ENVE 204

Lecture -1

Review of pipe flow:

Friction & Minor Losses

Assist. Prof. Neslihan SEMERCİ

Marmara University
Department of Environmental Engineering

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 Important Definitions
Pressure Pipe Flow: Refers to full water flow in closed conduits of circular cross sections
under a certain pressure gradient.

For a given discharge (Q), pipe flow at any location can be described by
- the pipe cross section
- the pipe elevation,
- the pressure, and
- the flow velocity in the pipe.

Elevation (h) of a particular section in the pipe is usually measured with respect to a
horizontal reference datum such as mean sea level (MSL).

Pressure (P) in the pipe varies from one point to another, but a mean value is normally used
at a given cross section.

Mean velocity (V) is defined as the discharge (Q) divided by the cross-sectional area (A)

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 Head Loss From Pipe Friction
• Energy loss resulting from friction in a pipeline
is commonly termed the friction head loss (hf)
• This is the head loss caused by pipe wall
friction and the viscous dissipation in flowing
water.
• It is also called ‘major loss’.

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 FRICTION LOSS EQUATION
• The most popular pipe flow equation was derived by Henry
Darcy (1803 to 1858), Julius Weiscbach (1806 to 1871), and
the others about the middle of the nineteenth century.

• The equation takes the following form and is commonly

known as the Darcy-Weisbach Equation.

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 Turbulent flow or laminar flow
• Reynolds Number (NR) < 2000  laminar flow

• Reynolds Number (NR) ≥ 4000  turbulent

flow;
• the value of friction factor (f) then becomes less dependent
on the Reynolds Number but more dependent on the
relative roughness (e/D) of the pipe.

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 Roughness Heigths, e, for certain
common materials

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Friction factor can be found in three ways:

1. Graphical solution: Moody Diagram

2. Implicit equations : Colebrook-White Equation

3. Explicit equations: : Swamee-Jain Equation

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 Moody Diagram

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 Determination of Friction Factor by
using Moody Diagram
• Example 22.1(Use of Moody Diagram to find friction factor):
A commercial steel pipe, 1.5 m in diameter, carries a 3.5 m3/s
of water at 200C. Determine the friction factor and the flow
regime (i.e. laminar-critical; turbulent-transitional zone;
turbulent-smooth pipe; or turbulent-rough pipe)

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 Use of Moody Diagram

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 Implicit and explicit equations for
friction factor
Colebrook-White Equation:
e
1 D 2.51
= −log +
f 3.7 NR f

Swamee-Jain Equation :
0.25
f= e 2
5.74
log ( D + 0.9 )
3.7 N
R

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 Emprical Equations for Friction Head Loss
Hazen-Williams equation:
It was developed for water flow in larger pipes (D≥5 cm, approximately 2 in.) within a
moderate range of water velocity (V≤3 m/s, approximately 10 ft/s).

Hazen-Williams equation, originally developed fort he British measurement system,

has been writtten in the form

𝑉 = 1.318𝐶𝐻𝑊 𝑅ℎ0.63 𝑆 0.54

S= slopeof the energy grade line, or the head loss per unit length of the pipe
(S=hf/L).
Rh = the hydraulic radius, defined as the water cross sectional area (A) divided
by wetted perimeter (P). For a circular pipe, with A=D2/4 and P=D, the
hydraulic radius is
𝐴 D2 /4 𝐷
𝑅ℎ = = =
𝑃  4

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 Emprical Equations for Friction Head Loss
Hazen-Williams equation:

It was developed for water flow in larger pipes (D≥5 cm, approximately 2 in.)
within a moderate range of water velocity (V≤3 m/s, approximately 10 ft/s).

Hazen-Williams equation, originally developed fort he British measurement

system, has been writtten in the form
𝑉 = 1.318𝐶𝐻𝑊 𝑅ℎ0.63 𝑆 0.54 in British System

𝑉 = 0.849𝐶𝐻𝑊 𝑅ℎ0.63 𝑆 0.54 in SI System

S= slope of the energy grade line, or the head loss per unit length of the pipe (S=hf/L).

Rh = the hydraulic radius, defined as the water cross sectional area (A) divided by wetted
perimeter (P). For a circular pipe, with A=D2/4 and P=D, the hydraulic radius is

𝐴 D2 /4 𝐷
𝑅ℎ = = =
𝑃 D 4

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

CHW= Hazen-Williams coefficient. The values of CHW for
commonly used water-carrying conduits

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 Emprical Equations for Friction Head Loss
Manning’s Equation

• Manning equation has been used extensively open channel designs. It is also quite commonly
used for pipe flows. The Manning equation may be expressed in the following form:

1
𝑉=𝑛 𝑅ℎ2/3 𝑆1/2

n= Manning’s coefficient of roughness. In British units, the Manning equation is written as

1.486 2/3 1/2

𝑉= 𝑅ℎ 𝑆
𝑛

where V is units of ft/s.

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

 Manning Rougness Coefficient for pipe flows

22.10.2012 - Assist. Prof.

Neslihan Semerci
 MINOR LOSS
Losses caused by fittings, bends, valves etc.

Each type of loss can be quantified using a loss

coefficient (K). Losses are proportional to velocity of
flow and geometry of device.

V2
Hm = K .
2g
K=Minor loss coefficient

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci
 2.1. Minor Loss at Sudden Contraction

22.10.2012 - Assist. Prof.

Neslihan Semerci
2.2. Minor Loss at Gradual Contraction

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Head Loss at the entrance of a pipe from
a large reservoir

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 2.3. Minor Loss in Sudden Expansions

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2.4. Minor Loss in Gradual Expansions

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 Head Loss due to a submerging pipe
discharging into a large reservoir

Kd = 1.0

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 Minor Loss in pipe valves

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 Minor Loss in Pipe Bends

Assist. Prof. Neslihan Semerci