S.K.

Jha 1

(ADVANCE MATH)

(Algebra)

(Equations and Factors)

� a � b� (ii) a 2 � b2 � � a � b � � 2ab
2 2
(i) � a 2 � 2ab � b2

� a � b� (ii) a 2 � b2 � � a � b � � 2ab
2 2
(i) � a 2 � 2ab � b2

(i) � a � b� � � a � b�
2 2
� 4ab (ii) � a � b� � � a � b�
2 2
�
� 2 a2 � b2 �
(i) a 2 � b2 � � a � b �� a � b � (c) � �
a4 � b4 � a2 � b2 � a � b�� a � b�

�a � b � c� � a 2 � b2 � c 2 � 2 � ab � bc � ca �
2
(i)

(ii) a 2 � b2 � c 2 � � a � b � c � � 2 � ab � bc � ca �
2

1�
� a � b � � �b � c � � � c � a � ��
2 2 2
(iii) a 2 � b2 � c 2 � ab � bc � ca �
2�

� a � b� � a3 � b3 � 3ab � a � b� �a � b� � a3 � b3 � 3ab � a � b�
3 3
(i) (ii)

(a) a � b � � a � b � a � ab � b
3 3 2 2
� � 3 2
�
(b) a � b � � a � b � a � ab � b
3 2
�
or, or,
� � a � b� � 3ab� a � b�
3
� � a � b � � 3ab � a � b �
3

3 3 3
(i) a � b � c � 3abc
�
� � a � b � c � a 2 � b2 � c 2 � ab � bc � ca �
or,
1
2
�
( a � b � c ) ( a � b)2 � (b � c)2 � ( c � a )2 �
� Aash Exam �
 2 S.K. Jha
(ii) a �b� c � 0
a3 � b3 � c3 � 3abc
a2 b2 c2
� � �3
bc ac ab
�
a 4 � a 2b2 � b4 � a 2 � ab � b2 �� a 2
� ab � b2 �
(Tricky Formula)
1 1
(a) x � �2 x=1 (b) x�
� �2 x=–1
x x
1 1
(c) x � � 1 x3 = –1 (d) x � � �1 x3 = 1
x x
1
(e) x � � 3 x6 = –1
x
(Remainder Theorem)– f(x)
(x – a) (x – a) f(a) x=a
f(x) = x3 + 5x2 – 3x + 8 (x – 3)

x=3
f �3 � � �3 � � 5 �3 � � 3 � 3 � 8
3 2

= 27 + 45 – 9 + 8 = 71
(Important Facts)–n
(i) �x n
�a n
� �x � a�
(ii) �x n
�a n
� �x � a� n
(iii) �x n
�y n
� �x � a� n

(i) (ii)
(i) (Linear Equation) :
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
a1 b1
(i) � , (unique)
a2 b2
a a c
(ii) 1 � 2 � 1 , (Infinite)
b1 b2 c2
a1 b1 c1
(iii) � � , (No-solution)
a2 b2 c2
(ii) (Quadratic Equation) :
ax2 + bx + c = 0

�b � b2 � 4ac
x�
2a
� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 3

(Nature of Roots)– D � b2 � 4 ac
ax 2 � bx � c � 0
�b
(i) D = 0, �
2a
(ii) D > 0,
(iii) D < 0,
3. (Relation between Roots and
Coefficients)– ax 2 � bx � c � 0 � �
�b
(Sum of roots), �� � � � �
a
c
(Product of roots), ��� � � .
a
4. � �

x 2 � �� � � � x � �� � 0 � x2 � � �x � �0

=� a � x � � �� x � � � � 0
(Maxm and Minm value of
Quadratic Equation)
ax 2 � bx � c

Maxm Minm
a<0 a>0
b2 b2
c� c�
4a 4a

(Trigonometry)

(Angles, Trigonometric Ratio and Relations)

(Trigonometric Ratios)

LAL
(i) sin � ,cos � ,tan �
KKA
KKA
( cos ec� ,sec � ,cot �
LAL
� Aash Exam �
 4 S.K. Jha

L P Perpendicular 1
sin � � � � � �
K H Hypotenuse cos ec�
A B Base 1
cos � � � � � �
K H Hypotenuse sec �
L P Perpendicular 1
tan � � � � � �
A B Base cot�
(Quotient relations)
sin � 90 � � � � cos� cos � 90 � � � � sin � tan � 90 � � � � cot �
(Trigonometric Identities)
1 1 1 1
(i) sin � � cos ec� � (ii) cos� � sec � �
cos ec� sin � sec� cos �

