1.
Measurement and Uncertainties
Units: SI units (length: meter, mass: kilogram, time: second).
Significant Figures: Rules for determining significant figures and rounding.
Errors: Types of errors (random and systematic), calculating uncertainties in
measurements.
Graphing: Understanding slope and intercept, using graphs to determine physical
quantities.
2. Kinematics
Motion in One Dimension:
Displacement, velocity, acceleration.
Equations of motion (v = u + at, s = ut + 1/2 at², v² = u² + 2as).
Graphs of Motion:
Distance-time and velocity-time graphs, interpreting slope and area.
3. Dynamics
Newton’s Laws of Motion:
First Law: Inertia.
Second Law: F = ma.
Third Law: Action-reaction pairs.
Forces: Types of forces (gravity, friction, tension, normal force), free-body diagrams.
4. Energy, Work, and Power
Work Done: W = Fd (force times displacement).
Kinetic and Potential Energy: KE = 1/2 mv², PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Total mechanical energy remains constant in isolated systems.
Power: P = W/t (work done over time).
5. Momentum
Definition: p = mv (momentum = mass × velocity).
Conservation of Momentum: In isolated systems, total momentum before = total
momentum after.
Collisions: Elastic vs. inelastic collisions, conservation laws.
6. Waves
Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves: Longitudinal vs. transverse.
Wave Behavior: Reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference.
Sound Waves: Properties, Doppler effect.
7. Thermal Physics
Temperature: Scales (Celsius, Kelvin), thermometers.
Heat Transfer: Conduction, convection, radiation.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
First Law: Conservation of energy in thermodynamic processes.
Second Law: Entropy and direction of heat transfer.
Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT, understanding of variables.
8. Electricity
Charge and Current: Definition of charge, conventional current flow.
Ohm’s Law: V = IR, understanding resistance.
Circuits: Series and parallel circuits, calculating total resistance and current.
Power in Circuits: P = IV (power = current × voltage).
9. Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Magnetic Fields: Field lines, strength, and direction.
Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday’s law, Lenz's law.
Applications: Generators, transformers.
10. Modern Physics
Quantum Physics: Introduction to photons, quantization of energy.
Atomic Structure: Basic structure of atoms, isotopes.
Nuclear Physics: Radioactive decay, half-life, fission, and fusion.