual fiesta. The highlight of the seen each other or have addressed one another in writing
celebration was the lying the cornerstone of the construction or orally. I do not believe this is due to lack of affection
of the school building. Ibarra was one among the huge crowd, either on my part or yours, but because knowing each
but when he went down into the trench when all of the sudden other so well, we had no need of words to understand each
a mysterious man attacked and attempted to killed him. other.
Fortunately, Elias was and save his life. Now I am going to die, it is to you I dedicate my last
The hearing was actually a kind of moro-moro – a words to tell you how much I regret to leave you alone in
planned trial wherein Rizal, before hearing his verdict, had life bearing all the weight of the family and of our old
already been prejudged. Unlike other accused, Rizal had not parents.
been allowed to know the people who witnessed against him. I think of how you have worked to enable me to have
a career. I believe that I have tried not to waste my time.
My brother, if the fruit has been bitter, it is not my fault, it is
LESSON 14: the fault of circumstances. I know that you have suffered
Rizal’s Death much because of me. I am sorry.
A. Rizal’s Last Remaining Hours I assure you brother, that I die innocent of this crime
• The verdict of death sentence was read to Rizal on of rebellion. If my former writings had been able to
December 29, 1896. Rizal refused to sign it owing to contribute towards it, I should not deny absolutely, but then
his innocence and objection to his being labeled as a I believe I expiated my past with my exile.
Chinese mestizo, later he affixed his signature as law Tell our father that I remember him, but how? I
required it. remember my whole childhood, his tenderness and his
• The last 24 hours spent on writing and accommodating love. Ask him to forgive me for the pain I cause him
visitors especially his family unwillingly.
• Rizal asked Doña Teodora to secure the permission of
the authorities for his family to bury his dead body • Rizal gave Josephine Bracken the book of Thomas
• He gave a wicker chair to Narcisa Kemphis’ Imitation of Christ
• He gave handkerchief to her niece, Angelica • Rizal’s last letter for his father
• He gave the alcohol burner to Trinidad (contained a Excerpt from National Heroes Commission, 1964
copy of a poem, the Mi Ultimo Adios) My Beloved Father,
• Knowing that his message and poem could be kept for Pardon me for the pain I repay you for sorrows and
posterity, Rizal then rested, feeling that his mission was sacrifices for my education. I did not want or prefer it.
over. One by one, his memory of the distant and
immediate past flashes back to him. His tranquility, C. The Last Walk
however, was disturbed by the footsteps and voices • Rizal sported a black suit and vest with a black hat
outside his prison cell. • His arms were tied behind his back
• Meantime, the Jesuits came back to see Rizal to • Accompanied by Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Fr. March, Fr.
convince him to retract his alleged religious errors and Villaclara and the platoon of Spanish soldiers
return to the fold of Catholicism • A crowd of Filipinos and foreigners was able to inch to
the cordon formed by the Spanish soldiers to take a last
B. The Execution glimpse of Rizal
• Woke up early and took time to write two letters; for his • Rizal requested the commander of the cavalry that he
family and the other one for Paciano be shot facing his executioners considering that he was
Excerpt from National Heroes Commission, 1964 not a traitor, the request was denied
To My Family, • As the commander shouted fuego, the guns of the
I ask your forgiveness for the pain I cause you, but firing squad rang out in a row
someday I shall have to die and it is better that I die now • Rizal slowly turned his back to the firing squad, faced
in the plenitude of my conscience. the sea and fell to the ground
Dear parents, brother, and sisters give thanks to God • The military band played the Marcha de Cadiz,
that I may preserve my tranquility before my death. I die Spain’s national hymn and muerte a los traidores
resigned, hoping that my death you will be left in peace. (death to the traitors) was heard all over the place.
Ah! It is better to die than to live suffering. Console • Rizal died, in the morning of Dec. 30, 1896
yourselves.
