Iodivdnal

of indivdualsIye
Amore tkan na
okos t fome +
tudy
natr
home
study relalionsip
sach other and w enuon mlut.

REnuonment): Euaythung (aite+ Aoscie) (BS)

that Ausro uda
(Biom)

GEogsteom): uit
Envt
whee intenacten blo biste and
Coutains

abiote Cemmuu tied takes place

cha'eal ineractis
Atmosphe thenselues (86c ga).
bu
-U Habitati
Lithaphcse 0¬ Flow
ylea
ahound
(Büsphere); A
4 nanow vohueh
whith org. iu.
the eabeth
ohene iye Can exist. fles, arpest
extre muties y Highest meanfains. ee.
+ Absent at
so (alled
Hwayi has ute AI hablhab a enVt
Habutat ’ hut all enuh ae ot
VIS
Enwironmt ot necusary fositat.
 aiome): fant y aiosphere hauing
Apecife cimaBe. ueyehalin, animal fe
and Ail.

( leuela onganssation in

3 ndiu duai oranism that has abiity

to act independnt.
6q.* plaut, Aimal. Racesuum, fung'.
induut duals same

Apecies.
moe

Ppualiong ingesracting wtt sach othe

Qepend ony encgt

Aun's
6- Tnpial Euengun frecsiRndldesot
e)6) minos CommuutieA ; Qepend on neyghb Koguite inhíuten
wih okes.
Commuities. .’ elen louw
Jndisidual- pulatisn- Communty Eus
 tunet omal wit iosphere shea tkrug.
tfmong thuselues
Comuutiey inenact.
[Link] phyteal
sartoundin Gnergy Aouw

eco syuem intendependent

to
Gne pant afeca oten.
alty kogctemi Blan e +
al elem enta

Ternp
G{tomgon eni of Es .nutrent
badapt uside
vauge temp
[Link]): Jnorgauic aud non bnamow T
Deternin he eustence orga sms: range
’ At as lnitng factors.
eg. AgilSaluiby:
[Link]. tmosphene, Sub stratam
Detinmi gco. dibtsbution Stenohaliue
Aeds dent gre RF} nse voyetutl
in Eh Arest eacùy desaugroduces
[Link] : ing Produces o
lack of NaTaryr
jandstcon sumehs nbunígur^Endo oSmocIS
&o asmesis
No grminahon

4) Producess :Auto frapha) Ploant, Algae. Prasmasd uelli ng

’ Synthes1se Casbohydrafe in n igat hag.
(heo rephs Energy from chemicala No kea
shot ouardc SL.
* Photo tropaism atechon tuatds(ausay fhom Root Qway frm
Erkene hip iutusty ef iyt jays aot greuk
Exteme qroatk Sunigt
 phatsnkus
e) (Consume); Hetena tropha fhagotaphs.
’ fncapasle mduing Macsro Yood. Jnall
plant
*UV darf plant.
’MaCso (onsumes
o{Primans Consume: Aso Hebivones.
Rabait.
plaus

’ fard n psumay Con sumus.

3 Tetiay Consumes: Cannioes.
’fed Cn sume
SLondany
A enuD 9eB) lants
lonsume both Anin als.

’ micso (onsumers : sapnotnpha /Qecompo se.

fed dead

’ Aso Called etaes.

pmducs deo mpocitun neleased
ES inorganic nufsuens
Derihvores d Bn duad. ’ 9i kahaorm, termites
Dezounta boaak dan dad
eitha OVer dead

e- 8acka
 ’Rules of Adaptaton
Ologess Rule Ltithin endlotheims uiam blodad
humid heay
kala, enut P'gmefation.
eg: Aarker Akin Cloutd (Rlar- uat)
. 1 melauio to protect

Auen's) Rule: Arpendages endo therms.

Qass, lmbs eke.
climati ’Anaes
Warm cimale ’
o iin'se huat
largu loss
Eluphaut has lage oss- doee wot Aweat So
Uses ae to Lase aot
Rulei Populatons speciea n
Bcqnais
Aze in sulaking
L Wasm cumate Bmalla ’ qwck mouemet
size

Jordan's Rule No. fishes : wtk Lattudea

lattuds
 Sas pengion
Dnbenato n
O Blackman's Lauo linitig tactr Avoid doma_e
trom LoA
LooT
any process no,

jocto. linited y SLowEST_ dactor.|Aestivation

o fiom High T
minimam; Grooth oqlecolsgitalin
pnass
minimum
dtpends tyonacoy whe ch
Diapauce
Fo ack
nutent a
® shelford's Lauo Tle vance: 9: Xoplanktons.
’ Abun dancedstn Acdematiatiaul
dipend upon
imits Amall chau
tolsance
in
kody
honterm peb.
ONe of Tolerance
9 Breatin farter
Zone of intoleronce in mountains
iwhally but sen
() after p day
Zone of Extemiky 2(t2)
stress. Vaviatio
Genetc change
> Og2nism- Snut Soteractions pnio.
D tomeo stats ; Maitaining nternal Conditien
ADAPTATION despite chauging ortenal ondithot.
ORegulate: by phy siotoqita) means eug: swe atng in sumnes
khivening n usiuer, feue
i Contom; Undergo thanges ert. enuf. Repfiles lomivg out
Qut in
n
Sumn
:temporoly to Jausurosle
enut, ’ ngraory BidA.
i) Suspend : uspend actiue metabotit actuste. 4g ino dunnd
’ Hibenaton, Aestivaton , Dra pause,
Tome Tesmnologie asso ciafed th Es;
Ecoype:
DtomeoAtatis) Apeciea
maiutain equi ibrium. Brkibiig gabe
adaptatuou to
t 80>Adjacent Es. ,Aome Apecis etlrely dittaeut AART CVLAR EVT.
OfGotone): Junchion g too/, eosystems
intermediake to looth.
hauing londihioms intermedihe
Producerty >natural Es,s. g. Estuany ouoy Ries Ecophene (E CAD)
ge pieg)i population Aome apeie opulato n
in ecoten e.
tound much guaes Jome genetic