� sin � � cos ec� � 1 � cos� � sec � � 1

1 1
(iii) tan � � cot � �
cot � tan�
� tan� � cot � � 1
(Quotient relations)
sin � cos �
(1) (i) tan � � (ii) cot � �
cos � sin �
(Trigonometric Identities)
(1) (i) sin 2 � � cos2 � � 1 (ii) cos2 � � 1 � sin 2 �
2 2
(iii) sin � � 1 � cos �
2 2
(2) (i) sec2 � � tan2 � � 1 (ii) 1 � tan � � sec �
(iii) sec 2 � � 1 � tan 2 �

(3) (i) cos ec2� � cot2 � � 1 (ii) 1 � cot 2 � � cos ec 2�

(iii) cos ec2� � 1 � cot 2 �
(Addition and
Substraction of Trigonometrical Ratio)
(i) sin � A � B � � sin A cos B � cos A sin B
(ii) sin � A � B � � sin A cos B � cos A sin B
(iii) cos � A � B � � cos A cos B � sin A sin B
(iv) cos � A � B � � cos A cos B � sin A sin B
tan A � tan B
(v) tan � A � B � �
1 � tan A tan B
� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 5
tan A � tan B
(vi) tan � A � B � �
1 � tan A tan B
cot A cot B � 1
(vii) cot � A � B � �
cot A � cot B
cot A cot B � 1
(viii) cot � A � B � �
cot B � cot A
(ix) sin � A � B � sin � A � B �

� sin2 A � sin 2 B
(x) cos � A � B � cos � A � B �

� cos2 A � sin 2 B
2 tan �
(xi) sin 2� � 2sin � cos � �
�1 � tan � �
2

1 � tan 2 � 1 � 2sin 2 �
(xii) cos2� � cos2 � � sin 2 � � =
1 � tan2 �
2
= 2 cos � � 1
2tan �
(xiii) tan 2� �
1 � tan 2 �
(Exchange Addition and
Substraction of Multiple)
(i) sin C � sin D � 2 sin ��C � D � / 2� cos ��C � D � / 2�

� � �
(ii) sin C � sin D � 2cos �C � D � / 2 sin �C � D � / 2 �
(iii) cos C � cos D � 2 cos �� C � D � / 2� cos ��C � D � / 2�

(iv) cos C � cos D � 2 sin ��C � D � / 2� sin �� D � C � / 2�

(Triple angles)
3
(i) sin3� � 3sin � � 4 sin 3 � (ii) cos3� � 4 cos � � 3 cos �
3 tan � � tan3 �
(iii) tan3� �
1 � 3tan 2 �
(Exchange in Multiple of
Addition and Substraction)
(i) 2sin A cos B � sin � A � B � � sin � A � B �
(ii) 2cos A sin B � sin � A � B � � sin � A � B �
(iii) 2cos A cos B � cos � A � B � � cos � A � B �
(iv) 2sin A sin B � cos � A � B � � cos � A � B �

� Aash Exam �
 6 S.K. Jha

� 0º 30º 45º 60º 90º

1 1 3
sin � 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos � 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan � 0 1 3
3
(Quadrant)

II I
sin/cosec All (+)
(+)

III IV
tan/cot(+) cos/sec (+)

(Maxm and Minm

Value of Trigonometric)
(a) �1 � sin � � 1 �1 � cos � � 1
(b) cosec� sec� ��� �, �1�� � ��1, � ��
(c) � �� tan � � � � � �� cot � � � �
Note :
sec� cosec �� –1 1 –1 1

max � a 2 � b2
(i) a sin��+ b cos��
min � � a2 � b2
1
max � �1
(ii) (sin��. cos�)n 2n n� (n =
min 2n
0 (n =
m
max =can't determine
(iii) a tan2��+ b cot2��
minm � 2 ab

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 7

(Height & Distance)

An
gl
eo
fD
ep
re
ss
Angle of Elivation io
n

NOTE :
QR : PQ : PR � 1 : 3 : 2
II.
(Some 45º 45º 90º
Important Formula) : 1 : 1 : 2
—
2
= 2
+ 2

� (h)2 = (p)2 + (b)2

p h
(a) sin � � ,cos ec� �
h p
b h PQ : QR : PR
(b) cos � � ,sec � �
h b 1 : 1 : 2
p b III.
(c) tan � � ,cot � �
b p

(Some Important
Triangular Angle Value)
0º 30º 45º 60º 90º

sin 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
PQ : QS : QR : RS
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1 : 1 : 3 : 3 �1
ta n 0 1 1 3 �
3 IV.
cot � 3 1 1 0
3
sec 1 2 2 2 �
3
cos ec � 2 2 2 1
3

(Ratio Method of
Height & Distance)
I.
PQ : QS : QR : RS
30º 60º 90º
: 3 : 1 : 3 : 3 �1
1 3 : 2