I enjoin you to forgive one another the little Rizal had died but he lives in the hearts of the people,
meanness of life and try to live united in peace and good as a martyr to Filipino freedom (Capino [Link], 1977). His
harmony. Treat your old parents, as you would like to be leadership being direct, enlightened, liberal, democratic,
treated by your children. Love them very much in my progressive, compassionate and peaceful- was the crowning
memory. glory of his service to the Filipino people. This kind of
Bury me in the ground. Place a stone and a cross leadership that he manifested can be gleaned from his
over it-my name, the date of my birth, and of my death. writings and personal examples. Here lies his excellence as
Nothing more. If later you wish to surround my grave with an individual, a man with a purpose and conscience
fence, you can do so. No anniversaries. I prefer Paang
Bundok. Have pity on poor Josephine. D. Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios
• This poem was the longest and untitled
• According to Coates (1968), this poem is remarkable for
it achieves 4 separate purposes:
1. It is a poem of farewell
 2. It is an appeal to the Filipinos, not forget him 3. that denial of equal rights can be compensated by
3. It is Rizal’s last will and testament strict dispensation of justice
4. It is Rizal’s autobiography ✓ That Spain had to learn Philippine realities from Rizal’s
• When it was published in La Independencia, the title was new edition of Morga’s Sucesos; and
made as Mi Ultimo Adios ✓ That if Spanish authorities will not listen to the Filipinos,
• For Osias (1972), the poem depicts Rizal, the supreme the Philippines will be lost through their own fault.
patriot
• An epic poem expressive of idealism, morality and • Has 8 chapters about the events in the Philippines Islands
spirituality • 1st to 7th chapters tells about the political events of the
country during the colonial period from 11 Governor-
Generals started from Miguel Lopez de Lagaspi (1565-
LESSON 15:
1572) to Pedro Bravo de Acuña (1602-1606)
Annotation of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas
• The 8th chapter focused on customs and usages of the
Filipinas: Rizal’s View of Philippine History and
Filipinos Published in Mexico (1609)
Historiography
• His notes were of 3 categories, namely;
A. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas 1. Anti-clerical
2. Sociological
• Rizal, on his travels, familiarized himself with each
3. Historical
country's history, customs, ways of life and language.
• There were 3 main propositions in Rizal’s new edition of
• He held the common sense belief that learning a
Morga’s Sucesos
people's language "will open the treasures of a country,
1. That the people of the Philippines had a culture of
that is, the knowledge, the learning" and "its own way
their own before the coming of the Spaniards;
of thinking.
2. That the Filipinos were decimated, demoralized,
• based on personal experiences
exploited and ruined by Spanish colonization;
• documentation from eye-witnesses of the events
3. The present state of the Philippines was not
described
necessarily superior to its past.
• work of an honest observer
• first history of the Spanish Philippines to be written by With the new edition of Morga’s Sucesos, Rizal was
a layman able to produce the first history book of the Philippines, written
• praised, quoted, and plagiarized, by contemporaries or for the Filipinos.
successors Rizal's intent was not only to provide the Filipino
• Filipinos have found it a useful account of the state of people their early history, a pre-Spanish history, but to present
their native culture to them their own authentic culture and identity.
• For Rizal, de Morga’s Sucesos was;
Three purposes for Rizal’s annotation of the Sucesos ✓ the best of the many histories of the Philippines
1. Awaken the consciousness of the Filipinos of their glorious written by the early Spanish writer,
or dignified ways of the past; ✓ being accurate in the narrations of events,
2. Correct what has been distorted and falsified about the ✓ unbiased in judgment and unmarred by childish
Philippines prior to Spanish conquest; and fantasies
3. Prove that the Filipinos were civilized, even before the
coming of the Spaniards. B. Dr. Antonio de Morga
• Spanish lawyer and historian
• Prior to his annotation of the Sucesos, Rizal • Written while serving the country as lieutenant governor
painstakingly read historical accounts about the (1593) based on his observation, documentary research
Philippines as written by Pigafetta, Chirino and other and personal experiences
Spanish chroniclers and historians.
• He even went to the extent of searching for historical C. Rizal’s View on Philippine History
materials as the Bibliotheque National in Paris. Rizal proved that the Filipinos were already civilized
Nonetheless, it was Morga’s Sucesos that appealed to before the advent of Spain.
Rizal since according to him, it was the best account of Rizal offered the annotated Sucesos to the Filipinos
the 16th century culture of the Filipinos. with the wise counsel that “To foretell the destiny of a
• Rizal spent 4 months for research and writing and 1 nation, it is necessary to open a book that tells of her past.
year to have his manuscript printed. Ferdinand
Blumentritt wrote the preface of the annotation.

The salient points emphasized by Blumentritt were the

following:
✓ That the Spaniards have to correct their erroneous
conception of the Filipinos as children of limited intelligence:
✓ That Rizal’s comments on Spanish government were
unique as they were given from the point of view of the
victims of colonialism;
✓ That there existed 3 kinds of Spanish delusions about the
Philippines:
1. that the Filipinos were an inferior race;
2. that the Filipinos were not ready for parliamentary
representation and other reforms; and