knaon ad edge Apeues. Ecotone but

dit eharactensticA
*pheno menen ’ effect. Trghsi
too. dryteut
GcocunL enuironmeuta.
Ecotone Ne Zone
vls Combinaton
iche): Duigue tunchonaldescseiude
Species. gt bes all
Aurura.
Gcocneqradent
Chaye. No Aorup t
boundar
tacoraApeies nad tor NiCHE
and repo ducton (Habita!
Aame Niche,
’ No too Apecie, haue nchonal
gadua but Continus Rele aso
condhons
satine) "Zone
anotker.
Chauge om Gne
ES
Apeeres Ni che Habital
No hanp bounday in ferms Ctmpositon. Interactoh
trophe,po siton
standing (mp: Living mass at particulo IL.
standing state; Amouut natientape sout in eL
panticutaa tn
 Tfunchons of Seesysfem
1. Enengy fls . Nutient 9. ézlagicad
&uccesson.
4. hroduch vty $. becompo siHon. 6. tHomLo stati.

unidisnetio na
Photo (atibo
Sun producers Hydrates Consumers/
TL3
Qetivones Qeampsey
ons. TL2 ’vultue Bactesuia
ReoduerLL ’fungi
’ Cath worm.

Enesgy
’ fous trom pduees to Consumea.
from lave tophuc leuel to
loss 9o Enegy om ene TL to ndoman's
nezt Tl, in the torm g unusasle het. taphic
lad
tt

Ofood chain
ftod web
Food Chain) A Aequence wohsne ene

anoter aud saten

anothe

Arazing food chain segins with

Consume o
plants at bane.

Hesbivo eb.
’snake -.... Jerrestnal
g. "qrass ’ Grashapes - fray
felcan. Aguatic
"phytoplankton ’ Zoo pdankton - ish-’(Qusk ete).
8)R) Qetutus fod chain):
’ Atosts trem organie mate
animals | plan [waste Graxng 7
deeaying Consumes are muo- organd3ma
iHer eathum chucken auwk.
Ca
-’ wtod Louse ’ Bid.
Qead Leaues

A>Food leb)! ^auezal infeselated tood

Shee same tood s pot
Chaing
many chans. Au possible fanster
enesgy nufriens ameng organdiny
 ’ proudes mone than one teod altevnaives.
’ wahe Complex dood wels ’ mohe Atable Es.
: Sncneases chance uvval.

knzshpen
Hauk
Grass Rabit

mousenake

Rallutant in Trophic leuels

Non-degrad able maleiala , skieh Can not
be metabo sed, moue
L.(aio Aceumalaton); Enty platant in
tood chain.
’ gncacase in Concenfratoo in oryanisro
.SBiomagniteaion): Snhease in Concentralion
in ink ad ue TL ’ othe.
rlong ued and mobile
+ pollutat must be Z soluble in gat (not in Ho)
Gay Qido genaa,bot. Biolaqically aiue

eaten
 Gasystem
’ Natural Eosy stem;
OTesnestsial Ecosy stem: Aquate Ecoystem
’foect
’Masiue
’ arass \and ’Salie
’ Desest
’fsesh wafes
"Lentc

’ Rate biomass producfion.

ofrinay prducuty : fate g

accumulation in auto haphi, pes uit
uit time.
p
Calosies |cmlyeat
A) Gross primang mduch:Total Aolas
tragped y hotyntheis.
8) Net primany poducht : Anaunt
enegY
 NPP =GP- Enegy lost in Respiratiou

Qunday kasgntheuse
Rate at hich

helenotoph
Aabs}ane

1) Jnsolatieu 2) Temp. 3) miueral nufition

4) Giohic actiuty s) Human populalon
) Moistus
fn Maine Es, N is most inportaut tocor.
* NPP a ecosy stema per unit ahuQ.
3.) Ectuasies
2.) Quwawms and manshes Es wih GPP
3) Trapitad Raun toresla
toreie Oopen oUans
Tiop. Rain fonest
4) Teapenat fosta. 3) Tempenate foet
s) Taga 4) Sauanna
<) Sauanaa s) Tau'ga
) Aguicuttusu Jand ) Agsi. and
) Tempesafe qrasslands Temp. Ghasland
9 Lakes 0) wodlond
Lo) Tundra |)&sBuasies
o) Swamps 4 manshez
) open Ouans ) Lakef + Shream:
 Aiotic gnteacfiens

Rosiiue
[Link]/gmbsisis ’ obligaBory for suriral fo
(tit) pro to fox add n polinatieuw
Benetta.
a. Commen salsm + Bird and Catle dung.
(t,o)

Negatue :
Compelikon /nta apeies
gnira
(--) Snter apeieA
Q. Paedatiou Predajor (t),Rrey e)
3. Panasihsm + fanasite (t), Hest (-)
4. Ammen sal sm ’ (-o)
"Alelo pathy’ ecretion Alelo chemical
by t e eliww nates others.
69.’ Neem,

-orgawsn t kll othes mo.

mcHO

’ sn -’ Nene Beneht
alism +6xfhremely
wulikely
 ’ bcolegica ysamds |alonian omids
Repnesenfatan Trephit (euels oy
’ produeeA at bane and Tóp Canuore7 at
Tp.