� Aash Exam �
 8 S.K. Jha
V. Note :
�� ��

+
= 180º

(Regular Polygon)

PQ : QR : RS : QS
3 : 1 : 2 : 3 (a)
= (n – 2) × 180º
GEOMETRY (b)
(Line and Angle)
(n � 2) � 180º
(Polygon) =
n
(Triangle) (c) = 360º
(Quadriletral)
360º
(Circle) (d) =
n
n(n � 3)
(Line and Angle) (e) =
2
:
180º
(Triangle)
� � � � 180º
:
90º

� � � � 90º Properties of
(1) �A + �B + �C = 180º

(2) �
T
�
� �ACD � �A � �B
L
� � (3) �
� �
M �
�

a +b > c a �b � c

� � � � 180º a+c > b b�c � a

� L||M b+c > a a �c � b

� (4)
� &
�T �
�

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 9

A
� AB � AC
�
��B � �C
� �
B C

(Congruency & Similarity)

(Congruency) :

A D

×× ××
|||

|||
|

|
× × × ×
B || ×× C E || ×× F
AB = DE
BC = EF �ABC � �DEF
AC = DF
(Conditions of Congruency)
(i) (AAS) (ii) (SAS) (iii) (SSS)
Note :
A D

h1 h2

B C E F
(a) ar(�ABC) = ar(�DEF) (b) h1 = h2
(c) r1 = r2 (d) R1 = R2

(Similarity)

� �

� � � �

�ABC � �DEF

AC BC AB P1 m1 h1 r1 �1
� � � � � � � �
EF DE DF P2 m2 h2 r2 �2

� Aash Exam �
 10 S.K. Jha
(Condition of Similarity) :
(1) (AAA)
(2) (AA)
(3)
(Theorm) :
(1)
��DE || BC
�� �ABC � �ADE A

AD AE DE × ××
�� � � D E
AB AC BC
× ××
B C
(Mid Point Theorm) :
A
1 1
D E
1 1
B C
Note :

(2) (AA)
� �ADE � �ABC

AD AE DE 1
� � �
AB AC BC 2

How to identify of a triangle

A

a>b>c b
c
(1) = a2 < b2 + c2
B a C
������� < 90º
(2) = a2 > b2 + c2

� > 90º
� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 11
(3) =a =b +c
2 2 2

� = 90º
Centre of Triangle
(1) (Incentre) (2) (Circumcentre)
(3) (Centroid) (4) (Ortho centre)
(1) (Incentre)
(Angle bisector)

(Internal angle bisector) (External angle bisector)

E
A A �
� � �

B D C B C D

AB BD AB BD
� � � �
AC DC AC CD
(Incenter) :

A
×× ××

I ××
× ×
B × ××× C
(Inradius) :

�
r�
S
��= ar(�ABC)
S=
� �
=
2
P� b�h
2
=
2 3
� Aash Exam �
 12 S.K. Jha
Angle : A

�A I1
(i) �BI1C = 90º +
2
B C
�A
(ii) �BI2C = 90º –
2
(iii) �BI1C + �BI2C = 180º
I2
(iv)

�A
�BDC �
2
(2) (Circumcentre)
(Side perpendicular bisector) :

|| ||
(Circumcentre) :
A
|
|||

|
|||

B || || C
(Circumradius) :

c R b
O
R R
B a C
abc
R� � � ar( �ABC)
4�

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 13
(e)
=
2 A

=
3
Angle :
A
|| ||
B D C
O= �BOC � 2�A
O ar( �ABD) � ar( �ADC)
B C (Orthocenter) :
(3) (Centroid)
(Median) :

B C
(Centroid) : �BHC + �BAC = 180º
�AHB + �ACB = 180º
�AHC + �ABC = 180º
Note :
A

= R 2 � 2Rr
F E G=
G R=
r=
B C (Some
D
Properties Important Fact)
2:1 1. A
AG : GD = 2 : 1
CG : GF = 2 : 1
BG : GE = 2 : 1
(b) 3(AB + BC + CA) < 4 (AD + BE F
+ CF)
4
(c) AB2 + BC2 + CA2 = (AD2 + B D C
3
BE + CF )
2 2 In �ABC
(d) ABC �B = 90º
4 AD & CF =
= ×
3 �
4 AD 2 � CF 2 � 5AC 2 �
� Aash Exam �
 14 S.K. Jha
2. (a) �A + �B + �C + �D
(Similarify of Right angle = 360º
triangle) C
A D
h1
(90– h2
�)
D
A B
(b)
� 1
= ( h1 � h2 ). AC
B C 2
(a) BD2 = CD × AD (c)
(b) BD × AC = AB × BC ABCD
3. A