Ofyramugnumbesa): kach bat nepnesent

lndisiduals to ach TL.

oY Jnueed , kooth.
’ Can be
upagnt
Reacock Top Carniuosu Hupes paNasiie
Snake
Rat
<Neconday
frimay arnuou t Paracite
ntop. Herblvoes
urass) Aoprodues Tree)
No. Qecrease upwards. No. fncrease [Link]
+ DitCult to but.

fnamid aio mass): Toal (day massat

each TL Counted, in gm/m.
+Can be upsugh or tnueste both.
Lohale fish-|12am) m
9
lo r i m a y Canivoe\Sml fich -e gmlm
Rabik
Heroi vo 5es flanky
Phyto 4
Rlaneto
)ranud Guesgt)wst Aauitable
amouunt
at Qach Trophic Leuel.

to

Secoudy Cenum
f'imany auses
Iooo keal \ oduce

to Troph't Leuls.
.) Qoes wot accowodat eod deb. Ainple
eod ehn
8-) o sule Aapo phyte ( museo Conumtns)
tprtaut ral.
dupihe
 geAedi
s wentany
uta. Aedi
Jocked d time Take ’
Replaced enect) -
peod wdudt Saut Pep Bn
Based (U
Die minera wates
Cousemes
enuinmet.
toloauck animals,
and and lant to
Dment enui toom
mass
teat Enegy But
toreuet. ast -’
ydes -chemita [Link]
A) kased on Nat y feserd
aceous: Atwesphesa HydsaApheu
Condensaton
-{datea yde): Cloud Vapeu

wateslus
Tronseuapo
reiptakion -plrt -raton

R-oFPond
percolationS
Long cycle fossit fuel.
95(Cankon Cyde):
food
Auima SHORT
sDead yde
, waste
Respiraton
Aino Aeidg
nitogen yde): &ssenial in psateina and ete.
baaic bloch Hssue.

Not isecty i eds to be tixed

io bactesium, e-G Ayae
Rhizobium
) Snductsual precess tabr pmoe ss
im) Atwespheauc Phenomenon Ughening Ngto, ndoj
 gas Ne*Deuitotahon
Nitrate -’
Nitrate Ammoniun tmmonia/ Nitrcation
-* *
adodulez) (PM.
eachng Body
Reompoz1tion waes
in (P seHe
at
Juplit
trimals Plants Rocky
Rocka. phesphate phosphaouk O
Bac
. N-Bac fixaton
mlooitic |Ammoniam
Ay DentsBactosua
itin
eGacteua
g |Decempostion
And
Bachesua
sphee atmo
inu Animals plant inRoots
firing N in Ng
prodsn) (eimay
tuble. [Link] Called abhebachesuas These
s becfas) (Nita
NH’ N AmonuumnNitmte
Nitrate
ptor Jnp
 G Ecolagcal Success ion) proeess
proess olinechona Lichens
gefation wheu Aymbahc
assouation
Hgae +eng.
Comu uty
Atable matusy Cemmu nity deuelops. Pr Shelkea,
Watr ,
int iway
Rockseil Lichens hrass Sand fore st
(pione) (Senel) (climax)

’cHARAeTERSTiCS)
4aceased Roduchitg
Bo
Qeelopmt eod webu. increase.
liche
^ucce ssiorn): (olonsatibu y eo
and faech te.
due
deag pathe og moter
Neo
Nutsienta Auids
in Ail
Ssues deu.

sfecondahy Suczession: site whete alady * firat invodd

exi sting chmax Communiy is dusturbed. ndy specie1
&uch as
sequentaf duelopment aftes destuchin Rat Can Aunvve
ising Community. Oeforesatonn baa.
shitting Cultiv bakad As.
Relaiuely facles. L wild fihes.
Bueessuèn ecurs Reudyal
Note: pecles:
niddle lage cotíueuy.
Adi
Counectuty ouer land, Vastaa
* Reudsal Apecies rst to Caamise di stuabed
land. e. pionn ommunits
Aelanday Aucession.
*Aytoqenie Aueression; change asughnt lay
inhabitaunt
Au cesaion : thage oought ay
oufide torces.

xAuto rophic : Jhtially

SucessIo
mel g9uat autit,. orgae Mati
byiuo padoinautelyi incrauie enxt.
Auecessby Rouatu
jhautity Boutvi MOuds. Matter
be. poll ut nuea,
¥ Xerach - on land mdium wot Caudihn
"Mesiew
Aydrard .--In wat
natku too dry, nor to wet.
Wato ; phytoplankten tree gaating -’ oted

voaBer body
CGwestey t
lud
Tres. (forest)
land.
 Enuronmental fluton
’ 4ddition wdesable Aubstameto
enut,
Qirecty

08ased on form
tom persistuce)
sLudcouy.
formd
in he torm in
-acteu
whieh added to Enut
Coz.1 Plashe efe.

ustence in Natwe

Quanbiatue Qualstakue.
Man- made.
Naturaly oceuningin
enut i kut become polluatant
beyend threchhold euel ony.
. Noz Co2 ete.
,Bicdegradale
Non
-Biodegradale
 polluios
Snclude noise and Shodio actue polation ,
(ause Veui cula aud iwductal pollution
L Qust tom
preper Consfachon
Fuet tduteratien- kerosene
Smisons bu
minig
aud aguculhural actiuhy stusble
uaste reatmeut
paddy
() voleauie erupationd. e
Sudoox ais Residuebarnng
uel
potu'r pauu, ete.
vol atile gaue
pollutautr Coupouucu
Opasiculate Matty kuspended dut aud dont
PM 0, Py os
in aiy

Case huay mal ollubon

water bodies.
leaues Reducs yiel
 based lal
manto Contruchoyuse
to
ut pouer 7
maudatry ung Mosft>
Py wtk mine Fy
Al. toadaal ohen
when Sncuase
del L
water (0)2
wastelande atiou Restor 3
Brick
Caushuctn
Cost Reduce
. watig as to
cneut Replace
h O.
ash ofUses
(atiny)
Coal
Contet Ash uph qondwauaCual Coal
Sndian Note
metale
feA!,
 NANO PARTI CLES
Soerees; 0 lectrowe to bie med'cal easte
O Snduehial and wechaulea
ta) wasfes
Natural -> voeaule, dust stormc,
weatfevg
Suspendud, tauel dsfane
fects O Coaglate to tom dut cloud
(mpat,
photosgnthean hat
decsace
decseale
produehity broon lluda depicif'on

neting
productiop Reactine oygen spees (Ras)
Yodica hlorine 62D0,

Reac wtf maleeulee om

Celle hato strato gphttt
oater vaptur in stratasgheu
st
St Clouds ’

Sháhihese
Nano
 BL4cK ChR&ONiSoud paeh' cte /4trosol

Sources
o ncomplee
Sect abcorber tjeat sun Ught
Reduee albedo a melting
(Darkens swow)
isrupt Cloucness and ainfal.

bt Aor
shot e * Day to ak oug
ec diia ppaa Boou
eu'scons
) ndi, ehina logect Citer
emutters

BROuON : Gunkoas e
CARBON omintopleke Combushsa.
Rource ’ buomáss basng
 6) (4R8ON MONO-DDEghly toxie
lese dence thon ajr
icomplete Short ived.
(ombucfion.
due reactons in
ther
lagest Aouree,
Suginee
2) Srou Ameltg
most
Reacts witß haemglain poisening

Cause loctot
Cartazyhaensauin
baemagtobin in
direct GHG, But (on eluat
loneentraton METHANE.

Heoviex thon ar,

depunation,
dates &oluble ’ buon aidi peahor oeaho,
( 020ne Sfatoghene Grood

Tigere og
Secondory/voc + No
pollfaut
rmahon
lauoers seisfance o pneumonig
A:thma, ikhy, cwatey ye
steppe
tom q94.
Siato sphoe 020ne
Subctonceg
Man wma de, ! CFC, HCÉc, H6FCS Halonc
ef

- vehi e a, home, Ac ete

)tndusfoa! alvenfs, elecieal Componentr
3) Aernsef prays Foay blouoing gent
Fixe ingushens
N'oHe: Monhreal o Vienng Consenton
prbol pantecho, 7 62one
out zone dplehiy Rutone
HcfCs (auce less damage b oLon layes
to
 itogen ides Noe
Soureer (ombu ction
Enginee
\Gal- pouwer plaut
ligttning
Vy
Nhgen ouide.
not React ats Room tempevatune)
BDiesel
Note NO - vihg
iheh xide Desbot
methone
N;0 koug oxide
Counter
ect
Sng Rain Groun lewe) 020ne

so: Sourees. O
O velcauj e achuit
oal odesag ernal pouoer,: plaut
6 Diesel, peper produefin, Smling
Shoke, heat oli'searea Can cer'
sets: 0 Heafh ’’ weakens nrves ung
Acid Roin
 Mote' 9ndia - tep emitter tHor sh otseuhe yea
Sor tollocoe by Ruscq. Cchina- Coutrollud )
generation+ C a a l 0

(D VoLcIC (RGANIC (ampoeNDri (voce)

) Carbo base Chemi'cals HCHO

) Euaporat at Reor temp in

Paiut
vocbokat
Benzene 92
O (ude et
ci'l octane
Bouree numbe
form afon round Leue) o20ne
tects Cancer, Bone marow

STYRENE S L4 Poly mer, Vpatra

gPi leak
) VOc ,evaporaBe et Room temp.
Rauo matenal r polyterene, plastic
Ô used - painting elee hronic. appantes cte
Shat tem- Alervour tem, breatheless neas, Nauseg
mucous menbrane attecle
Lory Leukomi9 ’ Glo
 JMinay platonts

Souyees: pehol, Ouese!, pai ntt

Tetxa- ethyl Leod use as Aptr- knocting gent.
EHeck: ) kidn
a)
leuer, nervoue
Sqotem,poioniy
Red eleod cels
3) Louots Deuelopmu
iaigre
N2
NH3 Souree: ) Decaing oanNe mafer
) Livestock :

EHects.
) aitofeaben
Acbestor! Source
Souree! Sicate tbres minerale
Cancer

) 4sbestosis (Tp, of fhems toniecs )

tet
 of polution

2020 - I.64 m deaths tot

In
dndi 2019

2) 39- 02DneexposLo
daths

ocupational ealth tozade mintag

e Coal accu mu
Black u disease ( Pheamo Conrealc )= in lunge.
Called less
Siicsio oxgensppt
Cane, skin Canu efe
Kf. 3,

Photo chemica damp

en.
Smt lrban aea 4oomsbite,
(SnmerA) Nogt Voc (o,)
 LowS bhas, Nauraj (oal, )
dheas [Link]
Mauble
(onced
Tain. aud om oek sil(alkalne
ess gndion e
ph'on nt
nuhie&lo Ammong
in
dap tong &)
H
Ailc in
fest)
mistake
in a nistake
in [wade
a
egetaien
t. buitdings, a
etr- Smoke Dutt,
incorposated
into
Oeg- Aeid
form
ground
in Tall
Rain
S PH
Rain Normal
So
levels) jons H, (PeH' <54 PH Rain Aeid
w'sibdty shok e
’obshuct of
E4ecfs
 loteA Occon Aidiheahon i Eul hon
emrcion di'ss olves OQans,
30-40
Cauce,2
molecule
8iCarbonateT Less
carbomat aely ci'e Rikstlmoe audit )
amm (ause
cnebley (ao?
oussts Further 14 ociduty Bleaching
Hacoaarboie Aig
3 butapyaten HCo Bicarbenato
blo0 m di'et, ea beco_ ’ avooiat

bunphycaton &achesua sepirahon dsg

duath f dgae
qersnpiai
baol Adotou>
ensunpten
deLenposuton dz Biarnate
S#ect ORedued oUans nk.