AB � CD � AD � BC
D
C
B N M C
AM =
AN = A B
1 (Trapizium)
� � NAM � � � B � � C �
2
(a) AB || CD
4. �ABC �B �C 1
(b) = � ( AB � CD ) � h
2
OA OB
(c) OC � OD
AB2 � AC2 � 5BC2
A D C
h O
M 90º
D A B
2 2 2
(d) AC � BD � AD � BC 2
� 2 AB � CD
B C
(e) �A + �D = 180º & �B + �C
Quadriletral = 180º
(f) ABCD
AD || BC E F
(Trapizium)

(Parllelogram)
A D

E F

(Rectangle) (Rhombus)
B C
1
(Square)
EF � � AD � BC � EF || BC || AD
2
� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 15
(g) ABCD AB CD P
Q BD AC
A B

P Q PQ �
b DC � ABg 1
2 2
D C
(Parallelogram)
(a) AB || CD & BC || AD D C
(b) AB = CD & BC = AD O
(c) �A = �C & �B = �D
(d) �A + �B = �B + �C A B
= �C + �D = �D + �A = 180º
(e) �A = �C & �B = �D
(f) AC ��BD
(g) OA = OC & OD = OB
(h) = ×
(i) AC2 + BD2 = 2(AB2 + BC2)
(Rectangle)
(a) �A = �B = �C = �D = 90º D C
(b) AC = BD O
(c) = ×
(d) 'P' A B
D C
P
AP 2 � PC 2 � BP 2 � PD 2
A B
(Rhombus)
(a) AB || CD & BC || AD D C
(b) AB = BC = CD = DA d1
1
O d2
(c) = d1 � d2 ×
2 × 90º ××
(d) �AOB = 90º A × ×× B
(Square) D C
(a) AB = BC = CD = AD O
(b) �A = �B = �C = �D = 90º
90º
(c) �AOB = 90º A B
(Cyclic Quadriletral)

(a) �A + �C = �B + �D = 180º
(b) AB × CD + BC × AD = AC × BD D C
(c) �AOB ~ �DOC O
OB OA
�
OC OD A B

� Aash Exam �
 16 S.K. Jha
�

(Circle) (a) O =
�
AB = O
�� �

A B

� (Theorm of 90º
Circle) O
1. (a) AB = CD (b) A B
D
180º
P
C
O
AB =
A K B 3.
�ODC � �OBA
� OK � OP

(b) OK = OP
OP � DC
OK � AB
� AB � CD
(c) AK = KB = PC = PD 90º
Note : �ABC
A 4. �OPA � �OBP
A
��������������
B D C
O �
� P
AB = AC AD � BC
BD � DC
B
2. � (a) PA = PB
(b) �AOB + �APB = 180º
(c) �APO = �OPB
� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 17
5.

�BCA = �BAT
�CAP = �CBA C B
� �
� �
P A T
6. (Length of common tangent)

A B

r R
(a) AB = (OP )2 � ( R � r )2
O P

(b) B
R
O P
r
A
AB = (OP )2 � ( R � r )2

7.

D B
(c) P AP × PB = CP × DP

A C
A
B
(b) P PA × PB = PD × PC
C
D

(d) P PT2 = PA × PB
B
A
� Aash Exam �
 18 S.K. Jha
(Co-Ordinate Geometry)
y

IInd Ist quadrent

(–x,y) (x, y)

x' x

IIIrd IVth
(-x,–y) (x,–y)

y'

� (Distance Formula) :
P2(x2,y2 )

P1P2 � � x 2 � x1 �2 � ( y2 � y1 )2
P1(x1,y1)
� Polar form
P
r
y
�
r � x 2 � y2
O x

(Rule of Division)
� (Internal Division) :

m n

P1 P(x, y) P2(x2 ,y2 )

(x1,y1)

P1(x1, y1) P2(x2, y2) P(x, y) m/n

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 19

mx 2 � nx1
x�
m�n
my 2 � ny1
y�
m�n
�

A(x1y1) B(x2y2)

�
FG x1 � x 2 y1 � y2
,
IJ
H 2 2 K
� (Centroid of ABC) :
A(x1, y1)

(x,y)

B(x2, y2) C(x3, y3)

FG
� x�
x1 � x 2 � x 3 y � y 2 � y3
,y � 1
IJ
H 3 3 K
(Co-ordinate of Incenter)
� �
A(x1 , y1) (ax1, ay1)

c b
P

B(x2, y2) a C(x3, y3)

(bx2, by2) (cx3, cy3)

ax1 � bx 2 � cx 3
x�
a�b�c
ay � by 2 � cy3
y� 1
a�b�c
� Aash Exam �
 20 S.K. Jha
(Area of Triangle)
A(x1, y1 )

B(x2, y2) C(x3, y3)