&Decnease metabaic Sat

had Orgaw sms.
Fosmahoo hcog less arbonake arimahon
efosm Caleium Caybonate.

Reducion in Sulpher emitte by phtplonkn

phy plankbs
em.
 ay pollaton on
esultant iopod
|AtRosoL Cuspended fne Aolud poelee
NATORAt Dust
leuelc
Apnfaogaie
* Statsphenc
pollu fouts 4
from tleanoel
kmoke
JAtmaphe
of

Afkek Radiahve balance of c'mate

$4ects- ) Serveas nuelei h formathin:
chane

(2) Scater Rot

Reduceweoken
temp mensoRedg
Raunfa/
isibity bophdt Conditonc.
lote. Asion Tepopaute eel LtyeR CATAL)
smons0),

+ olue t
fonspatd No th fndta, East chinq

weakun woutoon ogathun y

 Bibdivensit
The vaa buliy
vatuabulity mngiwny ogannmd
trem all Aouhces ecosystem and
lcolagtcal Comp lexes, wshuch incude dvensity
uithn Ap ecis and
- UN Eath unmt 1992.

eiodivehs1ty
i) qenetie Divensity: -(vasuatio in gened
utkin a paticula Apecis.
y allao adaptatiow to Envzts.
Vauel
Zero 9otnte iing Apeaeo.
B.0.
-Ratio populatien ene bp ecio
1’only one
bpecies ovehallPopulalou Apecis

Aivensit
Aifementypeu y hakifattato
- y- Gaass lands, foseste, Deseta eke.
 Measud went eis dllvensitt
) species Richness
- do. kpecies ound Communi ty
(Aphe oivensib:
e pat culas
0 habi tat or wut

(Beta Aivehsity
- lompanisin dineasiby beguan
tuo aeas o habitato 0y uwtt
9 yamma Divensiky
Overall divensity an
ecasystem
HSp-1 B
Sp-2
Sp-3 SP
Sp-2
Ecosystem
Sf-z +overall
(SP,SRX
H-2 43
rces wae
Res protecton, Aol Conllng
- b)
ane tabiluty. Clmate Regulatony
ég.- - a)
medicine food, y ees foioning
en a)
oiret >
Aimect
reive Consqme
Bubdivesity
urng foe Qibdivrsity.
Jndey) Simpsen NOTE’
Evenness specLes
qual.-
5 Ruchness Both le-2
75 Mentey
240so Menkey 295 Elephaut
eleghant 200
l35 Tigt
Tigh
4So
speces No.
Speues
No.
site-2
aite
gven a at
Apeces
Evenness Speie ')
 S@Conservatuon bdiueoaty
. Eca system .
’ JomenAtatis
Rgdate
+

-Rgdahing
cons mc: Potechosuh Suppo
porting
tin
’ Ressasces fod, kael, odder (Raa'soning)
’ R40 ’Guet'e Bistech
’ Cultual Tsuibal c culhura)
Aesthe'e ulih ood
’ Eco Tou sism. (culhial a

THREATS
Jakitat loss aG to UNEPS
’ Natna cc, &isateas, fesest fire
’ - made: De-forestation, Minung
Ma- made

. . rag meutatiou taitat; Reducxd Range

Animal
Contracte
Coniet
cl'mate rosde Hunng )
Qwelopmended and Eplirats
Prodehog
Achuihies
 ’ Sncaeased Compektiue Eeclusiorn
’ Less

9noduchon 6zahic Apecits:

’ Aqd , Cate, Qomeshicatiou
’ Acerdend al Reseanch, oR Green Reu.
.Rublbes planat in gndonesia.
Tea plantatu in NE ndia

M]LMO:
6 dusustaiuasle Consump kiona :
4

Con sen uafon od B0

Catobal)
mehod fnskitution Conuentiens
D n-si UNEP ORio Summit (92)
- NP, WLs, BR.. UCN ceo (i993)
wwf 3 cOTES (1975):
- Zoo Ramsa (1931)
-8.4. S cMS Bonn Con.
-Sud 6ank
cEPA

- Global ep nt fund.
- Cuhica ES postuesc hip fund.
-floha and fauna Sntemai onal.
 en-ata (onseruaton
Prokecled Are
NPwPA 1932
(WLS
e
8R MAA
Conseruation Reserue Foret Eanserwahon Aet,4484
Commuuty Reserue WPA,I492 (tmd,22)
Sached aroue Belied AAem
rotecte d Area Nehor
Qiteut gaenikg onseraton.
’ivcn): Categoxie, No achiuiky unexpload
1. Q ’ Strit Nate Reserue al bwed
6’ Iildenes Asua ’ tle act. o uttte explosed,
4lowed. eg Tribal auas
2. NPRntecked wth Regulation
3. Natural Moumut | featu Caues ek.
1R-akitat | Apecies Mgnt Area hriecke ,TR eh.
s. poteeted Landscpe >[Link]. ’ Resulk eumon
'actiuitg
6)PA ith Austain able use
BR natura Resourceb, ’ BR, CR eke.