1
� � [x (y – y ) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)]
2 1 2 3

x1 y1 1
1
� � x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

1 x1 � x2 y1 � y2
� �
2 x2 � x3 y2 � y3
� 0
1 x1 � x 2 y1 � y2
�0
2 x2 � x3 y 2 � y3

(Rule of External Division)

�
m : n
P(x, y)
B(x1 , y1)
(nx1, ny1) A(x2 , y2)
(mx1) (my1 )
FG PA � m IJ
H PB n K
mx 2 � nx1
x�
m�n
my2 � ny1
y�
m�n
m m
� value positive value
n n
Negative

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 21
(Slope)
� straight line axis
slope
y

�
x' x slope m

y'
� slope
)
y 2
x2
Q(
y2 � y1
) m� = tan�
y1 x 2 � x1
x 1
P(
(a) ��= 0º
m=0
(b) ��= 90º
m=�
(c) ax + by +c = 0
�a
m�
b

(Equation of Straight Lines)

Type-I
� Slope straight line
P(�, �)
Slope = m
y � � � m( x � � )
Type-II
� Straight Line

P2(x2,y2) y2 � y1
m�
x 2 � x1

( y � � ) � m( x � � )
P1(x1,y1)
( y � y1 ) � m( x � x1 )

� Aash Exam �
 22 S.K. Jha
Type-III
� Straight Line Slope y-axis

(0, c)

(c = 3) slope = m

(a, 0)

Equation of Straight Line

y � mx � c
m = tan �
c = y-axis
� Straight Line x- y-

(b, 0)

b
x y
(a, 0) � �1
a a b

a = x-axis
b = y-axis
� Straight Line
P(����)

General Equ.
ax + by + c = 0
a� � b� � c
�
a 2 � b2
� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 23
� Straight Line
y �2 = � + �1
� = �2 – �1

��� ��
x

tan �
tan � = tan (�2 – �1)
tan � 2 � tan �1
�
1 � tan �[Link] � 2
m2 � m1 m2 � m1
�
1 � m1m2 1 � m1m2
� �

m1 � m2 m1m2 � �1
�

r
2 2 2
� x �y �r

� �, �
� ( x � � ) � ( y � �) 2 � r 2
2

x 2 � y2 � 2 gx � 2 fy � c � 0
(–g, –f)
c = a2 + b2 – r2
= (–g)2 + (–f)2 – r2
= g2 + f2 – r2

(Mensuration)

(Rectangle, Square, Quadrilateral, Triangle, Hexagon, Polygons)

1. (Rectangle) – =a =b
(i) =2 +
= 2(a + b) D C
(ii) = × b
= (a × b) A B
a
� Aash Exam �
 24 S.K. Jha
(iii) = a2 � b2
2. (Square) – =a
(i) =4 = 4a

(ii) = 2
= (a)2 a

(iii) = 2 = 2a
3. (Parallelogram)–
(i) = 2(a + b) D C
(ii) h b
A a B
= ×
4. (Rhombus) – a
d1 d2
(i) =4 = 4a
(ii) D C
d
1 a
� × d
2 A a B
1
= � d1 � d2 �
2
5. (Trapezium)–
(i)
= (AB + BC + CD + DA)
=

(ii)
1
= ×
2
×
1
= � h � � a � b�
2
6. (i) (Quadrilateral)–

= (AB + BC + CD + DA)
=

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 25
(ii)
1
= × ×
2
1
= × (AC) × (h1 + h2)
2
7. (Triangle)–
(i) = (a + b + c)
1
(ii) = × ×
2
1
= ×a×h
2

(iii)
� HERO'S Formula = s � s � a �� s � b �� s � c �
1
s� �a � b � c �
2
8. (Right Angled Triangle)–
(i)
= (a + b + h)
(ii) (h)

= b2 � a 2
(iii)
1 1
= �b � a � = �ba �
2 2
9. (Equilateral Triangle)–
(i) �
AB = BC = CA = a

(ii) �
= a + a + a = 3a
3 2 3
(iii) � = a � 2
4 4
3 3
(iv) � (Altitude) = a�
2 2
� Aash Exam �
 26 S.K. Jha
10. (Isosceles angled Triangle)–
(i) = (2a + b)
(ii) a a

b
2 2
= 4� �
4
b
= 4a2 � b2
4
11. (Polygons) –

(i) = (n – 2) × 180
n
(ii) = 180 –
(iii) = 360º
360º 360º
(iv) = �
n

na 2 �� �
(v) n = cot � �
4 �n�
{ n= a= }
360º
(vi) = n=
n
n �n � 3�
(vii) = n=
2

� n � 2 � � 180º
(viii) =
n
n=
12. (Cyclic Quadrilateral) :