’ EnwrDnmeutAtate onuheut st n
neeomm. Nakonal Comm. en Agiculktu.
wPA 1942 > Profetted
A-48
A-SIA
 Natonal ak WLS

’ Abiote + Biote Both protection ’Species Apeci fie

*Natura Sandscape ot + uiable poplation is
’ Coerciue RestictÛns maintained,
’ less Re stnctew
Brunday aud Au ct
mouement |No physical boundag
Transiton Random mouemnt
No
calegeoy .
’10CN

coRE 3uffer
Human Buffer
KSadasi
Research. fetemant CORG
Transitre
Jisplaei mut. e. ete Human Set
AHlowed.
* Nahona! Board for WL (wPA I942)
NeWL). statutory Board
’ prmieion or any actiuiky around NP,.
NWChaisud by PM. CNat. w Councit).

(Biosphere Reserue): pat UNESsCo's MAB, 191.

Jnbudued in ndia 1q06,1St BR’ Niqisi
’ Co-exucfance Mau aud Enut+ MConteru e E,
(Ne M-G Seperate, M’harm enut).
* Coutesa ’ gmportat Atg+c
G’ Culkeral
T Humman SetHement Allowed
Tiba Touism, Res. ett. &RNP.
 fallen. ot
Quenen nnotnotthing. ely Collect
secsd, ai
decla demaheate ad ’ NE [Link]
au
beliet'. +heis to
Es
Coueat. Shecent indeiue
amd eane Agui -theis
coues AQcud shat
aR. ekask gtobal thragh onnected 6
funding aud Reseosch
Research Techuica, Global
Conseruatiou Afandards
BR
NP Core
ohole =8R
Conservafion.
abengthering possible &R ’
uprgrade NP
 ’ aonds in Cenkal Collect allex produs
ntensiy Conseru aion difera.
’
in Aajas than ’ Black
Guck.

gnian):
’No Eseunal auo neg. uoluuty
ConseruaHon
Trans es kaditiena kueoledge
to

Anghen mseruatiu
’ Reason fos ectine :

Qisplaa mut Tribes

Maiusteamung y Tribes
Erosion
&ducahon
fanskuis ation Caltural Beliofo
 5: Biodivessity totspota
(Normon mye%) in 19868
negen must met 2 (uteuas
g fauna is
ay at east Wsoo) endemid Apeuy / endemic
VASCOLAR PLANTS) (* faKREsa)
(* Ooe% not
oss tleast tHabitat in clualeL
aquatc)
3S Hotspot: lte

Iyy Hotspots in fodia thene ase

y The Himalayas (Entre streteh west to Eart)

b) (Westfern a h a t ) Euery past
) Jndo- Burmai
bd) Sundaland(A|N to Jndonesia ),.
.dy

’ Cons gabernathonaf (wGo) oks yor Hatsçea.

6 Hope Spot
i> Pootecfon underwafes Habitat masune

ecosystem
US.
i) fnitat
Cssien ue) with zoC
ii gndian topespoa A/N b) lakshwadeep
 Mega dlierse Caunties.
) Ertemely sucs in bis diersty baged en tao
Caifeiao
So, oto planto a éndemic
b bordesuny sea ouan
By ladord Canservatuen Monitoving Centre (wCMc)
Apecialuaed body ot UNEP

b) Venezuela, umbrQ, Eguador, teru,Braz1l

DRC, SA, medag aska
d) goda, chine, MaldieA, MalaysIa, Sndenes1Q
t Phippenes
Austalia.
e)
MO-Us +Aus)+ Nepa
tRolwia fuimalat kenyat ost
Rien
mejadiverse Cantriès (LMCC)*kin
o Like mindeg
i) qroup lounfes, tormed in meuco 2n 2o02
under
uwtb TRAOITIO NAL kNow LEDGE
ii) Rich in Biodiv. adong onservato h
Coop in &0
iiy objectve- ab) Motvate Counmes to
&n 80.
 auainatle auclpmtt
feuman Enwisomant
192. At ck holn Redlaratib
1984: untdlaud
’ To des Aaud M-E nelatieu Auip
date
962 Repont Cemmen futne "eLomn,
ou
Austainable deuelopmaut r st
post zR at Ausfainable

ax bx} &hauste d
OVessh
2
6,c
,

abc apc,d d,e patk.

Neo Resouce.
t

ouehnshoots port Un sustain able du,

exhausted Jones, befos
Reseurtes get new 1eßou rces
clis cou ey
USO.
Yen Reuo Lutieu was also
 principle ufain able duvlepmnt
E’ ’

E ’Enut
matgating nyatiue
impaat
Excude
Eny.
Equity ’ Qeucla ping County Cinequath).
Excude &cono my
Eco
e)6oNo elemeut be igua hed
Exdude Enut utleped Cuut ies

o |Eath ummit 992

Road map r
’ UNcED
adep te MOG (Meiam Qeu. Uoals)
L) 1992- 201S
2) fouseo mose En
ISSueb.
’ 8 qoals O Ezkeme fuent
Uuiuersal fsimosy Cducatibn
qendes quatity
 Jmpue mater nal ilealtk
Cembat HVAios, MLARIA ee. (Qiseases
Gusue enuren mnta Austainaulit
Gubal postuensip
K
MOG: end MOG

ISSues aised.
’ épideucs pop uatien
id wat achiene iguiaut Auccess.
Reasons
9uod Enuonmnta issueg <B0 ee
fouus more issues.

4 No inaucial ugpest
Regienal (apehalien
S) ene ize all pprach
world summit

’ Riot o l 2 > UN Conene

open working areup (owe) Reppst want

aco pied"sD)' (a61s-30).
’ UNGA (acdopted
 Land. en
Action cimat
poductisn aAumpisn
nd Respens1ale
Con D
muuties Com and
cihes ablesustain @
enengt Atordable
elian
Aawtation and afe dean
Enut to
neated DG
 Climat, Chauge
blhauucus g stmosphest
Causes; 0change inselatiou
gasek
sath.
natutal yce henome
a

1Glaciation Deglacatian (a,w).

7yesent.
ice
age
lo,0t0 &cE

’Gwbal ladanmug ; Yncnease in Temp.

eath. 4St time
in uman
hrom present perspechue gw ce)

Ajm
-x > 2°c
T Gw (natal ) Qanges.
1400 2l00
Tangot
t’ (TR)
by l
 |886-1q80 0 64° ecade
|990-2.020 ol6°|Oecade
I3° alatady

’lad to miwmise global

Tt <a'c pae industnal euet

’ facos for glabal tdaum ing

ONahha
*GHG: Trap Terestnal Radiatian
’ CHy ’ N92 wates vapu
’ Sfe
’ HFC ’ Co ’ Black Casbon

*lobal ah ming Voteskal (awP):

’Amout absorbe d
ime.
Conponsd to
Residence time
On

Abrovbing Capaty
 ens Em's stablizinaHGg ubting
Temp
Reyulatiny:
imat shress, uwafes *
isastera iseases, *
sec ffoeodod , prod Age * Bei:ng tuman S)
Couicks m-A fires, st
fore *Aio-duuen
migratien
extinctions, MaSS *
Seglaiatiu
SL‘,T,
oleacung Cnal * 0ans 3)
Riuer'channela. metatiou, sedi .
.floods Uthosphere*
Qenudato
ual
process 2)
NINA LA
NINO, El
phese Atmos 4)
damng;
ahming:mpatta
thousaudb
Smpact
 1PCC

UNEP
Cimake chage
+ .AsesSatamaatand Reeanch
Aientfe
WMO
poupasa mahenah cal
models tAdaptatin
Qata
tnitgation
Reduchon in

Cuidelines
* IPeC
Assessmaut Reponto k Ap. Repot.
rE
’UNFecc
’ UN frameuoh Camietien on elimat ch.
’ Rio, 1992 HQ ’ Bonn, ermany.
w.e.f: 1994. Germang
dis aues about A,MR
’ nt

princaple "ceoR"
Aut a enentia<
’ (o2 present in afmasphesehaA
Rsponcikitity
Coutsi buted all Coties at Aome fime IR Quelop ed
kuponabity all. Qotk. a1staddd.
.RresentQudapiLOGg
’UNfCCC Conyesenee lies :
L. deesion making body
2. Annually Aince i95
st cop : Belin 1995s)
3. (t

’ 3rd CoP, 1997 kyeto roBo cal ([Link]. Qoos)

4) gatg Binding Tangdx for Anner Ceunhien
Dauelo ped Cunties
Coz.. emission&
Sy to 1990 (eue tirst Comm.
’ National emission Cmmuttment) (2e 8-12 pesiod. ,

2) (ommen But Drtenentiad Respmsikuliy

’ Natlona emission l a
’9ndia NAPCC (2006).
masket mechausmA
3.) Flexible market
’coM ’Emision Todung
Toint inplementation (Tz):
Qaydloped CAonex) Crunty
anotkes.
In

Re ducton Unta" for bot

’ Easn " Emi'ss ion
(ERU
 cog tonne =uwt ’t
staion fore
Rmu) unit Remoual * CER * ERU *
Sey ut
emisslon anused Alleuso
sell
’
cER
Iradng: anben Trading ’Emiss)
Gns
unth SO
) (ce Uganda Prjectco USA
foy ut ASo emissions
umit 10
ek ject pro sit it eo
Q A|led
Bolaa
wer UzandaF USA'
taet. mt to
emussion 0n
(ceR)
Reducion" émussion (entied Eon ’
Cuurg doudaping
ruy Qeucleped ’pryect
Ccom): mechau me
em Jenelupmeut ’lean
 euhanead
Qol3-1? nd tyoto pntcal. Cauaada )
( Japan
Rua
Ouit
d not lomt
euelsped floo Bn
(nto ducadl,
Copenatid a Qeuelope

yetoptocal (wo13-12) Binclng for

Base
(lo Reduchen
Qeutged
pesiod. ket Rabted
Jnteudad,
Qo 14 : Liwma
[Roepose
Clesu)LNOC
Nationally
vatoata tCouuries.
Qeteriusal Cautibhon

Cog Cmm.
zNDC nali'sad,
Ref-oos leuel.
Gunw gntensiy
RE^

’Bas0d
to
Biudiuy
Au ettorts to keepT7 <s° by alto.
finance: Rieh’loo 6n (by Q025)
Qfereth atan ’ Gsuater Resp. Qeues ped,
Ewisuon ebjechtue ; Em: peak as
poszible
0SO,
 trom Csanty to
Reueo mechau's m
Assesamnt.
Umat Lo and daunage pinuple"
loss

(89-3S lby Qo30

powes rom we

Cng

Ratfcatioy
Qs-o 20 3. finace
‘ Capauty Comittment
of Loc. to Gef.
pesuog
Cof 2-o16-Marakesh Jmplnautatisu
CoP3- 20/2 - Bonn
(oP4- 20/8
Sfirst glabad asAecsment
Co P2s- 219 - Madsid Q23
(op6- 2020 - Wuhan
Cauuld
cUp-2 Glago cop 23
UK
Cop 24 R 2s
OLoss aud
Agouemeut Qauage
cve-lumat Val.
l0
forum.