ABCD = � s � a �� s � b �� s � c �� s � d �
a �b �c �d
s�
2

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 27
�
A. x y
z

z y
� 2z � x � y � 2z �
x
(i) (+)

(ii) (–)

B. x y
z
� xz � yz � z 2

= (x – z)(y – z)

(Mensuration of Circles)
� (Important formula)
1. (Circle)–
=r d = 2r
(i) = 2�r �d
22
(ii) =��r2, ��=
7

2. (Semi Circle)–
(i) = (�r + 2r)
1 2
(ii) = �r
2
(iii) = �r
r=
3. [Ring (Shaded Region)]–
�(R2 – r2)
R=
r=
� Aash Exam �
 28 S.K. Jha
4. (Sector of a circle)–
�
(i) = 2� r � 2r
360º
� � �
(ii) =� � � r2 �
� 360º �

�º =
r=
5. (Segment of a circle)–
(i)
� � 1 �
= � � r 2 � r2 sin � �
� 360º 2 �

= –
�º =

(Volume and Mensuration of Solid Figures)

�
1. (Cuboid)–
=6
=8

= 12
=l
=b
=h
(i)
= 2 � lb � bh � hl �
=2 × + × + ×
(ii) = × ×
= (lbh)
(iii) = l2 � b2 � h2

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 29
2. (Cube)–

l=b=h=a
= a,
(i) =6 2

= 6a 2

(ii) = 3
= (a)3
(iii) 3 =
3. (Right Circlar Cylinder)–
r= h=
(i) = 2�rh
(ii)
= 2�r2
(iii)
= 2�r(r + h)
(iv) = �r2h
= ×
4. (Hollow Cylinder)–
R=
r=

h=
(i)
= 2�(R + r)h
(ii) = �(R2 – r2)h
5. (Right Circular Cone)–
r=
h=

l=

l � r 2 � h2
(i) = �rl
(ii) = �r2

� Aash Exam �
 30 S.K. Jha
(iii) = �r(l + r)
1
(iv) =
3
�� r2h �
1
= × ×
3
6.
(i) l

h2 � � R � r �
2
=
(ii)
= �(R + r)l
�h 2
(iii) = (R + r2 + Rr)
3
7. (A) (Sphere) – r
(i) = 4�r2

4 3
(ii) = �r
3
(B) (Hemisphere) – r
(i) = 2�r 2

(ii) = 3�r2

2 3
(iii) = �r
3
8.
× = 2(l + b) × h
���

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 31

(ARITHMETICS)

Number System

Classification of Numbers

(Imaginary) � 1, � �2 (Real)

(Rational) (Irrational)
2, 3

�2 8�
(Integers) (Fraction) � . �
�3 5�

(Negative) (Positive) (0)

(1 � 3, � 16 )

(Whole Number) 0, 1, 2, 3, ..... (Natural Number) 1, 2, 3, 4, ...

(Prime) (Composite)
(2, 3, 5, 7, ......) (4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, ......)

(Even) (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...) (Odd) (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ...)

1. (Irrational Number)–

2 = 1.414213562 .....
������ = 3.141592653 .....
2. (Co-Prime Numbers)–
1
(2, 3), (5, 8), (4, 5, 6), (17, 18, 19)
3. Perfect No
6 = 1, 2, 3, 6
28 = 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28
� Aash Exam �
 32 S.K. Jha
� (Some Important Points of Number)
� 1
� 2
�
5 7, 3 5, 11 13, 17 19
�

� 2
� 0
� �
�

3
� 0.75
4
11
� 3.666
3
� 3, 2 .
� (Rule of Divisibility)
I. 2
2 0, 2, 4, 6
8
Ex. : 832, 596, 780 etc.
II. 3
3 3

(i) 9876531 = 39, 3

3
(ii) 8965723 = 40, 3

3
III. 9
9
9
� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 33

(i) 678591 = 36, 9

9
(ii) 786499 = 43, 9

9
IV. 5
5 0 5

7980 845 5
0 5
V. 4
4
4

(i) 71920 20 4
4
(ii) 1942 42 4
4
VI. 8
8
8

(i) 3578464 464

8
(ii) 3574846 846
8 8

VII. 11
11

(0) 11

(i) 1361052 –
= (5 + 1 + 3) – (2 + 0 + 6 + 1) = 0
11

� Aash Exam �
 34 S.K. Jha
(ii) 10864195 –
= (9 + 4 + 8 + 1) – (5 + 1 + 6 + 0) = 10, 11