Lupdat. LNOC
2Tog in(Buwies
cyf

(8)A
 CL1MATE CHANGE
Dinect 6 indiest Rumgn actiuity ledl
chages he
the composi tuon glabal
atwasphere which adolutonn to tha
naturel
9t
vatuabit
s ucaally measuhed
temp.. sain tall Ano wind ptttin.

ge.
t. Gabal
at Qn unprecedenfed
oahmig
nat Cantues
Ewseie
2o16 - ttottest yeas en ecoro
2019 -2hd to ttest
ayg incaease in
ii Global
temp afnssphe nea
and in the troposphera.

. Global laming Jmpace Metint gluiex p

u sheats reshwttu
in Bea leuel’
i Rise Coasts and Jslands
ay Aubmegene
OMeting Coasfs.
Sypausion
Smpact megu~utes
 i Ertaume weathe Con ai'tons
chong patterns
- roda, Dooughta [ELNzNOLLA NzNAJ
b)
Meltg
yelones usu canes, Tornadoes
dy Heat Oaves)Aust storms
audihcaton
loss
ay
buodiveraity
Habitat oss +: Ecoststem . hanyes
b
Ertncton Cald Blco
&loood specus
Gwot able to aslapt
iyy Jmpast Health
permstosta Ne fathogens e. vius, Basteias
b) Seath because efsame ewernto
Heat &troke
) imat mgrant
dayg
3. 4geen touse Eftect
i) Natural Pheno menon that blankefs
looer afmosphese and keups it
tor liing
i) Avg. temp. Aanth -Ig
wHthot qHE =-19<
i) Gsen house qlasshose to go planti
Cotd Cauntoio (ae fnoa
frost
iy Sun'p energy emmitted in shost uaue
uohile sasth he-ets the
wawelengtis eneg in long coaueleng th
absorbed
intrased 9adiaton .
CE

frans paent to fhost waueleng th

adatien shile absoyb tha Waue

length adaton tRus poreuentrng it

tem
vi) tluman Roe
a) Sncsuased Concen hatun GHG lby
emissions oom burnthy toss1l
yduels, datonesftisn

H. Gseen touse ases

i> ladates Vap o
i Casbon Aioxide Thermal Exp.
wa es
arger yelones
mose evaporat
ii) Me hane
a) wtlands Jncase
b) bomestè lvestock strahhcat on
Agsuultese
Jndustg
 Nitous ox1de CNg0)
y Fluuo sd nated Qases
a) cFCA
4) HFCEo) ferfluoro Carbong
d) sulfu Herafluosi de (SFc) (PFCs)
used
efug asanta , aesosod propellente
and Fa Retadenta
u) 8lack Casbon ino wplete Conbusti
a) also CaladAot
b) A paticulate ai plutant
Broon Casibon
a unidenti fed Compon ent organe
aesosol

5 DzONE DEPCA TzON

Found in Sfrato sphee ang
absorbp oV says em Sun
Bad - Found io
in tropo sphe whics

0xone Deplefun -9 Qututance inA fotmaton

Qund des huaten ozene
fastesi than being trmad
 end hetormeal
tke at io Ogtys oles that
Catalystie beplete
the gain
ton. epeat ule mote ct Thij
Reachon
Deplethng
O2
elot
Reacton chei
cal d)
geahs afe 9
fasitt15o to 4o istme
cal he
omosieness nen
to olue
Conpuea
tenic cdeanng or
Aaoluens)
gentestingishing
a fisu
desty) (easte aento
in toaming
sprays
aesoS
popella
in nt eeno. sefsg
aA
(CFC*) Cabons
ehosufloso i)
Bepletion /Facors Sources 5.
Anfarche Qepletion
 a) Sources
Erplostong Thermo Nueles weap0n &
Snalustsual
Agsu cutual fertzes
b) hamical Reacten

NO + 0 a ’ NO2. t D2
NO t 0

52 Rote Polas stratosphesic clouds (Psc)

types srato sphesue clouds
a) Nacsess
lo to l co km in
Call ed mothes Peasl also elue
to gl (Sea- shel lke inlescen ce)
b) clouds Containing b in stead
Bame Nase cus but torm loaly
i) e y Hlinactve chlosune)
cHy.’
T cl+ O3 ’ lo uaNo,
(unthout clou des )
ü> c Psc proude subsfrafes) that fasten
the seacon betwaen HCL ang cQno
 HCL

coNO)

’ Psc actirate the inactue e lso. anl

abrorb the i tngen also it No wehe

poresent thus ineasing hat

4
bepleton

fredomunant azone eplatn at An fasche

) cotdes Abatosphee tavseu formaten
Potas Aratospheie clouds (PsCs).
i Que to Depleton , t 03, becomes
mose
Coles Thys durtheing0 PSC tormaten
and Atablizaton 4 Vortex.
iy ontes begns in June at ouken
) Psedenituty) and dehydnat
mtarche(emighs)
b) h fsues choune is
Arato sphe
Psc ufece.
sepfembe- Spsung begns ang Psc
ols appeas clue to (^ T) 7dusapp
d) (eo
Cataiyste ales fy U3.
NOTE - bobson unut meases the total Ozone

abundance Qt STP.

eyte cts ozone Depleton

Human and Afnimal Healtk
a) sncaeased susk ye. diseasez,
skin lances, intectrus olseases
damag Comea 4 eye lens by UV
Tennesfal plnts
a) chanses in Composton Ap ecceo
l Uu-e toterant sil incaase)
Aquahc eLosystem
a) Reducadsuiral sate phyto plankten&
damage to ish, Cab efe

Deneased eproductiue Capaciy

eLo gen chenuea