11
NOTE :
(a) 7, 13, 17
Exam Use
(b)

8
Ex. : 24 ×
3
8 3 24

Some Useful Formula

(a+b)2 = a2+b2 + 2ab (a–b)2 = a2+b2 – 2ab

• (a2+b2) = (a+b)2 – 2ab • (a2+b2) = (a–b)2 + 2ab
(a+b)3 = a3+b3 + 3ab (a+b) (a–b)3 = a3–b3 – 3ab (a–b)
3 3 3 3 3 3
• a +b = (a+b) – 3ab (a+b) • a –b = (a–b) + 3ab (a–b)
or, or,
• a3+b3 = (a+b)(a2+b2 – ab) • a3–b3 = (a–b)(a2+b2+ab)
2 2 2 2
(a+b+c) = a +b +c + 2(ab + bc + ca)
• a2+b2+c2 = (a+b+c)2 – 2(ab+bc+ca)
3 3 3
a+b+c = 0 a +b +c = 3abc
3 3 3 2 2 2
• a +b +c –3abc = (a+b+c)(a +b +c –ab–bc–ac)
or,
1 2
� 2
• a +b +c –3abc = (a � b � c) (a � b) � (b � c) � (c � a)
3 3 3

2
2

= × +
(i) = × +

(ii) =
� � �

(iii) =
� � �
� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 35

(HCF and LCM)

�
a, b a b
b a

(LCM) =

Ex. : 12, 18 LCM 36 12 18

(HCF) =

Ex. : 12, 18 HCF 6 12 18

= LCM × HCF
(Co-P2rime Number) :
a b 1
(2, 9), (8,11), (12, 13), (16, 19)

(LCM & HCF of

Fraction) :

(SURDS AND INDICES)

a n
� Aash Exam �
 36 S.K. Jha
a n a1/ n = n a n

1
(i) 3 � 32 ,
1
(ii) 4
5 � 54 , 4
� (Laws of Indices) :
(i) am � an � am� n (ii) � a � � �a � � a
m n m�n

(iii) � am � � amn � ab� � � a � b �

n n n n
(iv)
n
�a� an
(v) � � � n (vi) a 0 � 1
�b� b
� (Laws of Surds) :

� a � � �a �
n n
1/ n
(i) n
�a (ii) n
ab � n a .n b

a n
a
� a�
m
(iii) n � (iv) n
� n am
b n
b
(v) m n
a � mn a
(LOGARITHMS)

a a �1 n

a n � x � log ax = n.
Ex.: 23 � 8 � log2 8 = 3
�
loga(mn) = log am + log an
�m�
log a � � = log am – log an
�n�
logaa = 1
loga1 = 0
logb m log m
logam = �
logba log a

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 37

(ARITHMETIC, GEOMETRIC & HARMONIC PROGRESSIONS)

(A.P.)
a, (a + d), (a + 2d), (a + 3d), ....
=a = d.
a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ...
=a = d.
a, b, c b a c

(Formula of AP)
I. a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ...
(i) n tn = a + (n – 1)d
n
(ii) n Sn 2a n 1 d .
2
n
(iii) tn = l = Sn a l
2
1
II. a b = �a + b �
2
III.
1
(i) �1 � 2 � 3 � ... � n � � n �n � 1�
2
1
(ii) �1 2
� 22 � 32 � ... � n2 �� 6
n � n � 1�� 2n � 1 �

2
�1 �
(iii) �1 3
�
� 23 � 33 � ... � n3 � � n � n � 1� � .
�2 �
(G.P.)
a, ar, ar2, ar3, ...
=a = r.
(a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ...)
=a = r.
a, b, c, b a c

� Aash Exam �
 38 S.K. Jha
(Formula of GP)
I. a + ar + ar + ar + ...
2 3

(i) n tn = arn–1
a rn 1
, r 1
r 1
(ii) n Sn
a 1 rn
, r 1
1 r
II. � a � ar � ar 2
� ...� �
a
S
1 r

III. a b G.M. = ab
IV.
a
(i) , a, ar
r
a a
(ii) , , ar, ar 3
r3 r
(H.P.)
1 1 1
a, b, c , ,
a b c
(Average)
�
� (Average)–

� �
� X Y

2 XY
�
X �Y
� a b c

3abc
ab + bc + ca
� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 39
(PERCENTAGE)
I. • 100
• x 100 x
x%
x � p�
x% � � �
100 � q �
�
Ex. :
24 6
• 24% � �
100 25
a
�
b
a �a �
� � 100 � %
b �� b �
Ex. :
5 �5 � 125 1
• � � 100 � % � % � 62 %
8 �� 8 � 2 2

PERCENTAGE RULE
p
%� � 100
q
p=

�
�
q��
�
�

(i) A B R% B A

�� R ��
= � 100 � R � 100 � %
�� � �
(ii) A B R% B A

�� R ��
= � � 100 � %
� �100 � R � �
� Aash Exam �
40 S.K. Jha

P R%
n
� R �
(i) n = P �1 � �
� 100 �
P
(ii) n = n .
� R �
�1 � 100 �
� �
(iii) P
R 1%, R 2% R 3%
3
� R �� R �� R �
= P � 1 � 1 � � 1 � 2 � �1 � 3 �
� 100 � � 100 � � 100 �

P (Depreciation)
R%
n
R �
(i) n = P ��1 � �
� 100 �
P
(ii) n = n
� R �
�1 � 100 �
� �
(PROFIT AND LOSS)

Formula of Profit & Loss

= SP – CP = CP – SP
� 100 � 100
%� %�
CP CP
100 100 � x
CP � SP � SP � CP �
100 � x 100
CP =
SP =
±X =

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 41
Some Important Trick
Case : I

x% x%

Case : II

x% x%

x2
%�
100
NOTE :

� �
� 100
%�

� �
%= � � 100� %
� � �

(RATIO AND PROPORTION)

(Ratio)

(Direct Proportion) (Inverse Proportion)

1
x�
y
k
x = ky x=
y
k = Constant
� a : b :: c : d a d b c

=
� a b = ab

� Aash Exam �
 42 S.K. Jha
� a, b, c x
�b � c �
a : b :: c : x (a × x) = (b × c) � x �
a
� a b x
2
b
a : b :: b : x � � a � x � � b2 � x �
a
� � a : b� �c : d�
a c
� � � ac : bd
b d
a c a �b c�d
� � �
b d a �b c � d
� M a:b
�� a �� �� b ��
= �M � a � b � , = �M � a � b �
� � �� � � ��
� M [Link]
�� a ��
= �M � a � b � c � ,
� � ��
�� b ��
= �M � a � b � c �
� � ��
�� c ��
= �M � a � b � c �
� � ��
(MIXTURE)
�

(Rule of Alligation)
x y
z(mixture)

(z–y) : (x–z)
NOTE :
(a) x>z>y
x, y & z =

� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 43
(b) • ��
• �� Alligate
• �� Ratio
• ��

x y
y

n
n
y
= x 1
x

(PARTNERSHIP)
�
(Partner)

� �
(TIME & WORK)
� (Efficiency) :
W
� Or T �
E
W = Constant
1
T�
E
(TIME AND DISTANCE)
� (Speed) :

� =
� = ×
� 5 �
� x � �x � �
� 18 �
� 18 �
� y � � y� �
� 5 �

� Aash Exam �
 44 S.K. Jha
Time & Distance by Ratio Method

� �

When D � Constant
1
�V �
T
D When T � Constant
V�
T
�V � D
When V � Constant
�T � D

(PROBLEMS ON TRAINS)
� 5�
1. (i) x = �x � �
� 18 �
� 18 �
(ii) x = �x � �
� 5�
Some Important Facts

(i) a km/h

(ii) a km/h

x y
( x + y)
time = 5
( a km / h) � m/s
18
(iii) a km/h
b km/h
x y

( x + y)
time =
5
(a � b)km/ h � m/ s
18
� Aash Exam �
 S.K. Jha 45
(iv) a km/h b km/h

x a>b y
(x + y)
time = 5
�� a � b � km / h� � 18 m/s

(iv) a km/h b km/h

x y
x
time = 5
�� a � b � km / h� � 18 m/s
NOTE :
� km/h
sec.
�

(BOATS & STREAMS)

1. =x =y

(i) = (x + y)
(ii) = (x – y)

2. =a
=b
(i) = ½(a + b)
(ii) = ½(a – b)
(INTEREST)
�

� (Principal amount) =
� (Rate) = 100

NOTE :

� Aash Exam �
 46 S.K. Jha
� (Amount) = +
(Interest)

(Simple Interest) (Compount Interest)

=
Formula
(S.I) (C.I)
��� t ��
P� r � t r �
S.I � C.I � P ��1 � � � 1�
100 100 �
�� �
t
S.I � 100 � r �
P� A � P �1 � �
r�t � 100 �
� R1%, R2%
R3% 3
� R � � R � � R �
A = P � 1 � 1 � � � 1 � 2 � � �1 � 3 �
� 100 � � 100 � � 100 �

2 2
� 3 3
5 5
3
� R � � 2 R �
A = �1 � � � �1 � 5 � 100 �
� 100 � � �
NOTE :
� (Rate)—

: r = 24%
(r)3 = 12 = 24%
1 = 2%
3 = 6%
(r) 4 4 = 8%
(Time) =

� Aash Exam �
This document was created with the Win2PDF “Print to PDF” printer available at
[Link]
This version of Win2PDF 10 is for evaluation and non-commercial use only.
Visit [Link] for a 30 day trial license.
This page will not be added after purchasing Win2PDF.
[Link]